Jump to content

Edit filter log

Details for log entry 37536282

12:13, 22 April 2024: 82.112.90.19 (talk) triggered filter 1,233, performing the action "edit" on Sydney. Actions taken: Disallow; Filter description: Long string of characters with no punctuation or markup (examine)

Changes made in edit

Sydney is a not a cool city dude
{{Short description|Capital city of New South Wales, Australia}}
{{About|the Australian metropolis|the local government area|City of Sydney|other uses}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type = city
| name = Sydney
| state = nsw
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg
| alt1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge
| caption1 = Sydney [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]
| image2 = Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580 (cropped) - 2.jpg
| alt2 = Queen Victoria Building
| caption2 = [[Queen Victoria Building]]
| image3 = University of Sydney's Main Quadrangle.jpg
| alt3 = University of Sydney
| caption3 = [[University of Sydney]]
| image4 = Bondi 1.jpg
| alt4 = Bondi Beach
| caption4 = [[Bondi Beach]]
| image5 = Archibald Fountain (cropped).jpg
| alt5 = Archibald Fountain and St Mary's Cathedral
| caption5 = [[Archibald Fountain]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary’s Cathedral]]
| image6 = Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg
| alt6 = Sydney central business district
| caption6 = [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]]
}}
| image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg
| image2_alt = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area
| caption2 = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area
| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|04|S|151|12|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| relief = yes
| force_national_map = yes
| pop = 5,450,496
| pop_year = 2023
| pop_footnotes = <ref name=ABSGCCSA/>
| poprank = 1st
| density = 441
| density_footnotes = (2023){{r|ABSGCCSA}}
| established = {{Start date and age|1788|01|26|df=y}}
| area = 12367.7
| area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>
| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
| utc = +10
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]
| utc-dst = +11
| dist1 = 877
| dir1 = NE
| location1 = Melbourne
| dist2 = 923
| dir2 = S
| location2 = Brisbane
| dist3 = 287
| dir3 = NE
| location3 = Canberra
| dist4 = 3936
| dir4 = E
| location4 = Perth
| dist5 = 1404
| dir5 = E
| location5 = Adelaide
| lga = [[#Government|Various]] (33)
| county = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]<ref name=gnbcounty>{{NSW GNR |id=JPYbwptLTR|title=Cumberland County |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
| division =
| stategov = [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|Various]] (49)
| fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|Various]] (24)
| maxtemp = 22.8
| maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name="metdata"/>
| mintemp = 14.7
| mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>
| rainfall = 1149.7
| rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>}}
'''Sydney''' is the capital city of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]] and the most populous city in [[Australia]]. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds [[Sydney Harbour]] and extends about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east to the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] in the west, and about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] and the [[Hawkesbury River]] in the north and north-west, to the [[Royal National Park]] and [[Macarthur, New South Wales|Macarthur]] in the south and south-west.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Herbert |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping |page=266}}</ref> Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Walk Sydney Streets |date=2014 |url=http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |title=Complete official list of Sydney suburbs |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496,<ref name=ABSGCCSA>{{cite web |title=Regional Population – 2022–23 final |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live}}</ref> which is about 66% of the state's population.<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web |title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |url-status=live }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> The city's nicknames include the "Emerald City" and the "Harbour City".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |website=Culture Trip |title=Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City' |author=Tom Smith |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


Main menu
[[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] have inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and [[Sydney rock engravings|their engravings]] and cultural sites are common. The [[wiktionary:traditional owner|traditional custodians]] of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the [[Dharug|Darug]], [[Dharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani |first1=Anita |last1=Heiss |first2=Melodie-Jane |last2=Gibson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |archive-date= Jul 7, 2014 }}</ref> During his [[First voyage of James Cook|first Pacific voyage]] in 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at [[Botany Bay]]. In 1788, the [[First Fleet]] of [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], led by [[Arthur Phillip]], founded Sydney as a British [[penal colony]], the first European settlement in Australia.<ref name="manly.nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title= Manly Heritage & History |website=Manly Council |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archive-date= May 12, 2016 }}</ref> After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.<ref name="auto" />


WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Megan |date=March 5, 2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |title=Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bowman |first1=Simon J. |title=The Cost of Living with Sjögren's |date=19 May 2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |work=The Sjögren's Book |pages=26–30 |access-date=1 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |last2=Fisher |first2=Benjamin |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-750211-2 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten [[World's most liveable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |title=Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey |website=Mercer.com.au |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Mercer |date=2018 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=2018 Quality of Living Index |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Global Power City Index 2010 |publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2012 |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2013 |title=Cities of opportunity |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing and [[tourism in Sydney|tourism]].<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story">http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only {{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub">{{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Jessica |date=2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |title=Another shot at making city a finance hub |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] and the [[University of New South Wales]] are ranked equal 19th in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}</ref>
Search Wikipedia
Search
Create account
Log in


Personal tools
Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dennis |first=Anthony |date=2013 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title="Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city. |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.<ref name="Our global city">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |title=Our global city |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has over {{cvt|1,000,000|ha|acre}} of [[Parks in Sydney|nature reserves and parks]],<ref>Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney</ref> and its [[Ecology of Sydney|notable natural features]] include [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] and [[Royal National Park]]. The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the World Heritage-listed [[Sydney Opera House]] are major tourist attractions. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] is the hub of Sydney's suburban rail and light rail networks, with metro platforms under construction. The main passenger airport serving the city is [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford Smith Airport]], one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Airport |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |title=Overview |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>
Contents hide
(Top)
Toponymy
History
Toggle History subsection
Administration
Toggle Administration subsection
Geography
Toggle Geography subsection
Demography
Toggle Demography subsection
Economy
Toggle Economy subsection
Transport
Toggle Transport subsection
Education
Toggle Education subsection
Culture
Toggle Culture subsection
Recreation
Toggle Recreation subsection
Sport
Notable people
See also
Notes
References
Toggle References subsection
External links
London


Article
==Toponymy==
Talk
In 1788, Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established [[Sydney Cove]] after Home Secretary [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]].<ref name="Egan-1999">{{Cite book |last=Egan |first=Jack |title=Buried Alive, Sydney 1788–92 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1999 |isbn=1865081388 |pages=10}}</ref> The cove was called ''Warrane'' by the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>Attenbrow (2010), p. 11</ref> Phillip considered naming the settlement [[Albion]], but this name was never officially used.<ref name="Egan-1999" /> By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |volume=1 part 2 |pages=285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney was declared a city in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Alan |title=The Sydney Scene, 1788–1960 |last2=Macmillan |first2=David S. |publisher=Hale and Iremonger |year=1982 |isbn=0868060178 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=105–06}}</ref>
Read
View source
View history


Tools
The [[Cadigal|Gadigal]] (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of [[Port Jackson]] from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]], are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory ''Gadi'' (''Cadi''). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26}}</ref>
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. For other uses, see London (disambiguation).
London
Capital city


River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), Tower of London and City of London (right)
==History==
{{Main|History of Sydney}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Sydney}}


London Eye
===First inhabitants of the region===
[[File:AboriginalSite0008.jpg|thumb|[[Charcoal (art)|Charcoal drawing]] of kangaroos in [[Heathcote National Park]]]]The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were [[Aboriginal Australians]] who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 152</ref> Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,<ref name="Attenbrow-2010c">{{Cite book |last1=Attenbrow |first1=Val |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74223-116-7 |location=Sydney |pages=152–153 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[radiocarbon dating]] has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten2">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p.17</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/>


Nelson's Column
The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010a">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 28, 158</ref>


St Paul's
The earliest [[British people|British settlers]] recorded the word '[[Eora]]' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Keith Vincent |title=Eora People |url=https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Eora People |date=June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from [[Parramatta]] to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 22–29</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ class="nowrap" |Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers
!Clan
!Territory name
!Location
|-
|Bediagal
|Not recorded
|Probably north-west of [[Parramatta]]
|-
|Birrabirragal
|Birrabirra
|Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef
|-
|Boolbainora
|Boolbainmatta
|Parramatta area
|-
|Borogegal
|Booragy
|Probably [[Bradleys Head]] and surrounding area
|-
|Boromedegal
|Not recorded
|Parramatta
|-
|Buruberongal
|Not recorded
|North-west of Parramatta
|-
|Darramurragal
|Not recorded
|[[Turramurra|Turramarra]] area
|-
|Gadigal
|Cadi (Gadi)
|South side of Port Jackson, from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]]
|-
|Gahbrogal
|Not recorded
|[[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]] area
|-
|Gamaragal
|Cammeray
|North shore of Port Jackson
|-
|Gameygal
|Kamay
|[[Botany Bay]]
|-
|Gannemegal
|Warmul
|Parramatta area
|-
|Garigal
|Not recorded
|[[Broken Bay]] area
|-
|Gayamaygal
|Kayeemy
|[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] Cove
|-
|Gweagal
|Gwea
|Southern shore of Botany Bay
|-
|Wallumedegal
|Wallumede
|North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove
|-
|Wangal
|Wann
|South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill
|-
| colspan="3" |Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, {{Break}}Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal.
|-
| colspan="3" |<small>Note:</small> <small>The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used</small> <small>by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Jakelin |title=The Sydney Language |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781925302868 |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |pages=19–25}}</ref>{{Refn|British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.}}</small>
|}


Piccadilly Circus
The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at [[Botany Bay]] (Kamay<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 13</ref>) and encountered the [[Gweagal]] clan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002 |title=Once were warriors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's epic voyage |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Australia |pages=141–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 April 2020 |title=Eight days in Kamay |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.<ref>Blainey (2020). pp. 146–57</ref>


Canary Wharf
=== Convict town (1788–1840) ===
[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|''The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] R.N., Sydney Cove.'' Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]].]] [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A concise history of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108728485 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=34–35}}</ref>


Palace of Westminster with Big Ben (right)
The [[First Fleet]] of 11 ships under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=91 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> The fleet soon moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]] where a settlement was established at [[Sydney Cove]] on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) pp.141–50</ref> The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2009 |title=SL/nsw.gov.au |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=SL/nsw.gov.au}}</ref>
MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
London is located in the United KingdomLondonLondon
Location within the United Kingdom
Show map of the United Kingdom
Show map of England
Show map of Europe
Show map of Earth
Show all
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Country England
Region London (Greater London)
Ceremonial counties Greater London (ceremonial county)
City of London
Local government districts 32 London boroughs
and the City of London
Settled by Romans AD 47; 1977 years ago[2]
as Londinium
Government
• Type Executive mayoralty and deliberative assembly
• Body Greater London Authority
• Mayor Sadiq Khan (L)
• London Assembly
• London Assembly 14 constituencies
• UK Parliament 73 constituencies
Area
• Total[A] 606.96 sq mi (1,572.03 km2)
• Urban 671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2)
• Metro 3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2)
• City of London 1.12 sq mi (2.89 km2)
• 32 London boroughs (total) 605.85 sq mi (1,569.14 km2)
Elevation[3] 36 ft (11 m)
Population (2021 except where stated)
• Total[A] 8,799,800[1]
• Rank 3rd in Europe
1st in the United Kingdom
• Density 14,500/sq mi (5,598/km2)
• Urban (2011)[4] 9,787,426
• Metro (2023)[5] 14,800,000 (London metropolitan area)
• City of London 8,600[1]
Demonyms Londoner
GVA (2021)[6]
• Total £487 billion
• Per capita £55,412
Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean Time)
• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
Postcode areas
22 areas
Budget £19.376 billion
($25 billion)[7]
International airports Inside London:
Heathrow (LHR)
City (LCY)
Outside London:
Gatwick (LGW)
Stansted (STN)
Luton (LTN)
Southend (SEN)
Rapid transit system London Underground
Police Metropolitan (county of Greater London)
City of London (City of London square mile)
Ambulance London
Fire London
GeoTLD .london
Website london.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata
London is the capital and largest city of England, and the United Kingdom, with a population of around 8.8 million,[1] and its metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.8 million.[9][note 1] It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia.[10] The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.[note 2][11] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. In the 19th century, London grew rapidly, becoming the world's largest city at the time, as it expanded and absorbed the neighbouring county of Middlesex, and parts of Surrey and Kent. In 1965 it was combined with parts of Essex and Hertfordshire[12] to create the administrative area of Greater London,[13] which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[note 3][14]


As one of the world's major global cities,[15][16] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications.[17][18] Despite a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still Europe's most economically powerful city,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres in the world. With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[21] it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world—Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London.[22][23] London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world.[24] The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.[25]
The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] in mid-1790 and the [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]] in 1791.<ref>Macintyre (2020). pp.34–37</ref> Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around [[Parramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] on the [[Cumberland Plain]]. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=90–114 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref>


London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[26] The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million[27] made it Europe's third-most populous city,[28] accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom[29] and over 16% of the population of England. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census.[30][31] The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016,[note 4][32][33] granting London the status of a megacity.
A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Mear |first=Craig |date=2008 |title=The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society}}</ref> In November 1790 [[Bennelong]] led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.'' pp. 106, 117–19</ref>


London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[34] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square. London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres.[35] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.[36]
Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at [[Sydney Cove]]. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Colony, a history of early Sydney |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2009 |isbn=9781741756371 |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=71–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15}}</ref>[[File:View of Sydney Cove - Thomas Watling.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Watling]]'s ''View of Sydney Cove'', {{Circa|1794}}–1796]]After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor [[William Bligh]] (1806{{En dash}}08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the [[Rum Rebellion]] of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the [[New South Wales Corps]].<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 185–188</ref>


Toponymy
Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] (1810{{En dash}}1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. [[Parramatta Road]], linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,<ref name="broomham3">{{Citation |author1=Broomham, Rosemary |title=Vital connections: a history of NSW roads from 1788 |date=2001 |page=25 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger in association with the [[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |isbn=978-0-86806-703-2}}</ref> and a road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref name="Kingston-2006">{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |location=Cambridge |pages=118–19}}</ref><ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref>
Main article: Etymology of London
London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium.[37] Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *Londonjon or something similar. This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English.[38]


Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London.[39]
Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.<ref>Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony." ''Journal of the Australian Population Association'', vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50–61. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the [[Tank Stream]] in areas such as [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], and the more affluent residents living to its east.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.<ref name="Sydney-2020b">{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=History of City of Sydney council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Castle Hill Rebellion (1804).jpg|thumb|The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804]]


History
==== Conflict on the Cumberland Plain ====
Main article: History of London
In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker22">{{cite web |author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree |year=2009 |title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804 |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |url-status=live }}</ref>
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of London.
Prehistory
In 1993, remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the south foreshore upstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[40] Two of the timbers were radiocarbon dated to 1750–1285 BC.[40] In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC,[41] were found on the Thames's south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[42] Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground River Effra flows into the Thames.[42]


Roman London
As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the [[Hawkesbury River]], north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the [[Darug]] people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by [[Pemulwuy]] and later by his son [[Tedbury]], burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the [[Australian frontier wars|colonial frontier expanded]]. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66</ref><ref>Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25–26</ref>
Main article: Londinium
Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD,[2] about four years after their invasion of 43 AD.[43] This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground.[44]


The next planned incarnation of Londinium prospered, superseding Colchester as the principal city of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000.[45]
Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the [[Appin Massacre|Appin massacre]] (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banivanua Mar |first1=Tracey |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I |last2=Edmonds |first2=Penelope |year=2013 |pages=344 |chapter=Indigenous and settler relations}}</ref>


Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London
=== Colonial city (1841–1900) ===
The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/>[[File:Sydney 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial illustration of Sydney, 1888]]The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.<ref name="Goodman-2013">Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp.&nbsp;180–81.</ref> The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |pages=74–80}}</ref> The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coghlan |first=T. A |url=https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up |title=The Wealth and progress of New South Wales |publisher=E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney |year=1893 |edition=7th |location=Sydney |pages=311–15}}</ref> The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the [[University of Sydney]] (1854–61),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Neil |date=2016 |title=The University of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian Museum]] (1858–66),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Leila |date= |title=Australian Museum |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |url-status=live }}</ref> the Town Hall (1868–88),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Hall |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]] (1866–92).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |title=General Post Office |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elaborate [[coffee palace]]s and hotels were erected.<ref name="Noyce-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Noyce |first1=Diana Christine |date=2012 |title=Coffee Palaces in Australia: A Pub with No Beer |journal=M/C Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.464 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott, Marie-Louise |first=Marie-Louise |date=2011 |title=Ocean baths |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Reconstruction drawing of Londinium in 120 AD
Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, [[George Reid]], became a key figure in the process of federation.<ref>KIngston (2006). pp. 88–89, 95–97</ref>
With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450.[46] From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of the old Roman city.[47] By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed.[48]


The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950.[49]
=== State capital (1901–present) ===
[[File:(Looking north along George Street (with tram, T-model Ford and hansom cab) from Union Line Building (incorporating the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical culture), corner Jamieson Street), n.d. by (5955844045).jpg|thumb|A [[tramcar]] on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest [[Trams in Sydney|tram networks]] in the British Empire.]]
When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of [[bubonic plague]] in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the [[Railways in Sydney|Sydney rail network]] and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Kingston (2006). p. 132</ref>
[[File:Sydney 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Harbour Bridge opening day, 19 March 1932]]Sydney was more severely affected by the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spearritt |first=Peter |title=Sydney's century, a history |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=0868405213 |location=Sydney |pages=57–58}}</ref> New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]].<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 58–59</ref> The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]] attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by [[Francis de Groot]] of the far-right [[New Guard]], who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 62</ref>


By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."[50]
In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the [[Commonwealth Games|Empire Games]] and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even [[Melbourne]] seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|Day of Mourning]]" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 72</ref>


Middle Ages
With the outbreak of [[Second World War]] in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Japanese submarines]] in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built [[airstrike|air raid]] shelters and performed drills.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 157–59</ref> [[Military engineering|Military establishments]] in response to [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II in Australia]] included the [[Garden Island Tunnel System]], the only [[tunnel warfare]] complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military [[fortification]] systems [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]] and [[Middle Head Fortifications]], which were part of a total [[Sydney Harbour defences|defence system for Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |title=Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |archive-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>


Westminster Abbey, as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings.
A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants{{Em dash}}mostly from Britain and continental Europe{{Em dash}}and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 91</ref> The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at [[Green Valley, New South Wales|Green Valley]] and [[Mount Druitt]]. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, [[Bankstown]] and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] became suburbs of the metropolis.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 93–94, 115–16</ref> Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–11</ref>
After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[51] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.[52] In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.[53]


In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster, although the royal treasury came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[54] With the Black Death in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population.[55] London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[56]
An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her [[Royal visits to Australia|Australian Royal Tour]]. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2018 |title=The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live }}</ref>


London was a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.[57] In 1264 during the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.[58]
Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed [[green ban]]s on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011" /> The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect [[Jørn Utzon]] and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 184–86</ref> The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–12, 259–62</ref> From the 1980s, [[Immigration to Australia|overseas immigration]] grew rapidly, with [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |url-status=live }}</ref>


Early modern
==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Sydney}}


The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally.
===Topography===
During the Tudor period, the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism. Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.[59] In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up a main trading base (kontor) of England in London, called the Stalhof or Steelyard. It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway.[60] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries.[61]
[[File:Sydney, Australia by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]] where the ocean level has risen to flood deep [[ria]]s.]]
Sydney is a coastal basin with the [[Tasman Sea]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the [[Woronora Plateau]] to the south.


Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean was normally through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity.[62] The Royal Exchange was founded.[63] Mercantilism grew and monopoly traders such as the East India Company were founded as trade expanded to the New World. London became the main North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[59]
Sydney spans two geographic regions. The [[Cumberland Plain]] lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The [[Hornsby Plateau]] is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. [[Beaches in Sydney|Seventy surf beaches]] can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.


The [[Nepean River]] wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching [[Broken Bay]]. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The [[Parramatta River]] is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the [[Georges River]] and the [[Cooks River]] into Botany Bay.


Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.
There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers {{cvt|12369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and includes the local government areas of [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] in the north, [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] in the north-west, [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] in the west, [[Sutherland Shire]] in the south, and [[Wollondilly Shire|Wollondilly]] in the south-west.<ref name="AU Stats-2022">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government area of the [[City of Sydney]] covers about 26 square kilometres from [[Garden Island (New South Wales)|Garden island]] in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and [[Rosebery, New South Wales|Rosebery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Areas of Service |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark. Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down the theatres in the 1640s.[64] The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane, opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district.[65]


By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.[66] In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the City.[67]
===Geology===
[[File:South Head, Sydney Harbour.jpg|alt=|thumb|Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are [[Sydney sandstone]].]]
Sydney is made up of mostly [[Triassic]] rock with some recent [[igneous]] dykes and [[volcanic]] necks (typically found in the [[Prospect dolerite intrusion]], west of Sydney).<ref>[https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ Igneous intrusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ |date=1 November 2021 }} by the [[Australian Museum]]. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</ref> The [[Sydney Basin]] was formed in the early Triassic period.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has [[shale]] lenses and fossil riverbeds.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/>


In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.[68] The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[69] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.[70]
The [[Sydney Basin]] bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as [[ria]]s were carved during the Triassic period in the [[Hawkesbury sandstone]] of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.<ref name="Sydney Basin">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |title=Sydney Basin |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such [[ria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Latta |first=David |date=2006 |url=http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |title=Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Sydney features two major soil types: [[Sand|sandy soil]]s (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and [[clay]] (which are from shales and [[volcanic rock]]s), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=7 November 2019 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |title=Soils for nature |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |url-status=live }}</ref>


Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the [[Wianamatta shale]], a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large [[river delta]] during the [[Middle Triassic]]. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained [[sedimentary rock]]s such as shales, [[mudstone]]s, [[ironstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s and [[laminite]]s, with less common sandstone units.<ref name="basinguide">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Herbert |first2=Robin |last2=Helby |title=A Guide to the Sydney basin |edition=1 |publisher=Geological Survey of New South Wales |location=Maitland |year=1980 |isbn=0-7240-1250-8 |page=582}}</ref> The Wianamatta Group is made up of [[Bringelly Shale]], [[Minchinbury Sandstone]] and [[Ashfield Shale]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=William |first1=E |last2=Airey |first2=DW |title=A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales |journal=Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge |location=Barton, ACT |publisher=Australian Geomechanics Society |date=1999 |pages=641–647 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-date=14 August 2008 |isbn=1864450029}}</ref>


The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666.
===Ecology===
London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[71] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[71]
{{further|Ecology of Sydney}}
[[File:Western Sydney parklands 18.jpg|thumb|Typical [[grassland|grassy]] woodland in the Sydney metropolitan area]]
The most prevalent [[vegetation|plant communities]] in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. [[savanna]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |title=Coastal Valley Grassy Woodlands |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |url-status=live }}</ref> and some pockets of dry [[sclerophyll]] forests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrub/grass sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> which consist of [[eucalyptus]] trees, [[casuarina]]s, [[melaleuca]]s, [[corymbia]]s and [[angophora]]s, with shrubs (typically [[Acacia|wattles]], [[callistemon]]s, [[grevillea]]s and [[banksia]]s), and a semi-continuous grass in the [[understory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low [[soil fertility]]. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the [[Hills District, New South Wales|north]] and [[North Shore (Sydney)|northeast]]. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, [[tree ferns]] and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |title=Wet sclerophyll forests (grassy sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref>


The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings.[72] Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by polymath Robert Hooke.[73] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed. During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London. In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century.[74]
The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the [[Cumberland Plain Woodland]] in [[Western Sydney]] ([[Cumberland Plain]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=Earth Resource Analysis PL |year=1998 |title=Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney |type=Unpublished report |work=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service – Sydney Zone }}</ref> followed by the [[Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest]] in the Inner West and [[Northern Sydney]],<ref name = environment>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf |date=12 September 2022 }} Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</ref> the [[Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub]] in the coastline and the [[Blue Gum High Forest]] scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.<ref name="Sydney Blue Gum High Forest of the Sydney Basin">{{cite web|title=Sydney Blue Gum High Forest|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|work=Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|archivedate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region|work=[[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2022|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also includes the [[Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland]] found in [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] on the [[Hornsby Plateau]] to the north.<ref name=ryde>{{cite web|title=''Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland''|work=Ryde Council|url=https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|accessdate=15 November 2018|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House, which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,[75] and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[76] Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday.[77]
Sydney is home to dozens of [[birds of Australia|bird]] species,<ref>Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. ''The Birds of Sydney'' (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales.</ref> which commonly include the [[Australian raven]], [[Australian magpie]], [[crested pigeon]], [[noisy miner]] and the [[pied currawong]]. [[Introduced species|Introduced]] bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the [[common myna]], [[common starling]], [[house sparrow]] and the [[spotted dove]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Finding Australian Birds |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |author1=Dolby, Tim |author2=Clarke, Rohan |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9780643097667 |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reptiles of Australia|Reptile]] species are also numerous and predominantly include [[skink]]s.<ref>Cogger, H.G. (2000). ''Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.'' Reed New Holland.</ref><ref>Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.</ref> Sydney has a few [[mammals of Australia|mammal]] and [[Spiders of Australia|spider]] species, such as the [[grey-headed flying fox]] and the [[Sydney funnel-web]], respectively,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem |publisher=North Queensland Register |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Whyte-2017">{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2017 |location=Clayton VIC}}</ref> and has a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]] inhabiting its harbour and beaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underwater Sydney |last1=Falkner |first1=Inke |last2=Turnbull |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781486311194 |location=Clayton South, Victoria}}</ref>


Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre.[78]
===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Sydney|Severe weather events in Sydney}}
[[File:Sydney storm clouds.jpg|thumb|A summer storm passing over Sydney Harbour]]
Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger classification]], Sydney has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall |publisher=Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA) |quote=Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |title=Sydney holiday weather |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=bom2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |title=Sydney: Climate and water |publisher=[[ Bureau of Meteorology]] |date = April 2017|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |title=WEATHER IN SYDNEY |website=Australia.com |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=[[Tourism Australia]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to <!-- Please read the note after "cool" before changing it. -->"cool"<!-- The authoritative source supporting this specifically says "cool", not "mild". Do not change it without providing more sources supporting a change and note that "cool" must be retained. For more information, please see the talk page discussion. --> winters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games |work=Australian Government |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |archive-date=10 June 2008}}</ref> The [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[Southern Annular Mode]]<ref name= "ABC news">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |title=Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of |website=ABC News |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BOM71">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |title=Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: [[drought]] and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite [[Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia|phases of the oscillation in Australia]]. The weather is [[sea breeze|moderated]] by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs.<ref name="acn" />


Late modern and contemporary
At Sydney's primary weather station at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]], extreme temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|45.8|C|1}} on 18 [[Angry Summer|January 2013]] to {{cvt|2.1|C|1}} on 22 June 1932.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill) |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Creagh |first=Sunanda |title=Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |work=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Media Group |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |url-status=live }}</ref> An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above {{cvt|30|C|0}} in the central business district (CBD).<ref name="acn">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.<ref>Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.</ref> The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] on 4 January 2020, where a high of {{cvt|48.9|C|F}} was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |title=Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|18.5|C|F}} in September to {{cvt|23.7|C|F}} in February.<ref>[https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm Sydney Sea Temperature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm |date=5 July 2017 }} – seatemperature.org</ref> Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and 109.5 clear days annually.<ref name="metdata">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991–2020 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the inland location, [[frost]] is recorded early in the morning in [[Western Sydney]] a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. ''Before King's Cross''</ref>
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.[79][80] London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925, with a population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare).[81] In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as Harding, Howell & Co.—one of the first department stores—located on Pall Mall, the streets had scores of street sellers.[79] London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[82] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the London Underground, the world's first urban rail network.[83] The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.[84]


From the early years of the 20th century onwards, teashops were found on High Streets across London and the rest of Britain, with Lyons, who opened the first of their chain of teashops in Piccadilly in 1894, leading the way.[85] The tearooms, such as the Criterion in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement.[86] The city was the target of many attacks during the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral bombed.[87]
Sydney experiences an [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |title=Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=712 |year=2017 |first1=Mat |last1=Santamouris |first2=Shamila |last2=Haddad |first3=Francesco |last3=Fiorito |first4=Paul |last4=Osmond |first5=Lan |last5=Ding |first6=Deo |last6=Prasad |first7=Xiaoqiang |last7=Zhai |first8=Ruzhu |last8=Wang |doi=10.3390/su9050712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In late spring and summer, temperatures over {{cvt|35|C|0}} are not uncommon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=2 February 2013 |date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a [[southerly buster]],<ref>Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.</ref> a powerful southerly that brings [[gale]] winds and a rapid fall in temperature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582 |title="Southerly Buster" Relieves City. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 December 1953 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since Sydney is downwind of the [[Great Dividing Range]], it occasionally experiences dry, westerly [[Australian foehn winds|foehn winds]] typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).<ref>Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) ''Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology''.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) ''Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia''. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |title=BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through |work=ABC News |author=Bellinda Kontominas |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Westerly winds are intense when the [[Roaring Forties]] (or the [[Southern Annular Mode]]) shift towards southeastern Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |title=Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia |work=The Guardian |author=Helen Davidson |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> where they may damage homes and [[Flight cancellation and delay|affect flights]], in addition to [[apparent temperature|making the temperature]] seem [[wind chill|colder than it actually is]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|title=Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney|work=The Leader|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|title=BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home|work=ABC News|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|url-status=live}}</ref>


Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.<ref>[https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate |date=10 April 2021 }} by Bioregional Assessments from the [[Australian Government]]. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |title=Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones |website=ABC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney future: high temps, erratic rain |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,<ref name=bom2/> and lower in late winter to early spring.<ref name="ABC news"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196|title=The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited|first=Wasyl|last=Drosdowsky|date=2 August 2005|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=25|issue=10|pages=1291–1299|access-date=2 July 2022|doi=10.1002/joc.1196|bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1291D|s2cid=140198125|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="acn"/><ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson {{ISBN|0-207-18557-3}}</ref> In late autumn and winter, [[Australian east coast low|east coast lows]] may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.<ref name="BOMECL" >{{cite web |title=About East Coast Lows |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the warm season [[black nor'easter]]s are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of [[low-pressure area]]s, including remnants of [[Post-tropical cyclone|ex-cyclones]], may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763 |title=Black Nor-Easter. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 October 1911 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. ''Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.'' Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101</ref> Snowfall was last reported in 1836, though a fall of [[graupel]], or soft hail, in the [[North Shore (Sydney)|Upper North Shore]] was mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney winter not snow, just hail |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |quote=Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said. |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe [[2009 Australian dust storm|dust storm towards the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2009 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2010 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Sydney weatherbox|width=auto}}


British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I
==Regions==
{{main|Regions of Sydney}}
[[File:Satellite photo of the Greater Sydney Area at night.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney area at night, facing west. [[Wollongong]] is bottom left, and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] is at the far right.]]


A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II
The [[Greater Sydney Commission]] divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises ''Eastern Harbour City'', ''Central River City'' and ''Western Parkland City''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Cities Commission Act 2022 No 8|url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|access-date=29 June 2023|date=4 November 2022|website=legislation.nsw.gov.au|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |title=Greater Sydney GCCSA |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Data by Region |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> adding 330,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
London was bombed by the Germans in the First World War, and during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.[88] The tomb of the Unknown Warrior, an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920.[89] The Cenotaph, located in Whitehall, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November.[90]


The 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, while London was still recovering from the war.[91] From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[92] making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.[93] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke".[94]
===Inner suburbs===
[[File:Lord Nelson Hotel and Former Oswald Bond and Free Store on the corner of Kent Street and Argyle Place, Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Historical buildings in [[Millers Point]], an inner suburb north of the CBD]]
The CBD extends about {{cvt|3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} south from [[Sydney Cove]]. It is bordered by [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] within the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] to the east and [[Darling Harbour]] to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include [[Woolloomooloo]] and [[Potts Point]] to the east, [[Surry Hills]] and [[Darlinghurst]] to the south, [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] to the west, and [[Millers Point]] and [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney unprepared for terror attack |work=The Australian |date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2017 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98}}</ref>


Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street.[95] The role of trendsetter revived in the punk era.[96] In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.[97] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[98] These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with the Old Bailey bombing.[98] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.[99]
Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]] and [[Circular Quay]] are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]], Darling Harbour, and [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. the [[Strand Arcade]], located between [[Pitt Street Mall]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], is a historical [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style]] shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322 |title=The Strand |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=16,858 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1892 |access-date=27 October 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Westfield Sydney]], located beneath the [[Sydney Tower]], is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=The largest shopping centres in Australia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |work=worldatlas.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.[100] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.[101] Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.[102]
Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of [[gentrification]] amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of [[high density housing]], tourist accommodation, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority]]|date=2004 |url=http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |title=Ultimo and Pyrmont: a decade of renewal |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic [[Darlinghurst Gaol]], manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of [[prostitution]]. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |title=Business-friendly boost for Oxford St lane way |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dick |first=Tim |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |title=At the crossroads |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darlinghurst">{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=1970 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |title=Darlinghurst |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |url-status=live }}</ref>


The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the Greater London Authority.[103] To mark the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed.[104] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, as the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times.[36] On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.[98]
[[Green Square, New South Wales|Green Square]] is a former industrial area of [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8&nbsp;billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |title=Green Square |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |date=2013 |url=http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |title=Discover Barangaroo |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] is known for its restored [[terraced house|terrace houses]], [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2012 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |title=Paddington |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing them as the world's three most influential global cities.[105] In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939.[106] During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union, but most London constituencies voted for remaining.[107] However, Britain's exit from the EU in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre.[108]
=== Inner West ===
[[File:Newtown NSW, Cnr King Street & Enmore Road, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]], one of the inner-most parts of the Inner West, is one of the most complete [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian era]] commercial precincts in Australia.]]
The [[Inner West]] generally includes the [[Inner West Council]], [[Municipality of Burwood]], [[Municipality of Strathfield]], and [[City of Canada Bay]]. These span up to about 11&nbsp;km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,<ref>Green, A, "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra Strathfield By-election – NSW Election 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''</ref> the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]] were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|title=Sydney's new prestige hotspot|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=10 June 2016|last1=McIntyre|first1=Tim|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).<ref name="top20">Sweeney, N., "[https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 |date=29 June 2023 }}", ''The Australian Financial Review''</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] is located in this area, as well as the [[University of Technology, Sydney]] and a campus of the [[Australian Catholic University]]. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects [[Rozelle]] to [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and the city, forming part of the [[Western Distributor (Sydney)|Western Distributor]].


On 6 May 2023, the coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place at Westminster Abbey, London.[109]
The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,<ref>Boys, C., "[https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html Where is Sydney's new Little Italy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Good Food'', 22 April 2014</ref> "Little Portugal" in Petersham,<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html Tarting up Petersham with an ethnic flavour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 September 2002</ref> "Little Korea" in Strathfield<ref>Burke, K, [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html Little Korea ready to rise from "melting pot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 May 2012</ref> or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.<ref>West, A., "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html Business booms in 'little Shanghai'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html |date=18 July 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 18 June 2011</ref> Large-scale shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Burwood]], [[DFO Homebush]] and [[Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre]]. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on King Street in [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]].


Administration
The area is serviced by the [[North Shore & Western Line|T1]], [[Inner West & Leppington Line|T2]], and [[Bankstown Line|T3]] railway lines, including the [[Main Suburban railway line|Main Suburban Line]], which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. [[Strathfield railway station]] is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and [[Main North railway line, New South Wales|Northern]] lines. It was constructed in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|title=Strathfield Station|website=Nswrail.net|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|url-status=live}}</ref> The future [[Sydney Metro West]] will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the [[Parramatta River ferry services|Parramatta River services]] of [[Sydney Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |title=Rivercat Class – Transdev |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> numerous bus routes and cycleways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |title=Newtown |website=Marrickville.nsw.gov.au |language=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Local government
Main articles: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government


Arms of the Corporation of the City of London[110]
===Eastern suburbs===
The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[111] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues.[112] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital.[113] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[114]
[[File:(1)Bellevue Hill from Point Piper.jpg|thumb|Residences in [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]]. Sydney's eastern suburbs are made up of some of the most expensive real estate in the country<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The Eastern Suburbs encompass the [[Municipality of Woollahra]], the [[City of Randwick]], the [[Waverley Municipal Council]], and parts of the [[Bayside Council]]. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, [[Wolseley Road]], [[Point Piper]], had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |title=The 10 most expensive streets in the world |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |date=2011 |website=Business Insider |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the [[Division of Wentworth|Electoral District of Wentworth]] fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |title=Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage |date=6 April 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.<ref name="top20"/>


The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[115] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, social services, local roads and refuse collection.[116] Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).[117]
Major landmarks include [[Bondi Beach]], which was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2008;<ref>''Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 January 2009, p.18</ref> and [[Bondi Junction]], featuring a [[Westfield Bondi Junction|Westfield shopping centre]] and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |title=Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035 |publisher=NSW Department of Planning and Environment |date=August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as a [[Bondi Junction railway station|railway station]] on the [[Eastern Suburbs railway line|T4 Eastern Suburbs Line]]. The suburb of [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]] contains [[Randwick Racecourse]], the [[Royal Hospital for Women]], the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]], [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], and [[University of New South Wales|University of New South Wales Kensington Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |title=Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities |publisher=Greater Sydney Commission |date=March 2018 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London, run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. It is the third largest fire service in the world.[118] National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world.[119] The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.[120]
Construction of the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] was completed in April 2020.<ref>[https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford |date=2 April 2020 }} Transport for NSW 3 April 2020</ref> The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.


National government
Major shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Bondi Junction]] and [[Westfield Eastgardens]].


10 Downing Street, official residence of the Prime Minister
===Southern Sydney===
London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall.[121] There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of December 2019, 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrats.[122] The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994 and as of 2020 is held by Paul Scully.[123]
[[File:Sydney aerial view - Kurnell, La Perouse, Cronulla and Botany Bay.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]], [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], and [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], along with various other suburbs, face Botany Bay.]]
The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government area]]s of the [[Georges River Council]] (collectively known as [[St George, New South Wales|St George]]) and the [[Sutherland Shire]] (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the [[Georges River]].


Policing and crime
The [[Cronulla dunes|Kurnell peninsula]], near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], a historic suburb named after the French navigator [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], is notable for its old military outpost at [[Bare Island (New South Wales)|Bare Island]] and the [[Botany Bay National Park]].
Main article: Crime in London
Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[124] The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police.[125] First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the custodian helmet has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement".[126] Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue police telephone box (basis for the TARDIS in Doctor Who) was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK.[127]


The suburb of [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]] in [[southern Sydney]] is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia {{ISBN|0-207-14495-8}}, page 149</ref>


Headquarters of MI6, the UK's foreign intelligence service, at the SIS Building. Scenes featuring James Bond (the fictional MI6 agent) have been filmed here.
===Northern Sydney===
The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services.[128] The Ministry of Defence Police is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public.[129] The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service (MI5) is headquartered in Thames House on the north bank of the River Thames, and the foreign intelligence service (MI6) is headquartered in the SIS Building on the south bank.[130]
{{further|Northern Sydney}}
[[File:Aerial View Chatswood to Sydney CBD.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] is a major commercial district.]]
'[[Northern Sydney]]' may also include the suburbs in the [[Upper North Shore]], [[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]] and the [[Northern Beaches]].


Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level.[131] In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.[132] Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved.[133] However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than other major cities around the world.[134]
The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – [[Macquarie University]], [[Gladesville Bridge]], [[Ryde Bridge]], [[Macquarie Centre]] and Curzon Hall in [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. This area includes suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government areas]] of [[Hornsby Shire]], [[City of Ryde]], the [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill]] and parts of the [[City of Parramatta]].


Geography
The North Shore includes the commercial centres of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.
Main article: Geography of London
Scope
London, also known as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined several ways.[135]


The Northern Beaches area includes [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also features [[Sydney Heads]], a series of [[headlands]] which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to [[Middle Harbour]] and north to the entrance of [[Broken Bay]]. The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most [[White people|white]] and [[mono-ethnic]] district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|title=National Regional Profile Northern Beaches Sydney|website=Rodis.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|url-status=live}}</ref>


Satellite view of London in June 2018
As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling [[Hunters Hill]] and [[Woolwich, New South Wales|Woolwich]].<ref name="top20"/>
Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses.[136] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places.[137]


Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.[138] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London,[139] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W.[140]
===Hills district===
The [[Hills District, New South Wales|Hills district]] generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of [[The Hills Shire]], parts of the [[City of Parramatta Council]] and [[Hornsby Shire]]. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. [[Windsor Road|Windsor]] and [[Old Windsor Road]]s are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|title=Ozroads: Old Windsor Road & Windsor Road|website=Ozroads.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


Status
===Western suburbs===
Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies.[141] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire.[142] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form.[note 5]
{{further|Greater Western Sydney}}
[[File:Parramatta Skyline 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Parramatta]], a major commercial centre of [[Greater Western Sydney]], is often coined as Sydney's "second [[Central business district|CBD]]"]]
The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parramatta Chamber of Commerce |date=2014 |url=http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |title=Parramatta |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown]], Liverpool, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]], and [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]]. Covering {{cvt|5800|km2}} and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most [[minority majority|multicultural suburbs]] in the country. The population is predominantly of a [[working class]] background, with major employment in the [[heavy industries]] and [[vocational]] trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |title=Home – WSROC Region |publisher=Profile.id.com.au |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |url-status=live }}</ref> Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of [[Old Toongabbie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |title=Old Toongabbie and Toongabbie |last1=McClymont |first1=John |last2=Kass |first2=Terry |date=2010 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney Trust |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |url-status=live }}</ref>


Its status as a capital was established by constitutional convention, which means its status as de facto capital is a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation.[145] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.[146]
The western suburb of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]], in the [[City of Blacktown]], is home to [[Raging Waters Sydney|Raging Waters]], a [[water park]] operated by [[Parques Reunidos]].<ref name="ABC announcement">{{cite web |title=Water theme park planned for Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |work=ABC News |access-date=11 September 2010 |date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]], a botanical garden in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.<ref name="chahgovau">{{cite web |url=http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |title=Auburn Botanical Gardens |work=chah.gov.au |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The greater west also includes [[Sydney Olympic Park]], a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and [[Sydney Motorsport Park]], a [[Race track|circuit]] in [[Eastern Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |title=Visitor Information – How to Get Here |publisher=Sydney Motorsport Park | access-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere | archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> [[Prospect Hill (New South Wales)|Prospect Hill]], a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient [[volcanic activity]],<ref>Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 255–263.</ref> is also listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|title=State Heritage Inventory|date=22 October 2019|website=Heritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref>


Topography
To the northwest, [[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], a zoo in [[Doonside]], near [[Blacktown]], is a major [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |title=Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award |date=23 November 2009 |author=O'Maley, Christine |work=Blacktown Advocate |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sydney Zoo]], opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in [[Bungaribee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |author=Boon, Maxim |title=New Sydney Zoo announces long-awaited opening date |work=TimeOut |location=Sydney, Australia |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1799, the [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]], a [[historic house museum]] and [[tourist spot]] in Parramatta, was included in the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 1 August 2007 and [[World Heritage List]] in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the [[Australian Convict Sites]]), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.<ref name="CourierMail01">{{cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |author1=Chalmers, Emma |author2=Martin, Saray |date=1 August 2010 |title=World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance |work=The Courier–Mail |location=Australia |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |title=National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta |first=Department of the Environment and |last=Energy |date=17 April 2018 |website=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


London from Primrose Hill
Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. [[Macarthur Square]], a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.<ref>{{cite report |first=Peter |last=Degotardi |publisher=Herron Todd White Property Advisors |url=http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |title=The Month in Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 |date=1 February 2004}}</ref> The southwest also features [[Bankstown Reservoir]], the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in [[reinforced concrete]] that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|01316 |Bankstown Reservoir (Elevated) |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the [[Bland Oak]], which was planted in the 1840s by [[William Bland]] in [[Carramar, New South Wales|Carramar]].<ref name="mobbaymag">{{cite web |last=Boulous |first=Chris |title=Nothing Bland about our Oak tree |work=Fairfield City Champion |publisher=FAIRFAX REGIONAL MEDIA |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km2).[147]


Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a flood plain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.[148]
==Urban structure==
{{wide image|Sydney City Panorama (20155327722).jpg|1100px|The [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] with the [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>|align-cap=center}}


Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[149] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of post-glacial rebound.[150]
===Architecture===
{{See also |Architecture of Sydney|List of heritage houses in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Sydney}}
The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |title=Australia's World Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |title=Australia's National Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |title=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[York Street, Sydney|York Street]] is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.]]
In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named [[Francis Greenway]] to design [[Macquarie Lighthouse]].<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |title=Macquarie Lighthouse |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lighthouse's [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.<ref name="Macquarie Lightstation">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Harbour Federation Trust |date=2001 |url=http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-date=9 February 2006 |title=Macquarie Lightstation |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Greenway went on to design the [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in 1819 and the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style [[St James' Church, Sydney|St James's Church]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |year=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park Barracks |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Stephen |last2=Cable |first2=Kenneth |year=2000 |title=Sydney Anglicans – a history of the diocese |page=12}}</ref> [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-inspired architecture]] became more popular from the 1830s. [[John Verge]]'s [[Elizabeth Bay House]] and [[St Philip's Church, Sydney|St Philip's Church]] of 1856 were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style along with [[Edward Blore]]'s [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] of 1845.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Architecture |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |title=Chronology of styles in Australian architecture |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet |date=2014 |url=http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/ |title=Government House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes not music to purists' ears |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are rare examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic]] construction.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |title=Kirribilli House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]]]]
From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. [[Mortimer Lewis]] designed the [[Australian Museum]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |publisher=Australia Museum |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/ |archive-date=22 August 2020 |date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]], completed in 1891 in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian Free Classical]] style, was designed by [[James Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |title=General Post Office |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse"/><ref name="Macquarie Lightstation"/> [[Customs House, Sydney|Customs House]] was built in 1844.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |title=Sydney Customs House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The neo-Classical and [[Second Empire architecture|French Second Empire]] style [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] was completed in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |title=Construction of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |title=Features of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] designs gained favour from the early 1890s. [[Sydney Technical College]] was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] approaches.<ref name="Sydney Technical College">{{cite web |last=Freyne |first=Catherine |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |title=Sydney Technical College |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Queen Victoria Building]] was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by [[George McRae]]; completed in 1898,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queen Victoria Building |date=2014 |url=http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |title=History of Queen Victoria Building |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |url-status=live }}</ref> it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |title=Queen Victoria Building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |url-status=live }}</ref>


Climate
As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at {{cvt|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |work=Sydney Architecture Images |title=Commercial Travellers Club |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.<ref name="Sydney architecture">{{cite book |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul}}</ref>
Main article: Climate of London
London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893.[151] The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm).[152] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600 mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City.[153] Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0 mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to climate change, and there is concern among hydrological experts that households may run out of water before 2050.[154]


Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.[155][156] Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020.[157]
The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the {{cvt|503|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} between Milsons Point and [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]].<ref name="Sydney Harbour Bridge">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]]]]
[[Modern architecture|Modern]] and [[International architecture]] came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. [[Jørn Utzon]] was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.<ref name="Sydney Opera House">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |title=Sydney Opera House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect [[Frank Gehry]], the [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]] (2015). An entrance from [[The Goods Line]]–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site.


Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the 2003 European heat wave, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths.[158] A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths.[159] A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard.[160] Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.[161] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893.[162]
Contemporary buildings in the CBD include [[Citigroup Centre, Sydney|Citigroup Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Citigroup Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Aurora Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Aurora Place |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Chifley Tower]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chifley Tower |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |title=Chifley Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] building,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |title=Reserve Bank |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Deutsche Bank Place |access-date=20 July 2004}}</ref> [[MLC Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=MLC Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Capita Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Castlereagh Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> The tallest structure is [[Sydney Tower]], designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |title=Centrepoint Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the proximity of [[Sydney Airport]], a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |date=25 February 2020 |website=Abc.net.au |language=en-AU |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green ban]]s and [[heritage overlay]]s have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocked: Demolished Sydney |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |work=SydneyLivingMuseums.com.au |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>


Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[163] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.[164]
===Housing===
[[File:Kirribilli housing.jpg|thumb|[[Terrace houses in Australia|Terraces]] in [[Kirribilli, New South Wales|Kirribilli]]]]
Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York |work=[[Business Insider]] (Australia) |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |title=How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities |work=[[Domain Group]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |title=Australia's house prices are now in free fall |date=15 August 2019 |author=C. Delmendo, Lalaine |website=globalpropertyguide.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |url-status=live }}</ref> It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |title=Sydney Housing Ratio 14 Times Annual Pre-Tax Salary |year=2017 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


vte
There were 1.76&nbsp;million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats">{{Cite web |title=2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst [[terrace houses]] are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="Housing Sydney">{{cite web |last=Darcy |first=Michael |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |title=Housing Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Public housing in Sydney is managed by the [[Government of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Housing New South Wales |date=2012 |url=http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |title=Services offered |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include [[Claymore, New South Wales|Claymore]], [[Macquarie Fields, New South Wales|Macquarie Fields]], [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]], and [[Mount Druitt, New South Wales|Mount Druitt]].
Climate data for London (LHR),[a] elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1991–2020 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 21.2
(70.2) 24.5
(76.1) 29.4
(84.9) 32.8
(91.0) 35.6
(96.1) 40.2
(104.4) 38.1
(100.6) 35.0
(95.0) 29.5
(85.1) 21.1
(70.0) 17.4
(63.3) 40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 9.0
(48.2) 11.7
(53.1) 15.0
(59.0) 18.4
(65.1) 21.6
(70.9) 23.9
(75.0) 23.4
(74.1) 20.2
(68.4) 15.8
(60.4) 11.5
(52.7) 8.8
(47.8) 15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 5.8
(42.4) 7.9
(46.2) 10.5
(50.9) 13.7
(56.7) 16.8
(62.2) 19.0
(66.2) 18.7
(65.7) 15.9
(60.6) 12.3
(54.1) 8.4
(47.1) 5.9
(42.6) 11.7
(53.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 2.7
(36.9) 4.1
(39.4) 6.0
(42.8) 9.1
(48.4) 12.0
(53.6) 14.2
(57.6) 14.1
(57.4) 11.6
(52.9) 8.8
(47.8) 5.3
(41.5) 3.1
(37.6) 7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F) −16.1
(3.0) −13.9
(7.0) −8.9
(16.0) −5.6
(21.9) −3.1
(26.4) −0.6
(30.9) 3.9
(39.0) 2.1
(35.8) 1.4
(34.5) −5.5
(22.1) −7.1
(19.2) −17.4
(0.7) −17.4
(0.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.8
(2.31) 45.0
(1.77) 38.8
(1.53) 42.3
(1.67) 45.9
(1.81) 47.3
(1.86) 45.8
(1.80) 52.8
(2.08) 49.6
(1.95) 65.1
(2.56) 66.6
(2.62) 57.1
(2.25) 615.0
(24.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 10.8 11.2 10.8 111.7
Average snowy days 6.8 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.3 16
Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 70 65 67 65 65 69 73 78 81 81 73
Average dew point °C (°F) 3
(37) 2
(36) 2
(36) 4
(39) 7
(45) 10
(50) 12
(54) 12
(54) 10
(50) 9
(48) 6
(43) 3
(37) 7
(44)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 78.8 124.5 176.7 207.5 208.4 217.8 202.1 157.1 115.2 70.7 55.0 1,674.8
Percent possible sunshine 23 28 31 40 41 41 42 45 40 35 27 21 35
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
Source 1: Met Office[165][166][167] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[168][169]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)[170] CEDA Archive[171] TORRO[172] Time and Date[173]
See Climate of London for additional climate information.


Averages are taken from Heathrow, and extremes are taken from stations across London.
A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain–many of which have been the subject of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Irving |first2=Terrence H. |last2=Irving |first3=Rowan J. |last3=Cahill |title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes |year=2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=9781742230931 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $2.2 million above reserve |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=10 December 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=This $13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=15 April 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Kimmorley |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Areas
[[Federation architecture|Federation]] homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in suburbs such as [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]], [[Turramurra]], and in [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]]. Workers cottages are found in Surry Hills, [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], and Balmain. [[California bungalow]]s are common in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], and [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as [[Stanhope Gardens]], [[Kellyville Ridge]], [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]] to the northwest, [[Bossley Park]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], and [[Cecil Hills]] to the west, and [[Hoxton Park]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], and [[Oran Park, New South Wales|Oran Park]] to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Charles Sturt University |date=2014 |url=http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |title=Sydney's culture of place |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>
Main articles: List of areas of London and London boroughs
Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley, and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.[174]


===Parks and open spaces===
{{Main|Parks in Sydney}}The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].


The West End theatre district in 2016
The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |website=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |title=Major parks |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks within the city centre include [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and Prince Alfred Park.
Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965, Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[175] The City of London is the main financial district,[176] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east.
[[File:Centennial_Park_NSW_2021,_Australia_-_panoramio_(7).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CPMPT cp">{{cite web |title=Centennial Park |url=http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |work=Centennial Parklands |publisher=Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust }}</ref>]]
The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.


The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[177] West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[178] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London.[179][180]
The inner suburbs include [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]] and [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]] in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain [[Sydney Park]] and Royal National Park in the south, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] in the north, and [[Western Sydney Parklands]] in the west, which is [[List of urban parks by size|one of the largest urban parks]] in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with {{cvt|13200|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} is the second oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |title=Royal National Park |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Sídney_08.jpg|thumb|The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<ref>"[http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html ANZAC Memorial, Sydney] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html|date=9 May 2015}}", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998.</ref>]]
Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.<ref name=MP>{{cite web |title=Hyde Park: Plan of Management and Masterplan |volume=1 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Sydney City Council |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |pages=7–11 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of {{cvt|15400|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park history |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park heritage |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref>


The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.[181] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.[181]
The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |title=Royal Botanic Gardens history |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history" /> The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |title=Royal Botanic Gardens |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |url-status=live }}</ref> The two parks have a total area of {{cvt|64|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5&nbsp;million annual visits.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |title=Royal Botanic Gardens fast facts |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>


Architecture
To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures {{cvt|16.2|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2006 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |title=Hyde Park plan of management and masterplan |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location was used for both relaxation and [[grazing]] of animals from the earliest days of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]].
Main articles: Architecture of London, List of tallest buildings and structures in London, and List of demolished buildings and structures in London


The Tower of London, a medieval castle, dating in part to 1078
==Economy==
London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace.[182]
{{Main|Economy of Sydney}}
[[File:Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]]. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centres of the World: Sydney, Australia |url=http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Ecdconference.org |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Researchers from [[Loughborough University]] have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2012 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2014 |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |title=The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=CityLab |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index">{{cite web |publisher=AT Kearney |date=2014 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |title=2014 Global Cities Index |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial hubs.<ref name="Economic powerhouse">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |title=Economic powerhouse |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economic profile">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |title=Economic profile |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>


Part of the varied architectural heritage are the 17th-century churches by Christopher Wren, neoclassical financial institutions such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to the early 20th century Old Bailey courthouse and the 1960s Barbican Estate. The 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington.[183] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area and Canary Wharf, high residential densities in inner London, and lower densities in Outer London.
The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was [[mercantilism]], as it was throughout most of [[Western Europe]].<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |title=Economy |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created [[holey dollar|two coins]] from every [[Spanish dollar|Spanish silver dollar]] in circulation.<ref name="Economy"/> The economy was [[capitalism|capitalist]] in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the [[East India Company]] were curtailed.<ref name="Economy"/>


Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.<ref name="Economy"/> Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. [[Protectionism|Protectionist]] policies after [[federation of Australia|federation]] allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.<ref name="Economy"/> These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.<ref name="Economy"/> From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.<ref name="Economy"/>


The east wing public façade of Buckingham Palace was built between 1847 and 1850; it was remodelled to its present form in 1913.
Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9&nbsp;billion and AU$80,000 per capita<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |title=GDP report: Economic Performance of Australia's Cities and Regions |website=sgsep.com.au |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2015.<ref name="Australian cities accounts"/><ref name="Economic profile"/> Its gross domestic product was AU$337&nbsp;billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.<ref name="Australian cities accounts">{{cite web |publisher=SGS Economics and Planning |date=2014 |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |title=Australian cities accounts |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |title=Creative and digital |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |title=NSW dominates creative industries: report |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Trafalgar Square and its fountains, with Nelson's Column on the right
===Businesses===
The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column (built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson) is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick, commonly the yellow London stock brick.[184]
There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Regional Development Australia |date=2010 |url=http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |title=Economic profile |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Business Foundation |date=2009 |url=http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |title=Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |date=2000 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |title=Multinational companies regional headquarters |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe (dubbed "The Gherkin"), Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings.[185] This protective policy, known as 'St Paul's Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937.[185] Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London, including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom and Western Europe.[186]
===Domestic economics===
[[File:Pitt Street Mall, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pitt Street]], a major street in the [[Sydney central business district|CBD]], runs from [[Circular Quay]] in the north to [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.<ref>City of Sydney, [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp Street Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp |date=12 January 2013 }} 22 May 2009</ref>]]
Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.<ref name="Prices and earnings">{{cite web |publisher=UBS |date=2012 |url=http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |title=Prices and earnings |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/>


Other notable modern buildings include The Scalpel, 20 Fenchurch Street (dubbed "The Walkie-Talkie"), the former City Hall in Southwark, the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. The BT Tower stands at 620 feet (189 m) and has a 360 degree coloured LED screen near the top. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena.[187]
The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |title=Employment status, Greater Sydney |work=ID: The Population Experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |title=Employment status |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=2011 Census Community Profiles |date=28 March 2013 |format=xls |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |title=Industry sector of employment |date=2016 |publisher=City of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>


In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |title=Individual income {{!}} Greater Sydney {{!}} profile.id |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the background; seen in September 2014
Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.<ref name="Economic profile"/><ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |title=The daily exodus from western Sydney |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.<ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney"/>
Natural history
The London Natural History Society suggests that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 per cent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish.[188] They state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two national nature reserves and 76 local nature reserves.[189]


Amphibians are common in the capital, including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern, and common frogs, common toads, palmate newts and great crested newts. On the other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, barred grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London.[190]
Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.<ref name="Housing Sydney"/> Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Peter |last2=Chung |first2=Demi |date=2004 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |title=Housing prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |publisher=Macquarie University |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2014 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |title=Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref> The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=RP Data |date=2014 |url=http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |title=Home value index results |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebecca |first=Thistleton |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |title=Housing land: so scarce so expensive |work=Australian Financial Review |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |url-status=live }}</ref> 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>


===Financial services===
[[File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Martin Place.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[State Savings Bank building|State Savings Bank]]]]
Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the [[Bank of New South Wales]].<ref name="Australia's banking history">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1998 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |title=Australia's banking history |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/>


A fox on Ayres Street, Southwark, South London
The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as [[Westpac]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |title=Bank of New South Wales |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], also based in Sydney.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6&nbsp;trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ASX |date=2014 |url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |title=History |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 red foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (6 per square kilometre) of London. Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehog, brown rat, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and grey squirrel.[191] In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found, including European hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to red fox, grey squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.[192] Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, Nathusius' and common pipistrelles, common noctule, serotine, barbastelle, Daubenton's, brown long-eared, Natterer's and Leisler's.[193]


Herds of red and fallow deer roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained.[194] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces.[195]
The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/> Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial centre.<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story"/><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Lisa |date=2005 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |title=Sydney's niche in global finance |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2017 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21 |date=March 2017 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref>


Demography
In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the [[People's Bank of China]], [[Bank of America]], [[Citigroup]], [[UBS]], [[Mizuho Bank]], [[Bank of China]], [[Banco Santander]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[Standard Chartered]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], [[HSBC]], [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Barclays]], [[Royal Bank of Canada]], [[Société Générale]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Mitsui]], [[ING Group]], [[BNP Paribas]], and [[Investec]].<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/><ref name="Australia's banking history"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Trade and Investment |date=2014 |url=http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |title=Financial services |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Prudential Regulation Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx |title=List of authorised deposit-taking institutions |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Main article: Demographics of London
2021 census - population of London by country of birth[196]
Country of birth Population Percent
United Kingdom 5,223,986 59.4
Non-United Kingdom 3,575,739 40.6
India 322,644 3.7
Romania 175,991 2.0
Poland 149,397 1.7
Bangladesh 138,895 1.6
Pakistan 129,774 1.5
Italy 126,059 1.4
Nigeria 117,145 1.3
Ireland 96,566 1.1
Sri Lanka 80,379 0.9
France 77,715 0.9
Others 2,161,174 24.6
Total 8,799,725 100.0


Population density map
===Manufacturing===
London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011,[31] while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 12–14 million, depending on the definition used.[197] According to Eurostat, London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000 immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001.[198]
{{Main|Manufacturing in Australia}}
Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.<ref name="Sydney">{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |title=Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><ref name="Sydney"/> Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.<ref name="Sydney"/> Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a manufacturing output of $21.7&nbsp;billion in 2013.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high [[Australian dollar]] of the early 2010s.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne"/> The ''Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate'' in [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Sydney]] is the largest [[industrial estate]] in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.<ref>[https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99 Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone] by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015</ref>


The region covers 610 square miles (1,579 km2), giving a population density of 13,410 inhabitants per square mile (5,177/km2)[147] more than ten times that of any other British region.[199] In population terms, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region.[200]
===Tourism and international education===
{{Main|Tourism in Sydney}}
[[File:2021-04-30 Darling Harbour panorama (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darling Harbour]] is a major entertainment and tourism precinct. ]]
Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |work=CEO World |title=These Are The World's Most Visited Cities Among International Travelers, 2019 |last=Ireland |first=Sophie |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has hosted over 2.8&nbsp;million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59&nbsp;million nights in the city and a total of $5.9&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Our global city"/> The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.<ref name="Travel to Sydney">{{cite web |publisher=Destination New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |title=Travel to Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In tenure, 23.1% socially rent within London, 46.8% either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30% privately rent at the 2021 census.[201] Many Londoner's work from home, 42.9% did so at the 2021 census while 20.6% drive a car to work. The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground, declining from 22.6% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2021.[202] In qualifications, 46.7% of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher, which is predominately university degrees. 16.2% had no qualifications at all.[203]
The city also received 8.3&nbsp;million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Travel to Sydney" /> 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2013 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |title=Tourism |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.<ref name="Tourism" /> On average, the tourism industry contributes $36&nbsp;million to the city's economy per day.<ref name="Tourism" />


Age structure and median age
Popular destinations include the [[Sydney Opera House]], the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [[Watsons Bay]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], [[Sydney Tower]], [[Darling Harbour]], the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]], the [[Australian Museum]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium]], [[Taronga Zoo]], [[Bondi Beach]], [[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]] and [[Sydney Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Justine |last2=White |first2=Richard |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism |title=Tourism |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
London's median age is one of the youngest regions in the UK. It was recorded in 2018 that London's residents were 36.5 years old, which was younger than the UK median of 40.3.[204]


Children younger than 14 constituted 20.6% of the population in Outer London in 2018, and 18% in Inner London. The 15–24 age group was 11.1% in Outer and 10.2% in Inner London, those aged 25–44 years 30.6% in Outer London and 39.7% in Inner London, those aged 45–64 years 24% and 20.7% in Outer and Inner London respectively. Those aged 65 and over are 13.6% in Outer London, but only 9.3% in Inner London.[204]
Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a [[Crown Sydney|casino and hotel]] at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of [[Darling Harbour#Redevelopment|East Darling Harbour]], which involves a new [[International Convention Centre Sydney|exhibition and convention centre]], now Australia's largest.<ref>{{cite news |title=For the good of Sydney, back this plan |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barangaroo timeline |url=http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beabeats.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |title=BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>


Country of birth
Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its [[TAFE NSW|vocational]] and English language schools.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html |title=Sydney named top destination in the world for international students |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> International education contributes $1.6&nbsp;billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |title=International education |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were foreign-born,[205] making it among the cities with the largest immigrant population in terms of absolute numbers and a growth of roughly 3 million since 1971 when the foreign born population was 668,373.[206] 13% of the total population were Asian born (32.1% of the total foreign born population), 7.1% are African born (17.5%), 15.5% are Other European born (38.2%) and 4.2% were born in the Americas and Caribbean (10.3%).[207] The 5 largest single countries of origin were respectively India, Romania, Poland, Bangladesh and Pakistan.[207]


About 56.8% of children born in London in 2021 were born to a mother who was born abroad.[208] This trend has been increasing in the past two decades when foreign born mothers made up 43.3% of births in 2001 in London, becoming the majority in the middle of the 2000s by 2006 comprising 52.5%.[208]
===Housing affordability===
In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,<ref>http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf</ref> with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022 | title=Sydney median house price hits record | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html | title=The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis | date=January 2024 }}</ref>


A large degree of the foreign born population who were present at the 2021 census had arrived relatively recently. Of the total population, those that arrived between the years of 2011 and 2021 account for 16.6% of London.[209] Those who arrived between 2001 and 2010 are 10.4%, between 1991 and 2001, 5.7%, and prior to 1990, 7.3%.[209]
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Sydney}}
[[File:Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinese New Year]] celebrations in [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]]. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of [[Chinese Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Archived copy |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=20 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |last=Jupp |first=James |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration |title=Immigration |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.<ref name="Australian historical population statistics">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2006 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2006 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.{{r|ABSGCCSA}} The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9&nbsp;million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0 |title=Population projections, Australia, 2012 to 2101 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Shane |last2=Sakkal |first2=Paul |date=27 March 2019 |title=Booming Melbourne to become nation's largest city by 2026 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12 |title=Regional population growth, Australia, 2011 to 2012 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Conal |title=The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed |url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>


Ethnic groups
The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/>
Main article: Ethnic groups in London
Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2021 Census
White
White (53.8%)
Asian
Asian (20.8%)
Black
Black (13.5%)
According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2021 census, 53.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 36.8% White British, 1.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 0.4 Roma and 14.7% classified as Other White.[210] Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descents and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 3.3% and 3.7% respectively. Chinese people accounted for 1.7%, and Arabs for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian".[210] 15.9% of London's population were of Black or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. Black Africans accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as Black Caribbean, and 1.7% as "Other Black". 5.7% were of mixed race.[210] This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[211][212] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[213] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[214] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[215] of since fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[214]


As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[216] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[217]
===Ancestry and immigration===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD|title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}}!! Population
|-
| [[Australia]] ||2,970,737
|-
| [[Mainland China]] ||238,316 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[India]]||187,810
|-
| [[England]] ||153,052 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Vietnam]]||93,778
|-
| [[Philippines]]||91,339
|-
| New Zealand ||85,493
|-
| Lebanon ||61,620
|-
| Nepal ||59,055
|-
| Iraq ||52,604
|-
| South Korea ||50,702
|-
| Hong Kong SAR ||46,182 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| South Africa ||39,564
|-
| Italy ||38,762
|-
| Indonesia ||35,413
|-
| Malaysia ||35,002
|-
| Fiji ||34,197
|-
| Pakistan ||31,025
|}
Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were [[British Australian|British]], [[Irish Australian|Irish]] or [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]]. At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:<ref name="auto"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (21.8%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (20.4%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au|date=January 1995}}</ref>}}
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (11.6%)
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.2%)
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (5.6%)
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (4.9%)
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (4.3%)
* [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (3.5%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (2.7%)
* [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (2.6%)
* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (2.5%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (2.2%)
* [[Korean Australians|Korean]] (1.4%)
* [[Nepalese Australians|Nepalese]] (1.4%)
* [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.4%){{refn|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}
* [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.1%)
}}


Languages
At the 2021 census, 40.5%<!-- This is correct. Australian born minus total persons doesn't equal overseas born, as 5% didn't state their place of birth. --> of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are [[Mainland China]], [[India]], [[England]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="auto" />
In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that more than 300 languages were spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities had populations of more than 10,000.[218] At the 2021 census, 78.4% spoke English as their first language.[219] The 5 biggest languages outside of English were Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Bengali and Portuguese.[219]


Religion
At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref>
Main article: Religion in London
See also: List of churches in London
Religion in London (2021)[220]


Christianity (40.66%)
===Language===
Not religious (27.05%)
42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] (5%), [[Arabic]] (4.2%), [[Cantonese]] (2.8%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (2.2%) and [[Hindi]] (1.5%).<ref name="auto1"/>
Islam (14.99%)
Undeclared (7.00%)
Hinduism (5.15%)
Judaism (1.65%)
Sikhism (1.64%)
Buddhism (0.99%)
Other religion (0.88%)
According to the 2021 Census, the largest religious groupings were Christians (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), Muslims (15%), no response (8.5%), Hindus (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), Sikhs (1.64%), Buddhists (1.0%) and other (0.8%).[220][221]


London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[222] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[223]
===Religion===
[[File:St Mary's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] is the [[cathedral]] church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney]].]]
In 2021, [[Christianity]] was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 23.1% and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (6.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.8%), [[Buddhism]] (3.8%), [[Sikhism]] (0.7%), and [[Judaism]] (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name="auto"/>


The [[Church of England]] was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.<ref name="O'Brien-2013">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp. 419–20</ref> Macquarie also ordered the construction of [[Church (building)|churches]] such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Hilary |date=2008 |title=Religion |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref>


St Paul's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London
===Crime===
{{Main|Crime in Sydney}}
Crime in Sydney is low, with ''[[The Independent]]'' ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries |url=https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=UniSA |language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of [[Sydney lockout laws|lockout laws]] in February 2014,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |first=Barry |last=O'Farrell |author-link=Barry O'Farrell |date=5 February 2014 |title=Lockout to commence from 24 February |publisher=NSW Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296 |title=Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted |date=14 January 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>


The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the second-largest Hindu temple in England and Europe.
==Culture==
Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[224] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[225] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[226]
{{Main|Culture of Sydney}}


Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[227] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[228][229][230] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[231]
===Science, art, and history===
[[File:Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], located in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]], is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia.]]
[[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] is rich in [[Indigenous Australian]] heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of [[Aboriginal rock art]] – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include [[petroglyph]]s, art sites, [[burial site]]s, [[cave]]s, marriage areas, birthing areas, [[midden]] sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the [[Kuringgai|Garigal]] people.<ref name="abhe">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Aboriginal heritage |work=Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> Other [[Sydney Rock Art|rock art sites]] exist in the Sydney region, such as in [[Terrey Hills]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.<ref>Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A." ''J. R. Anthropol. Inst.'', 44, 195–211.</ref>
[[File:Public Library of New South Wales (30670032690).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia.]]
The [[Australian Museum]] opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |title=Australian Museum |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the [[Museum of Sydney]] opened on the site of the first [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. It recounts the story of the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellmoos |first1=Laila |last2=Walden |first2=Inara |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney |title=Museum of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Powerhouse Museum]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Powerhouse Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |title=About the Powerhouse Museum |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |title=Our Museum: history and vision |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>


Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[232] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[233] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[234]
The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the [[Australian Subscription Library]] in 1826.<ref name="History1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html |title=History of the Library <nowiki>|</nowiki> State Library of New South Wales | access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> The [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in [[Darlington, New South Wales|Darlington]] owned by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyler |first=Peter |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales |title=Royal Society of New South Wales |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Observatory]] building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building |title=Sydney Observatory building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>


The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe to have held regular services continually for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[235] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[236]
The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was opened in 1991 and occupies an [[Art Deco]] building in [[Circular Quay]]. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art |title=Museum of Contemporary Art |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's other significant art institution is the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] which coordinates the [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery [[Artspace Visual Arts Centre|Artspace]], housed in the historic [[The Gunnery, Woolloomooloo|Gunnery Building]] in [[Woolloomooloo]], fronting [[Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSW Department of Customer Service |first=Transport for NSW |date=2023-04-28 |title=Artspace Sydney {{!}} NSW Government |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.nsw.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref>


Accents
===Entertainment===
[[File:Atrium of State Theatre IMG 4687a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] on [[Market Street, Sydney|Market Street]] was opened in 1929.]]


Traditionally, anyone born within earshot of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church was considered to be a true Cockney.[237]
Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPherson |first=Ailsa |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre |title=Theatre |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Prominent theatres in the city today include [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], [[Sydney Theatre]], [[The Wharf Theatre]], and [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]]. [[Sydney Theatre Company]] maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as [[David Williamson]], [[Hugo Weaving]], and [[Geoffrey Rush]]. The city's other prominent theatre companies are [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre]], [[Belvoir (theatre company)|Belvoir]], and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. Sydney is also home to [[Event Cinemas]]' first theatre, which opened on [[George St, Sydney|George St]] in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.
Cockney is an accent heard across London, mainly spoken by working-class and lower-middle class Londoners. It is mainly attributed to the East End and wider East London, having originated there in the 18th century, although it has been suggested that the Cockney style of speech is much older.[238] Some features of Cockney include, Th-fronting (pronouncing "th" as "f"), "th" inside a word is pronounced with a "v", H-dropping, and, like most English accents, a Cockney accent drops the "r" after a vowel.[239] John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, makes reference to Cockney "use of a peculiar slang language" (Cockney rhyming slang) when describing the costermongers of the East End. Since the start of the 21st century the extreme form of the Cockney dialect is less common in parts of the East End itself, with modern strongholds including other parts of London and suburbs in the home counties.[240] This is particularly pronounced in areas like Romford (in the London Borough of Havering) and Southend (in Essex) which have received significant inflows of older East End residents in recent decades.[241]


Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation.[242] It is widely spoken by people of all classes.[243]
The Sydney Opera House is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and [[Sydney Symphony]]. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100&nbsp;million visitors since opening in 1973.<ref name="Sydney Opera House"/> Two other important performance venues in Sydney are [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] and the [[City Recital Hall]]. The [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]] is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual [[Australian Music Examinations Board]] exams.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Conservatorium of Music |date=2014 |url=http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/ |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>


Multicultural London English (MLE) is a multiethnolect becoming increasingly common in multicultural areas amongst young, working-class people from diverse backgrounds. It is a fusion of an array of ethnic accents, in particular Afro-Caribbean and South Asian, with a significant Cockney influence.[244]
[[File:Interior of Sydney Opera House Concert Hall during performance.jpg|thumb|A concert at the [[Sydney Opera House]]]]


Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard for British English.[245] It has no specific geographical correlate,[246] although it is also traditionally defined as the standard speech used in London and south-eastern England.[247] It is mainly spoken by upper-class and upper-middle class Londoners.[248]
Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the [[Sydney Writers Walk]] at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Victor |title=Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history |year=2003 |publisher=Rural Press |location=North Richmond |pages=3–5 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf}}</ref> Watkin Tench's ''A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay'' (1789) and ''A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales'' (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature |title=The Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably [[William Lane]]'s ''The Working Man's Paradise'' (1892), [[Christina Stead]]'s ''[[Seven Poor Men of Sydney]]'' (1934) and [[Ruth Park]]'s ''[[The Harp in the South]]'' (1948).<ref name="RuthPark">{{Cite news |last=Maunder |first=Patricia |title=Novelist shone a light on slums |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 December 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The first Australian-born female novelist, [[Louisa Atkinson]], set several novels in Sydney.<ref>Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35.</ref> Contemporary writers, such as [[Elizabeth Harrower (writer)|Elizabeth Harrower]], were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel ''[[Down in the City]]'' (1957) was mostly set in a [[King's Cross, New South Wales|King's Cross]] apartment.<ref name="Harrower">{{cite magazine |title=Rediscovering Elizabeth Harrower |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Text Publishing – Down in the City |url=https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |isbn=9781922147042 |last1=Harrower |first1=Elizabeth|publisher=Text Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Down in the City by Elizabeth Harrower |work=Readings.com.au |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |url=https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower}}</ref> Well known contemporary novels set in the city include [[Melina Marchetta]]'s ''[[Looking for Alibrandi (novel)|Looking for Alibrandi]]'' (1992), [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]'s ''30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account'' (1999), [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Diary of a Bad Year]]'' (2007) and [[Kate Grenville]]'s ''[[The Secret River]]'' (2010). The [[Sydney Writers' Festival]] is held annually between April and May.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/ |work=Sydney Writers' Festival (SWF) Official Site |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>


Economy
Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balint |first1=Ruth |last2=Dolgopolov |first2=Greg |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film |title=Film |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian New Wave]] saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as [[Bruce Beresford]], [[Peter Weir]] and [[Gillian Armstrong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian pride is its 'new wave' of films |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1981 |access-date=25 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html}}</ref> [[Fox Studios Australia]] commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'', ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'', ''[[Superman Returns]]'', and ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]''. The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Hugo Weaving]] and [[Jacqueline McKenzie|Jacqueline Mckenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Dramatic Art |date=2014 |url=http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>
Main article: Economy of London


The City of London, one of the largest financial centres in the world[249]
Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jaskiran |date=2013 |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |title=Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve |website=International Business Times |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show|Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. [[Sydney Festival]] is Australia's largest arts festival.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Festival |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |archive-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> The travelling rock music festival [[Big Day Out]] originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are [[Sydney Film Festival]] and [[Tropfest]]. [[Vivid Sydney]] is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top [[fashion capital]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2016] – The [[Global Language Monitor]], 2016</ref> It hosts the [[Australian Fashion Week]] in autumn. [[Sydney Mardi Gras]] has commenced each February since 1979.
London's gross regional product in 2019 was £503 billion, around a quarter of UK GDP.[250] London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.[251]


City of London
Sydney's [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]] has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown |title=Chinatown |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.<ref name="Economy"/>


The London Stock Exchange at Paternoster Square and Temple Bar
Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD ([[Darling Harbour]], [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]]), [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Parramatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightlife Archives |url=https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Concrete Playground |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The best clubs in Sydney |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Time Out Sydney |language=en}}</ref> [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] was previously considered the red-light district. [[The Star, Sydney|The Star]] is the city's casino and is situated next to [[Darling Harbour]] while the new [[Crown Sydney]] resort is in nearby [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the best of Crown Sydney |url=http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Crown Sydney |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |url-status=dead}}</ref>


The Royal Exchange in 1886
===Media===
London's finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf, the two major business districts. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance.[252] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. This caused many bankers established in Amsterdam (e.g. Hope, Baring I'm), to move to London. Also, London's market-centred system (as opposed to the bank-centred one in Amsterdam) grew more dominant in the 18th century.[74] The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.[78] This economic strength of the city was attributed to its diversity.[253][254]
{{Main|Media in Sydney}}
[[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Australia's national broadcaster, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], is headquartered in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]]
The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=2012 |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |title=Breaking: news and hearts at the Herald |work=[[The Global Mail]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Its competitor is ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', in print since 1879.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Laurie |date=2004 |title=The media and cinema |journal=Culture and Customs of Australia |page=126}}</ref> Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' respectively. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin |title=The Bulletin |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'', published until 1842.


Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. [[Nine Network|Nine's]] offices and news studios are in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], [[Network 10|Ten]] is based in [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and [[Seven Network|Seven]] is based in [[South Eveleigh]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 9 to move into North Sydney skyscraper | date=6 March 2017|last=Wilmot|first=Ben|url=https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.realcommercial.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Network 10]] |url=http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us |title=Contact us |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place |url=https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=27 June 2023 |title=In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] is located in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2014 |url=http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/ |title=ABC offices |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] is based in [[Artarmon]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |title=Contact |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. [[Foxtel]] is based in [[North Ryde]] and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Foxtel]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm |title=Contact Foxtel |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's first [[List of Sydney radio stations|radio stations]] commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.<ref name="Commercial radio">{{cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |author-link=Bridget Griffen-Foley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio |title=Commercial radio |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> [[2UE]] was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.<ref name="Commercial radio"/> Competing stations include the more popular [[2GB]], [[ABC Radio Sydney]], [[KIIS 106.5]], [[Triple M Sydney|Triple M]], [[Nova 96.9]] and [[2Day FM]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946 |title=Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010 |work=The Australian |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>


The Bank of England, established in 1694, is the model on which most modern central banks are based.
==Sport and outdoor activities==
By the mid-19th century, London was the leading financial centre, and at the end of the century over half the world's trade was financed in British currency.[255] Still, as of 2016 London tops the world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[256] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.[257]
{{Main|Sport in Sydney}}
Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]].<ref name="Sport">{{cite web |last=Cashman |first=Richard |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport |title=Sport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Horse racing remains popular and events such as the [[Golden Slipper Stakes]] attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name="Sport"/> Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] since 1878. The [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] compete in the [[Sheffield Shield]] league and the [[Sydney Sixers]] and [[Sydney Thunder]] contest the national [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]] Twenty20 competition.


London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Notwithstanding a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres of the world. It is the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.[258] Over 85 per cent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. However, by 2010 the city had recovered, put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.[259] Along with professional services headquarters, the City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.[260]
First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.<ref name="Sport"/> Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The [[New South Wales Waratahs]] contest the [[Super Rugby]] competition, while the [[Sydney Rays]] represent the city in the [[National Rugby Championship]]. The national [[Wallabies (rugby union)|Wallabies]] rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the [[Bledisloe Cup]], [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], and [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]]. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] competition: [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks]], [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]], and [[Wests Tigers]]. [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]] contests the annual [[State of Origin series]] against [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]].


Over half the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[261] In a 1992 report commissioned by the London Stock Exchange, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of his family's confectionery company Cadbury, produced the Cadbury Report, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.[262]
[[Sydney FC]] and the [[Western Sydney Wanderers]] compete in the [[A-League]] (men's) and [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]] (women's) soccer competitions and Sydney frequently hosts matches for the Australian national men's team, the [[Socceroos]]. The [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]] are local [[Australian rules football]] clubs that play in the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[AFL Women's]]. The [[Sydney Kings]] compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Uni Flames]] play in the [[Women's National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Blue Sox]] contest the [[Australian Baseball League]]. The [[NSW Pride]] are a member of the [[Hockey One|Hockey One League]]. The [[Sydney Bears]] and [[Sydney Ice Dogs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]. The [[New South Wales Swifts|Swifts]] are competitors in the national women's netball league.


Media and technology
=== Major sporting venues ===
Main article: Media in London
<gallery widths="200">
File:State of Origin Game II 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Stadium Australia]]
File:Sydney Cricket Ground (24509044622).jpg|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
File:View Inside Western Sydney Stadium on Opening Day (cropped).jpg|[[Western Sydney Stadium]]
File:SydneyFootballStadium Aug2022 Pre-open.jpg|[[Sydney Football Stadium (2022)|Sydney Football Stadium]]
</gallery>[[File:Sydney Harbour welcomes Jessica Watson.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sailing on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]]]]
Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at [[Woolloomooloo|Woolloomooloo Bay]] in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first [[surf lifesaving]] club was established at [[Bondi Beach]].<ref name="Sport"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenner |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Surf Life Saving Australia |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |pages=33–43}}</ref> [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests|Disputes about appropriate clothing]] for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]] is an annual {{cvt|14|km|mi|1|abbr=off|adj=on}} running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City2Surf |date=2014 |url=http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Timeline |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>


Broadcasting House, headquarters of the BBC
Sailing races have been held on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] since 1827.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Montfort |first=Carlin |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing |title=Sailing |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the [[Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron]] was founded in 1862. The [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] is a {{cvt|1170|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=About.com |date=2014 |url=http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |title=Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm |title=Tough legacy of a Sydney classic |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race |title=Sydney to Hobart yacht race |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
Media companies are concentrated in London, and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[263] The BBC, the world's oldest national broadcaster, is a significant employer, while other broadcasters, including ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and Sky, also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers, including The Times, founded in 1785, are edited in London; the term Fleet Street (where most national newspapers operated) remains a metonym for the British national press.[264] The communications company WPP is the world's largest advertising agency.[265]
[[File:Sydney Olympic Park, NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Olympic Park]] was built for the [[Sydney Olympics|2000 Olympics]] and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.]]
The [[Royal Sydney Golf Club]] is based in [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]] on 13 occasions.<ref name="Sport"/> [[Royal Randwick Racecourse]] opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Randwick Racecourse |date=2014 |url=http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au |title=Randwick Race Course |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>


A large number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In 2014 the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD.[266] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 list by fDi Intelligence.[267] A museum in Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing was based during World War II, is in Bletchley, 40 miles (64 km) north of central London, as is The National Museum of Computing.[268]
Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity [[Stadium Australia]] used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney Football Stadium]] was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.<ref name="Sport"/>


The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[269] and UK Power Networks.[270]
The [[Sydney International]] tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for [[Australian Open|the Grand Slam in Melbourne]]. Two of the most successful [[tennis]] players in history ([[Ken Rosewall]] and [[Todd Woodbridge]]) were born in and live in the city.


Tourism
Sydney co-hosted the [[FIBA Oceania Championship]] in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011.
Main article: Tourism in London


The British Museum
==Government==
{{See also|Local government areas of New South Wales}}


The National Gallery
===Historical governance===
London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits.[271] It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015.[272] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy.[273] The city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK.[274] As of 2016 London was the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users.[275]
[[File:Parliament house sydney nsw..jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] holds the [[Government of New South Wales]] and is the oldest public building in Australia.]]The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.<ref name="Kingston-2006b">Kingston (2006). pp. 1–2, 27–28</ref> The first Legislative Council met in 1826,<ref name="Kingston-2006c">Kingston (2006). p. 28</ref> and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.<ref name="Hirst-2014">Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51–54</ref> In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.<ref name="scc">{{cite web |title=History of Sydney City Council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=City of Sydney |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Golder-1995">{{cite book |author=Hilary Golder |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |title=A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992 |publisher=City of Sydney |year=1995 |isbn=0-909368-93-7 |format=PDF |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 }}</ref> The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.<ref name="uow">{{cite conference |author=Kelly, A. H. |date=4–8 July 2011 |title=The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |format=Paper |location=Perth |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |event=World Planning Schools Congress 2011}}</ref> Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of [[Woolloomooloo]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]], and [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]].<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/> As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales}}</ref>


In 2015 the top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London. The top 10 most visited attractions were (with visits per venue):[276]
In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a nominated [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref name="Kingston-2006a">Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 36, 55–57, 61–62</ref> With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.<ref name="Kingston-2006a" />


British Museum: 6,820,686
===Government in the present===
National Gallery: 5,908,254
[[File:Sydney Town Hall, 2022, 06.jpg|thumb|261x261px|The [[Sydney Town Hall]] is the seat of the [[City of Sydney]]; the oldest [[Local government areas of New South Wales|local government]] in the city]]
Natural History Museum (South Kensington): 5,284,023
In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. [[Local government areas of New South Wales|Local government areas]] have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Three levels of government |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission}}</ref> There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.<ref name="AU Stats-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS maps |url=https://maps.abs.gov.au/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
Southbank Centre: 5,102,883
Tate Modern: 4,712,581
Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington): 3,432,325
Science Museum: 3,356,212
Somerset House: 3,235,104
Tower of London: 2,785,249
National Portrait Gallery: 2,145,486
The number of hotel rooms in London in 2023 stood at 155,700 and is expected to grow to 183,600 rooms, the most of any city outside China.[277] Luxury hotels in London include the Savoy (opened in 1889), Claridge's (opened in 1812 and rebuilt in 1898), the Ritz (opened in 1906) and the Dorchester (opened in 1931), while budget hotel chains include Premier Inn and Travelodge.[278]


Transport
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
Main articles: Transport in London and Infrastructure in London
* [[Bayside Council|Bayside]]
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[279] but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL).[112]
* [[City of Canterbury-Bankstown|Canterbury-Bankstown]]
* [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]]
* [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]]
* [[Municipality of Burwood|Burwood]]
* [[Camden Council (New South Wales)|Camden]]
* [[City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)|Campbelltown]]
* [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]]
* [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]]
* [[Cumberland Council (New South Wales)|Cumberland]]
* [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]]
* [[Georges River Council|Georges River]]
* [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]]
* [[The Hills Shire|The Hills]]
* [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]]
* [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]]
* [[Inner West Council|Inner West]]
* [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]]
* [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]]
* [[City of Liverpool (New South Wales)|Liverpool]]
* [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]]
* [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]]
* [[Northern Beaches Council|Northern Beaches]]
* [[City of Parramatta Council|Parramatta]]
* [[City of Penrith|Penrith]]
* [[City of Randwick|Randwick]]
* [[City of Ryde|Ryde]]
* [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]]
* [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]]
* [[City of Sydney|Sydney]]
* [[Waverley Council|Waverley]]
* [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]]
* [[Wollondilly Shire Council|Wollondilly]]
* [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]]
{{div col end}}
[[File:Government House, Sydney, Australia.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Governor of New South Wales]]]]
Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] and [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] – [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] and [[Kirribilli House]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |title=Official Residences |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Parliament of New South Wales]] sits in [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] on [[Macquarie Street, Sydney|Macquarie Street]]. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.<ref name="Governor Lachlan Macquarie">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Governor Lachlan Macquarie |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales}}</ref> Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] façade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house |title=Parliament House |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Living Museums |date=2014 |url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |title=Behold a palace |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Australia]] also [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|meets]] in Sydney when needed.


The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.[280]
The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |title=Court locations |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate [[District Court of New South Wales]] and the lower [[Local Court of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New South Wales Courts |date=2014 |url=http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/ |title=Find a court |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>


Aviation
In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golder |first=Hilary |year=2004 |title=Sacked: removing and remaking the Sydney City Council}}</ref> Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2005 |url=http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2005 |title=History of Sydney City Council |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |title=About Council |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and [[Lord Mayor of Sydney|Lord Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=State Records |date=2014 |url=http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21 |title=Organisation detail |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref>
Main article: Airports of London


Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic (Terminal 5C is pictured).
In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a [[History of the Australian Capital Territory#Search for a capital city location|possibility for Australia's capital city]]; the newly created city of [[Canberra]] ultimately filled this role.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Graeme |editor2-last=Hirst |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Macintyre |editor3-first=Stuart |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=464–465, 662–663 |isbn=9780195535976}}</ref> Seven Australian [[List of Australian Prime Ministers by state#Birth places|Prime Ministers have been born in]] Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister [[Edmund Barton]] and current Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]].
London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world.[24] Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights.


Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, was for many years the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways.[281] In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[282]
Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:
Gatwick Airport, south of London in West Sussex, handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport and is the main base of easyJet, the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[283]
* [[New South Wales Police Force]]
London Stansted Airport, north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of Ryanair, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[284]
* [[New South Wales Ambulance]]
Luton Airport, to the north of London in Bedfordshire, is used by several budget airlines (especially easyJet and Wizz Air) for short-haul flights.[285]
* [[Fire and Rescue NSW]]
London City Airport, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[286]
London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of airlines.[287] In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport.[288]
Rail
Underground and DLR


The London Underground, opened in January 1863, is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system
==Infrastructure==


The roundel symbol designed by Edward Johnston and trademarked in 1917
===Education===
Opened in 1863, the London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest metro system in the world.[289][290] The system serves 272 stations, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway, which opened in 1890.[291]
{{Main|Education in Sydney}}
[[File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]]]]
Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Craig |last2=Sherington |first2=Geoffrey |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education |title=Education |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats" /> Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |title=Educational qualifications |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" />
[[File:112 N7A8606 UTS Central Andy Roberts hr.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[University of Technology Sydney]]]]
There are six public universities based in Sydney: The [[University of Sydney]], [[University of New South Wales]], [[University of Technology, Sydney|University of Technology Sydney]], [[Macquarie University]], [[Western Sydney University]], and [[Australian Catholic University]]. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], [[Central Queensland University]], [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]], [[University of Wollongong]], and [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]. [[Charles Sturt University]] and [[Southern Cross University]] operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programmes in Sydney through third-party providers: [[University of the Sunshine Coast]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Federation University Australia]] and [[Charles Darwin University]]. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.<ref name="Education institution attending">{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |title=Education institution attending |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,<ref name=":0" /> the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,<ref name=":0" /> while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021 |website=Top Universities |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=5 June 2019}}</ref>
Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the [[Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/? |title=School locator |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |title=List of selective and agricultural high schools |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.[292] An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the 2012 Summer Olympics.[293] The Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the Docklands, Greenwich and Lewisham.[294]
Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by [[TAFE NSW|TAFE New South Wales]] and began with the opening of the [[Sydney Technical College]] in 1878.<ref name="Sydney Technical College"/> The college became the [[Sydney Institute of TAFE|Sydney Institute]] in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE|Northern Sydney Institute]], the [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|Western Sydney Institute]], and the [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|South Western Sydney Institute]]. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.<ref name="Education institution attending"/>


Suburban
===Health===
There are 368 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[295] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers—Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year.[296] Clapham Junction is one of Europe's busiest rail interchanges.[297]
[[File:Sydney Hospital. - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816]]
The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at [[The Rocks, Sydney|The Rocks]]. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from [[dysentery]], smallpox, [[scurvy]], and [[typhoid]]. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] in the 1790s.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |last=Godden |first=Judith |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals |title=Hospitals |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>


With the need for more rail capacity, the Elizabeth Line (also known as Crossrail) opened in May 2022.[298] It is a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[299] It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost.[300]
Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816.<ref name="Hospitals"/> Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of [[Florence Nightingale]] in 1868.<ref name="ALadyDisplaced">Judith Godden, ''Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced'', Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2006</ref>


Inter-city and international
Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx |title=Local health districts |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]] was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |title=Prince of Wales Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney|St Vincent's Hospital]] was founded in 1857,<ref name="Darlinghurst"/> followed by [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Children's Hospital at Westmead |date=2014 |url=http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince Henry Hospital]] in 1881,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |title=Prince Henry Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |title=Royal Prince Alfred Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Northern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> the [[St George Hospital (Sydney)|St George Hospital]] in 1894,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Nepean Hospital]] in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us |title=About Nepean Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> [[Westmead Hospital]] in 1978 was the last major facility to open.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>


St Pancras International is the main terminal for high-speed Eurostar and High Speed 1 services, as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city East Midlands Railway services.
===Transport===
London is the centre of the National Rail network, with 70 per cent of rail journeys starting or ending in London.[301] King's Cross station and Euston station, both in London, are the starting points of the East Coast Main Line and the West Coast Main Line – the two main railway lines in Britain. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns.[302] The Flying Scotsman is an express passenger train service that has operated between London and Edinburgh since 1862; the world famous steam locomotive named after this service, Flying Scotsman, was the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) in 1934.[303]
{{Main|Transport in Sydney}}


Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Calais, Paris, Disneyland Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.[304] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[305] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.[306]
====Roads====
[[File:Light Horse Interchange (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Light Horse Interchange]], the largest of its kind in Australia]]


Buses, coaches and trams
The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport |title=Transport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.<ref name="Transport"/> The most important roads in Sydney were the nine [[Metroad]]s, including the {{cvt|110|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends, July 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 April 2015 |first=Matt |last=Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Light Horse Interchange]] in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – Light Horse Interchange |publisher=Westlink Motorway Limited |date=May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.<ref name="Transport"/> 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> [[Car dependency]] is an ongoing issue in Sydney–of people who travel to work, 58.4% use a car, 9.1% catch a train, 5.2% take a bus, and 4.1% walk.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> In contrast, only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |title=Method of travel to work |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> With a rate of 26.3%, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008 |title=Australian social trends |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The CBD features a [[Lanes and alleyways of Sydney|series of alleyways and lanes]] that provide [[alley|off-street]] vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473 |title=Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>


The New Routemaster (left) replaced the AEC Routemaster (right) in 2012. First appearing in 1947, the red double-decker bus is an emblematic symbol of London.
====Buses====
London's bus network runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops.[307] In 2019 the network had over 2 billion commuter trips per year.[308] Since 2010 an average of £1.2 billion is taken in revenue each year.[309] London has one of the largest wheelchair-accessible networks in the world[310] and from the third quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.[311]
{{Main|Buses in Sydney}}
Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to [[Transport for NSW]]. Integrated tickets called [[Opal card]]s operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225&nbsp;million boardings were recorded across the bus network.<ref>{{Cite report |author=Transport for NSW |author-link=Transport for NSW |date=2014 |title=TfNSW 2013–2014 Annual Report |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |pages=35, 36 |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> [[NightRide (bus service)|NightRide]] is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am.


An emblem of London, the red double-decker bus first appeared in the city in 1947 with the AEC Regent III RT (predecessor to the AEC Routemaster).[312] London's coach hub is Victoria Coach Station, opened in 1932. Nationalised in 1970 and then purchased by London Transport (now Transport for London), Victoria Coach Station has over 14 million passengers a year and provides services across the UK and continental Europe.[313]
====Trams====
{{Main|Light rail in Sydney}}
[[File:CBD light rail 001.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] connects Sydney's CBD with the South Eastern suburbs.]]
Sydney once had one of the [[Trams in Sydney|largest tram networks]] in the British Empire after London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |work=Sydney Living Museums |title=Shooting Through: Sydney by Tram |access-date=31 May 2019 |date=12 May 2014}}</ref> It served routes covering {{cvt|291|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}. The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.<ref name="Transport"/> From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90&nbsp;million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses |title=Buses |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>


London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013.[314] Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink.[315]
In 1997, the [[Inner West Light Rail]] opened between Central station and [[Wentworth Park]]. It was extended to [[Lilyfield]] in 2000 and then [[Dulwich Hill]] in 2014. It links the [[Inner West]] and [[Darling Harbour]] with [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] and facilitated 9.1&nbsp;million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly |title=Light Rail Patronage – Monthly Comparison |date=8 June 2017 |website=[[Transport for NSW]]|language=en-AU |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A second, the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] {{cvt|12|km|1}} line serving the CBD and south-eastern suburbs opened in 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date |url=http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |website=Sydney Light Rail |publisher=Transport for NSW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |archive-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> A [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail line]] serving Western Sydney has also been announced, due to open in 2024.


Cable car
====Trains====
London's first and to date only cable car is the London Cable Car, which opened in June 2012. The cable car crosses the Thames and links Greenwich Peninsula with the Royal Docks in the east of the city. It is able to carry up to 2,500 passengers per hour in each direction at peak times.[316]
{{Main|Sydney Trains}}
[[File:Central Station Concourse Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.]]
Established in 1906, [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's [[Railways in Sydney|rail network]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |title=Central Station |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> [[Sydney Trains]] is the suburban rail service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts |title=Facts and stats |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central railway station]] in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.<ref name="Transport"/>


Cycling
==== Metro ====
''Main article: [[Sydney Metro]]''
Main article: Cycling in London


Santander Cycle Hire, near Victoria in Central London
[[Sydney Metro]], a driverless [[rapid transit]] system separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and will be extended into the city and through the southwest by 2024 and through the inner west to Parramatta by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html |title=Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2015 |title=New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> It currently serves 13 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the [[Western Sydney Airport|second international airport]].
In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day,[317] meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8 million use a bike on an average day.[318] Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a bicycle hire scheme in July 2010 was successful and generally well received.[319]


Port and river boats
====Ferries====
The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009.[320] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.[320]
{{Main|Sydney Ferries|List of Sydney Harbour ferries|Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries}}
At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's [[Sydney Ferries Limited|ferry service]] was the largest in the world.<ref name="Sydney Ferries">{{cite web |publisher=Transport for New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries |title=Sydney Ferries |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Patronage declined from 37&nbsp;million passengers in 1945 to 11&nbsp;million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.<ref name="Transport"/> From its hub at [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]], the [[Sydney Ferries|ferry network]] extends from [[Manly ferry wharf|Manly]] to [[Parramatta ferry wharf|Parramatta]].<ref name="Sydney Ferries"/>


London has river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services.[321] At major piers including Canary Wharf, London Bridge City, Battersea Power Station and London Eye (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times.[322] The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads.[323]
====Airports====
[[Sydney Airport]], officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]]. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9&nbsp;million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/>
It has been announced that a new facility named [[Western Sydney Airport]] will be constructed at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] from 2016 at a cost of $2.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Lisa |last2=Massola |first2=James |date=2014 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html |title=Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport |newspaper=The Age |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown Airport]] is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |title=Movements at Australian Airports |date=17 February 2012 |website=Airservices Australia |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at [[Overseas Passenger Terminal|Sydney Cove]] and [[White Bay Cruise Terminal|White Bay]].


Roads
===Utilities===
Although the majority of journeys in central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (just within the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, just outside the built-up area in most places) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 miles (188 km) long.[324] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.[325]
[[File:Warragamba Dam (January 2014).jpg|thumb|[[Warragamba Dam]] is Sydney's largest water supply dam.]]
Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the [[Tank Stream]] sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.<ref name="Water">{{cite web |last=North |first=MacLaren |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water |title=Water |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.<ref name="Water"/>


The [[Upper Nepean Scheme]] came into operation in 1886. It transports water {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Nepean River|Nepean]], [[Cataract River (Wollondilly)|Cataract]], and [[Cordeaux River|Cordeaux]] rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.<ref name="Water"/> Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.<ref name="Water"/> In 1977 the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]] brought several more dams into service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Water |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |title=Sydney Water timeline |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>


The hackney carriage (black cab) is a common sight on London streets. Although traditionally black, this is not a requirement with some painted in other colours or bearing advertising.
The state-owned corporation [[WaterNSW]] now manages eleven major dams: [[Warragamba Dam|Warragamba]], one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney's Largest Water Supply Dam |url=http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam |website=Water NSW |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Woronora Dam|Woronora]], [[Cataract Dam|Cataract]], [[Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux]], [[Nepean Dam|Nepean]], [[Avon Dam|Avon]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Fitzroy Falls Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Tallowa]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams]], and [[Prospect Reservoir]].<ref name="Dams and reservoirs">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Catchment Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |title=Dams and reservoirs |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Water is collected from five catchment areas covering {{cvt|16000|km2|mi2|0|abbr=off}} and total storage amounts to {{cvt|2.6|TL|mi3|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Dams and reservoirs"/> The [[Sydney Desalination Plant]] came into operation in 2010.<ref name="Water"/> WaterNSW supplies bulk water to [[Sydney Water]], a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services.
The Austin Motor Company began making hackney carriages (London taxis) in 1929, and models include Austin FX3 from 1948, Austin FX4 from 1958, with more recent models TXII and TX4 manufactured by London Taxis International. The BBC states, "ubiquitous black cabs and red double-decker buses all have long and tangled stories that are deeply embedded in London's traditions".[326]


London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).[327] In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London.[328] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.[329] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000.[330]
Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by [[Ausgrid]] and [[Endeavour Energy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ausgrid |year=2014 |url=http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |title=About Ausgrid |access-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Endeavour Energy |year=2014 |url=http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |title=About us |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and {{cvt|83000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of cables. [[Submarine communications cable]] systems in Sydney include the [[Australia–Japan Cable]], [[Telstra Endeavour]] and the [[Southern Cross Cable]], which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq|title=FAQ|website=www.southerncrosscables.com|access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/ |title = Cable System Facts| website= Australia-Japan Cable| access-date= 2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables|title=Telstra hits 100G on key Asia-Pac submarine cables|website = [[Telstra]]|accessdate=2023-07-21}}</ref>


Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN) were widely introduced in London, but in 2023 the Department for Transport stopped funding them, even though the benefits outweighed the costs by approximately 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.[331]
==Environmental issues and pollution reduction==
{{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}}
{{Further|Climate change in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}}
===Air quality===
[[File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg|thumb|[[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] and bushfire smoke in December 2019]]
As [[Climate change in Australia|climate change]], [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|greenhouse gas emissions]] and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining [[water quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html |title=Look who's polluting: Sydney Water's shame |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |title=Air Pollution in Sydney: An Update Briefing Paper |date=August 1998 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Education
The [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The [[air quality]] was 11 times the [[hazard]]ous level in some days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe |title=Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures |title=Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |last1=Hromas |first1=Jessica}}</ref> worse than [[New Delhi]]'s;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8 |title=Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the [[University of Technology Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6 |title=Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes' |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html |title=Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=11 January 2019}}</ref> bushfires can ring the region in a [[natural phenomena]] that is labelled "ring of fire".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110 |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[WION]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html |title=Ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598 |title=Teenagers arrested as ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=[[Irish Times]]|date=28 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires|title=Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red|work=[[Mashable]]|date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
Main article: Education in London
Tertiary education
See also: List of universities and higher education colleges in London


University College London (UCL), established by Royal Charter in 1836, is one of the founding colleges of the University of London.
The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as [[carbon-neutral]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html |title=Sydney Water to become carbon neutral |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html |title=Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body |work=treehugger.com |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |title=Achievements: City of Sydney |work=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |title=It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The ''Sustainable Sydney 2030'' program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan |title=Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan |date=25 February 2015 |website=climatecontrolnews.com.au |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30&nbsp;million a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line |title=Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line |work=The Guardian (UK) |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Solar panels]] have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330 |title=City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |work=RenewEconomy.com}}</ref>


Imperial College London, a technical research university focusing on science, engineering, medicine and business, in South Kensington
The city also has an "[[urban forest]] growth strategy", in which it aims to regular increase the [[shade tree|tree coverage]] in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and [[vegetation]] to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |title=Urban Forest Strategy |date=February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Sydney has also become a leader in the development of [[green building|green office buildings]] and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The [[Central Park, Sydney|One Central Park]] development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html |title='Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |title=One Central Park Gardens |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="OCP arc">{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/ |title=Central Park Sydney – Architecture |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN |title=Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living |work=[[The Australian Financial Review|Financial Review]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>


The London School of Economics (Centre Building pictured) was established in 1895
===Car-dependency===
London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe.[21] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world[332] and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world.[333] A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London the global capital of higher education.[334] A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2022 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked No. 6 in the world, University College London (UCL) is ranked 8th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 37th.[335] All are regularly ranked highly, with Imperial College being the UK's leading university in the Research Excellence Framework ranking 2021.[336] The London School of Economics (LSE) has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[337] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second-best in the world by the Financial Times.[338] The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings[339]): the Royal College of Music (ranking 2nd in the world), the Royal Academy of Music (ranking 4th) and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (ranking 6th).[340]
[[File:Warringah Freeway2.jpg|thumb|[[Traffic congestion]] on the [[Warringah Freeway]], [[Milsons Point]]]]
Australian cities are some of the most [[car dependency|car-dependent]] cities in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |title=Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions |work=[[Flinders University]] study |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.<ref name="Charting Transport-2023">[https://chartingtransport.com/#mode Charting Transport], retrieved 27 October 2017</ref> Sydney also has the [[Modal share|highest usage of public transport]] in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant [[urban sprawl]], thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243 |title=CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows |work=[[The Australian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>


With students in London and around 48,000 in University of London Worldwide,[341] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.[342] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies.[343]
Strategies have been implemented to reduce private [[car pollution|vehicle pollution]] by encouraging [[mass transit|mass]] and [[public transport|public transit]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |title=Buses and the Environment |work=statetransit.info |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |url-status=dead}}</ref> initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new [[electric cars]], the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |title=City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet |publisher=City of Sydney |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, which contribute to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |title=Causes of Climate Change |work=epa.gov |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ipcc">{{cite book |date=2021 |author=IPCC|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter=Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US |chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 }}</ref> [[Cycling|Cycling trips]] have increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city since March 2010, with about 2,000 bikes passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /> Transport developments in the [[Sydney Metro Northwest|north-west]] and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.


Universities in London outside the University of London system include Brunel University, Imperial College London,[note 6] Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, University of East London, University of West London, University of Westminster, London South Bank University, Middlesex University, and University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).[344] In addition, there are three international universities – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.
==See also==
{{Portal|New South Wales}}
* [[List of museums in Sydney]]
* [[List of people from Sydney]]
* [[List of public art in the City of Sydney]]
* [[List of songs about Sydney]]
* [[Outline of Sydney]]


==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}


King's College London's Guy's Campus, home to the university's Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute
==References==
London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has many affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).[345] Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in White City. Founded by pioneering nurse Florence Nightingale at St Thomas' Hospital in 1860, the first nursing school is now part of King's College London.[346] It was at King's in 1952 where a team led by Rosalind Franklin captured Photo 51, the critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.[347] There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School, the London Business School and the UCL School of Management.
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
* [https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Official Sydney, NSW government site]
* [http://www.sydney.com/ Official Sydney tourism site]
* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/ Historical film clips of Sydney] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online'']
* {{YouTube|id=itQaxQMZfCk|title=Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747}} – includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20)
* {{OSM|n|13766899}}
* [http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }})
* [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives Sydney Official History Archives]
* [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/ State Records New South Wales]
* [http://www.naa.gov.au/ National Archives of Australia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/ Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library]
* [https://directory.archivists.org.au/ Directory of Archives in Australia]


Opened in 1906, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama is a member of Conservatoires UK and the Federation of Drama Schools.
{{Clear}}
London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), Central School of Ballet, London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, Sylvia Young Theatre School and Trinity Laban. The BRIT School in the London borough of Croydon provides training for the performing arts and technologies.[348]
{{Sydney}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Sydney regions}}
{{Sydney landmarks}}
{{Theatres in Sydney}}
{{Sydney sports teams}}
{{New South Wales}}
{{Capital cities of Australia}}
{{Cities of Australia}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}
}}
{{Subject bar
|portal1 = New South Wales
|portal2 = Australia
|commons=yes |wikt=yes |n=yes |q=yes |s=yes |b=yes |voy=yes |v=yes |d=yes
|d-search = Q3130
}}


Primary and secondary education
{{Authority control}}
See also: Centre for School Design
The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include Ashbourne College, Bethnal Green Academy, Brampton Manor Academy, City and Islington College, City of Westminster College, David Game College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, London Academy of Excellence, Tower Hamlets College, and Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School.


Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies
[[Category:Sydney| ]]

[[Category:1788 establishments in Australia]]
Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
[[Category:Australian capital cities]]
Founded in 1675, the Royal Observatory in Greenwich was established to address the problem of calculating longitude for navigational purposes. This pioneering work in solving longitude featured in astronomer royal Nevil Maskelyne's Nautical Almanac which made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point, and helped lead to the international adoption of Greenwich as the prime meridian (0° longitude) in 1884.[349]
[[Category:Former colonial capitals]]

[[Category:Port cities in New South Wales]]
Important scientific learned societies based in London include the Royal Society—the UK's national academy of sciences and the oldest national scientific institution in the world—founded in 1660,[350] and the Royal Institution, founded in 1799. Since 1825, the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have presented scientific subjects to a general audience, and speakers have included physicist and inventor Michael Faraday, aerospace engineer Frank Whittle, naturalist David Attenborough and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.[351]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia|Sydney]]

[[Category:Populated places established in 1788]]
Culture
Main article: Culture of London
Leisure and entertainment
See also: List of annual events in London and West End theatre
Leisure is a major part of the London economy. A 2003 report attributed a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London[352] at 25.6 events per 1000 people.[353] The city is one of the four fashion capitals of the world, and, according to official statistics, is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,[354] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.[355]


Harrods department store in Knightsbridge
Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements.[356] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century.[357] Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952.[358] The Laurence Olivier Awards–named after Laurence Olivier–are given annually by the Society of London Theatre. The Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.[359]

Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.[360] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including Selfridges flagship store.[361] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west. One of the world's largest retail destinations, London frequently ranks at or near the top of retail sales of any city.[362][363] Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on Regent Street since 1881, Hamleys is the oldest toy store in the world.[364] Madame Tussauds wax museum opened in Baker Street in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began.[365]


Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, 2014
London is home to designers John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo, among others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it one of the four international centres of fashion. Mary Quant designed the miniskirt in her King's Road boutique in Swinging Sixties London.[366] In 2017, London was ranked the top city for luxury store openings.[367] London Fashion Week takes place twice a year, in February and September; Londoners on the catwalk have included Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Cara Delevingne.[368]

London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of Chinatown.[369] There are Chinese takeaways throughout London, as are Indian restaurants which provide Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine.[370] Around 1860, the first fish and chips shop in London was opened by Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, in Bow.[326] The full English breakfast dates from the Victorian era, and many cafes in London serve a full English throughout the day.[371] London has five 3-Michelin star restaurants, including Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea.[372] Many hotels in London provide a traditional afternoon tea service, such as the Oscar Wilde Lounge at the Hotel Café Royal in Piccadilly, and a themed tea service is also available, for example an Alice in Wonderland themed afternoon tea served at the Egerton House Hotel, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory themed afternoon tea at One Aldwych in Covent Garden.[373][374] The nation's most popular biscuit to dunk in tea, chocolate digestives have been manufactured by McVitie's at their Harlesden factory in north-west London since 1925.[375]


Shakespeare's Globe is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the Thames.
There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, a fireworks display at the London Eye; the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival, is held on the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the King's Official Birthday.[376] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by the British Bangladeshi community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors.[377] First held in 1862, the RHS Chelsea Flower Show (run by the Royal Horticultural Society) takes place in May every year.[378]

LGBT scene
Main article: LGBT culture in London
The first gay bar in London in the modern sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf, established as a night club in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and "which developed a reputation for sexual freedom and tolerance of same-sex relations."[379]


Comptons of Soho during London Pride in 2010
While London has been an LGBT tourism destination, after homosexuality was decriminalised in England in 1967 gay bar culture became more visible, and from the early 1970s Soho (and in particular Old Compton Street) became the centre of the London LGBT community.[380] G-A-Y, previously based at the Astoria, and now Heaven, is a long-running night club.[381]

Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBT culture: for example, the emergence of glam rock in the UK in the early 1970s, via Marc Bolan and David Bowie, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical The Rocky Horror Show, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.[382] The Blitz Kids (which included Boy George) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, helping launch the New Romantic subcultural movement in the late 1970s.[383] Today, the annual London Pride Parade and the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival are held in the city.[380]

Literature, film and television
Main articles: London in fiction, London in film, List of television shows set in London, and London Television Archive

Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street, bearing the number 221B
London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work, most notably his play The Alchemist, was set in the city.[384] A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague.[384]

The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire; Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has influenced people's vision of early Victorian London; and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.[384] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[384] Robert Louis Stevenson mixed in London literary circles, and in 1886 he wrote the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a gothic novella set in Victorian London.[385] In 1898, H. G. Wells' sci-fi novel The War of the Worlds sees London (and southern England) invaded by Martians.[386] Letitia Elizabeth Landon wrote Calendar of the London Seasons in 1834. Modern writers influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of London: The Biography, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. In the 1940s, George Orwell wrote essays in the London Evening Standard, including "A Nice Cup of Tea" (method for making tea) and "The Moon Under Water" (an ideal pub).[387] The WWII evacuation of children from London is depicted in C. S. Lewis' first Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950). On Christmas Eve 1925, Winnie-the-Pooh debuted in London's Evening News, with the character based on a stuffed toy A. A. Milne bought for his son Christopher Robin in Harrods.[388] In 1958, author Michael Bond created Paddington Bear, a refugee found in Paddington station. A screen adaptation, Paddington (2014), features the calypso song "London is the Place for Me".[389]


Wikisource has original text related to this article:
'Calendar of the London Seasons', by L. E. L.

Opened in 1937, the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square hosts numerous European and world film premieres.
London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include Pinewood, Elstree, Ealing, Shepperton, Twickenham, and Leavesden, with the James Bond and Harry Potter series among many notable films produced here.[390][391] Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. A post-production community is centred in Soho, and London houses six of the world's largest visual effects companies, such as Framestore.[392] The Imaginarium, a digital performance-capture studio, was founded by Andy Serkis.[393] London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), A Clockwork Orange (1971), The Long Good Friday (1980), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V for Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Julie Andrews, Peter Sellers, David Lean, Julie Christie, Gary Oldman, Emma Thompson, Guy Ritchie, Christopher Nolan, Alan Rickman, Jude Law, Helena Bonham Carter, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, Daniel Radcliffe, Keira Knightley, Riz Ahmed, Dev Patel, Daniel Kaluuya, Tom Holland and Daniel Day-Lewis. Post-war Ealing comedies featured Alec Guinness, from the 1950s Hammer Horrors starred Christopher Lee, films by Michael Powell included the London-set early slasher Peeping Tom (1960), the 1970s comedy troupe Monty Python had film editing suites in Covent Garden, while since the 1990s Richard Curtis's rom-coms have featured Hugh Grant. The largest cinema chain in the country, Odeon Cinemas was founded in London in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch.[394] The British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) have been held in London since 1949, with the BAFTA Fellowship the Academy's highest accolade.[395] Founded in 1957, the BFI London Film Festival takes place over two weeks every October.[396]

London is a major centre for television production, with studios including Television Centre, ITV Studios, Sky Campus and Fountain Studios; the latter hosted the original talent shows, Pop Idol, The X Factor, and Britain's Got Talent, before each format was exported around the world.[397][398] Formerly a franchise of ITV, Thames Television featured comedians such as Benny Hill and Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean was first screened by Thames), while Talkback produced Da Ali G Show which featured Sacha Baron Cohen as Ali G.[399] Many television shows have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders.[400]

Museums, art galleries and libraries

Aerial view of Albertopolis. The Albert Memorial, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Geographical Society, and Royal College of Art are visible near the top; Victoria and Albert Museum and Natural History Museum at the lower end; Imperial College, Royal College of Music, and Science Museum lying in between.
London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753.[401] Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824, the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.[402]

The British Library is the second largest library in the world, and the national library of the United Kingdom.[403] There are many other research libraries, including the Wellcome Library and Dana Centre, as well as university libraries, including the British Library of Political and Economic Science at LSE, the Abdus Salam Library at Imperial, the Maughan Library at King's, and the Senate House Libraries at the University of London.[404]

In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.[405] The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art. In 2000, this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the Millennium Bridge.[406]

Music

The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events, including The Proms which are held every summer, as well as cinema screenings of films accompanied with live orchestral music.
London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music Group, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), the Southbank Centre (London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms).[359] The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the Last Night of the Proms. London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum (home to the English National Opera).[359] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of St Clement Danes feature in the 1744 nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons".[407] Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban. The record label EMI was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, Alan Blumlein, created stereo sound that year.[408]


Abbey Road Studios in Abbey Road
London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest indoor venue, the O2 Arena,[409] and Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire.[359] Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, Lovebox and Hyde Park's British Summer Time, are held in London.[410]

The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, Queen, Eric Clapton, the Who, Cliff Richard, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Deep Purple, T. Rex, the Police, Elvis Costello, Dire Straits, Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac, the Cure, Madness, Culture Club, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, Status Quo and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London.[411][412]

London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, the Clash and fashion designer Vivienne Westwood all based in the city.[413][414] Other artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, the Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Dido, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran, Leona Lewis, Ellie Goulding, Dua Lipa and Florence and the Machine.[415] Artists from London played a prominent role in the development of synth-pop, including Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys and Eurythmics; the latter's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" was recorded in the attic of their north London home, heralding a trend for home recording methods.[416] Artists from London with a Caribbean influence include Hot Chocolate, Billy Ocean, Soul II Soul and Eddy Grant, with the latter fusing reggae, soul and samba with rock and pop.[417] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of house, hip hop, and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Urban acts from London include Stormzy, M.I.A., Jay Sean and Rita Ora. Music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom. The British Phonographic Industry's annual popular music awards, the Brit Awards, are held in London.[418]

Recreation
Parks and open spaces
Main articles: Parks and open spaces in London and Royal Parks of London
See also: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London and List of local nature reserves in Greater London

Hyde Park (with Kensington Gardens in the foreground) has been a popular public space since it opened in 1637.
A 2013 report by the City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.[419] The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north.[420] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near Madame Tussauds wax museum.[421] Primrose Hill is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline.[422]

Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park.[423] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[424]

Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens, which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.[425] There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including Hampstead Heath and Epping Forest,[426] both controlled by the City of London Corporation.[427] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake.[428] Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.[426] Three of the UK's most-visited theme parks, Thorpe Park near Staines-upon-Thames, Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington and Legoland Windsor, are located within 20 miles (32 km) of London.[429]

Walking

The Horse Ride is a tree tunnel (route overhung by trees) on the western side of Wimbledon Common.
Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks.[430] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail along the River Wandle.[431]

Other long-distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.[430]

Sport
Main article: Sport in London
See also: Football in London and Rugby union in London

Wembley Stadium, home of the England men and women's football team and the FA Cup Final, has a seating capacity of 90,000. It is the UK's biggest stadium.[432]

Centre Court at Wimbledon. Held every June and July, Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and the only major played on grass.

Twickenham, home of the England national rugby union team, has a capacity of 82,000 seats.
London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948, and 2012, making it the first city to host the modern Games three times.[36] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934.[433] In 2017, London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time.[434]

London's most popular sport is football, and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season: Arsenal, Brentford, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United.[435] Other professional men's teams in London are AFC Wimbledon, Barnet, Bromley, Charlton Athletic, Dagenham & Redbridge, Leyton Orient, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United. Four London-based teams are in the Women's Super League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham and West Ham United.

Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London: Harlequins and Saracens.[436] Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship; other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond, Rosslyn Park, Westcombe Park and Blackheath. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team.[437] While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, the sport has one professional club in London – the London Broncos who play in the Super League.

One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon since 1877.[438] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious.[439][440]

London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.). Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket.[441] In golf, the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water, Surrey on the south-west fringes of London, while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship, the oldest major and tournament in golf, is Royal St George's in Sandwich, Kent.[442] Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament. Other key annual events are the mass-participation London Marathon[443] and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge.[444]

Notable people
Main article: List of people from London
See also
icon London portal
Cities portal
flag England portal
flag United Kingdom portal
Outline of England
Outline of London
Notes
London region (Greater London administrative area)
London is not a city in the usual UK sense of having city status granted by the Crown.
See also: Independent city § National capitals
The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished from the Lord Mayor of London, who heads the City of London Corporation running the City of London.
According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London had the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition.
According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[143] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town' and many other authorities.[144]
Imperial College London was a constituent college of the University of London between 1908 and 2007. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university; however, the college now issues its own degrees.
References
"Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.
"London weather map". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
"2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
"Major agglomerations of the world". CityPopulation.de. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021". ons.gov.uk.
"The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22" (PDF). London.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
"Major Agglomerations". Retrieved 16 October 2023.
"Roman London". Museum of London. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008.
Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News.
"The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
"The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8.
"Global Power City Index 2020". Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Adewunmi, Bim (10 March 2013). "London: The Everything Capital of the World". The Guardian. London.; "What's The Capital of the World?". More Intelligent Life. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
"These are the world's top cities. Which one ranked highest for the 10th year running?". World Economic Forum. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
"Leading 200 science cities". Nature. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
"The World's Most Influential Cities 2014". Forbes. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Dearden, Lizzie (8 October 2014). "London is 'the most desirable city in the world to work in', study finds". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Alexandra Muller and Bloomberg News (31 October 2023). "UK's stock market is in a 'doom loop' that's undermining London's status as a global financial capital, investment bank says". Fortune. New York. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
"London is Europe's leading economic powerhouse, says new report". London.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
"Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010.
"Times Higher Education World University Rankings". 19 September 2018.; "Top Universities: Imperial College London".; "Top Universities: LSE". Retrieved 21 September 2019.
"QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
"Revealed: The most crowded skies on the planet". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2023. London: Our capital's collective airport system is the busiest in the whole world. A total of 170,980,680 passengers.
"London Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
"Languages spoken in the UK population". National Centre for Language. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008."CILT, the National Centre for Languages". Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
"London, UK Metro Area Population 1950-2023". Macrotrends. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
"Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
"Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
"Demographia World Urban Areas, 15th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
"2011 Census – Built-up areas". nomisweb.co.uk. ONS. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
"Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
"The London Plan (March 2015)". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
"Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
Blackman, Bob (25 January 2008). "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report". What's on Stage. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
"IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
Mills, Anthony David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.
Bynon, Theodora (2016). "London's Name". Transactions of the Philological Society. 114 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12064.
Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.
"First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
"London's Oldest Prehistoric Structure". BAJR. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
Milne, Gustav. "London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
Perring, Dominic (1991). Roman London. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-23133-3.
"British History Timeline - Roman Britain". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-63278-2.
"The last days of Londinium". Museum of London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
"The early years of Lundenwic". The Museum of London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008.
Wheeler, Kip. "Viking Attacks". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011). "History – 1066 – King William". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
Tinniswood, Adrian. "A History of British Architecture — White Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
"UK Parliament — Parliament: The building". UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8264-6002-8.
Ibeji, Mike (10 March 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
"Richard II (1367–1400)". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "England". Jewish Encyclopedia.
Mundill, Robin R. (2010), "The King's Jews", Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-1-84725-186-2, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M
Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1962). London – The Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 48. ASIN B0000CLHU5.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steelyard, Merchants of the" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163552. ISBN 9781139163552.
Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands (The End of the Antwerp Mart, Vol 2). Manchester University Press. pp. 1 & 62–63. ISBN 9780719018497.
Burgon, John William (1839). The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange: Including Notices of Many of His Contemporaries. With Illustrations, Volume 2. London: R. Jennings. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1277223903.
"From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
"London's 10 oldest theatres". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-07779-8.
Doolittle, Ian (2014). "'The Great Refusal': Why Does the City of London Corporation Only Govern the Square Mile?". The London Journal. 39 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1179/0305803413Z.00000000038. S2CID 159791907.
Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Harrington, Peter (2003). English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51, Volume 9 of Fortress, 9, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-604-6. p. 57
Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.Razzell, Peter; Razzell, Edward, eds. (1 January 1996). The English Civil War: A contemporary account (v. 1). Wencelaus Hollar (Illustrator), Christopher Hill (Introduction). Caliban Books. ISBN 978-1850660316.Gardiner, Samuel R. (18 December 2016). History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. Vol. 3. Forgotten Books (published 16 July 2017). p. 218. ISBN 978-1334658464.
"A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urban Rim. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Pepys, Samuel (2 September 1666) [1893]. Mynors Bright (decipherer); Henry B. Wheatley (eds.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 45: August/September 1666. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22167-3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013.
Schofield, John (17 February 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: London After the Great Fire". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
"Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
Hell on Earth, or the Town in an Uproar (anon., London 1729). Jarndyce Autumn Miscellany catalogue, London: 2021.
"PBS – Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street". PBS. 2001. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Harris, Rhian (5 October 2012). "History – The Foundling Hospital". BBC. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Coispeau, Olivier (2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-310-884-4.
White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409.
"London: The greatest city". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Brown, Robert W. "London in the Nineteenth Century". University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
"A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
Pennybacker, Susan D. (2005). Vision for London, 1889–1914. Routledge. p. 18.
"Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
"Taking Tea and Talking Politics: The Role of Tearooms". Historic England. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
"Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
"Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation". nationalgeographic.com.au. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
"Buried Among Kings: The Story of the Unknown Warrior". Nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
Vaughan-Barratt, Nick (4 November 2009). "Remembrance". BBC Blogs. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
Ronk, Liz (27 July 2013). "LIFE at the 1948 London Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). The London Encyclopaedia. Photographs by Matthew Weinreb (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 428. ISBN 9781405049252.
"1951: King George opens Festival of Britain". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Breen, Matt (13 January 2017). "Most Googled: why is London called the 'Big Smoke'?". Time Out London. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
Rycroft, Simon (2016). "Mapping Swinging London". Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317047346.
Bracken, Gregory B. (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city's architectural treasures... Journey Through London's Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish International. p. 10. ISBN 9789814435369.
Webber, Esther (31 March 2016). "The rise and fall of the GLC". BBC Newsmaccess-date=18 June 2017.
>Godoy, Maria (7 July 2005). "Timeline: London's Explosive History". NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
John, Cindi (5 April 2006). "The legacy of the Brixton riots". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
"London's population hits 8.6m record high". BBC News. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Zolfagharifard, Ellie (14 February 2014). "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Kendrick, Mary (1988). "The Thames Barrier". Landscape and Urban Planning. 16 (1–2): 57–68. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(88)90034-5.
"1986: Greater London Council abolished". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Ijeh, Ike (25 June 2010). "Millennium projects: 10 years of good luck". building.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Derudder, Ben; Hoyler, Michael; Taylor, Peter J.; Witlox, Frank, eds. (2015). International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 422. ISBN 9781785360688.
"Population Growth in London, 1939–2015". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Alt URL
Chandler, Mark (24 June 2016). "'Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey". Boston University Global Development Policy Center. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023.
"The Coronation Weekend". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024.
Vinycomb, John (1909). "The Heraldic Dragon". Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
"Who runs London – Find Out Who Runs London and How". London Councils. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
"The essential guide to London local government". London Councils. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
"London Elections 2016: Results". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
"The London Plan". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
"London Government Directory – London Borough Councils". London Councils. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
"London Government". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
"Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011)" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Who we are". London Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
"About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
"Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
"Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street". uk.gov. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Constituencies A-Z – Election 2019". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
"Minister for London". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
"MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
"Policing". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
"Just how practical is a traditional Bobby's helmet?". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
"Police lose fight to ground Tardis". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
"About Us". British Transport Police. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
"Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose". Ministry of Defence Police. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Andrew, Christopher (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. Allen Lane. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-713-99885-6.
"Recorded Crime: Geographic Breakdown – Metropolitan Police Service". Greater London Authority. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
"London murder rate up 14% over the past year". ITV News. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Crerar, Pippa; Gayle, Damien (10 April 2018). "Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Met Police: London homicide figures fall in 2022". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
Beavan, Charles; Bickersteth, Harry (1865). Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court. Saunders and Benning.
Stationery Office (1980). The Inner London Letter Post. H.M.S.O. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-10-251580-0.
"The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order". Office of Public Sector Information. 1993. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"London in its Regional Setting" (PDF). London Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
London Government Act 1963. Office of Public Sector Information. 1996. ISBN 978-0-16-053895-7. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
"London — Features — Where is the Centre of London?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"Lieutenancies Act 1997". OPSI. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
Barlow, I.M. (1991). Metropolitan Government. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 9780415020992.
Sinclair, J.M. (1994). Collins English dictionary (3rd updated ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0004706788.
Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill, eds. (2002). The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd, rev ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198606529.
Schofield, John (June 1999). "When London became a European capital". British Archaeology (45). Council for British Archaeology. ISSN 1357-4442. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
"Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
"Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Sheppard, Francis (2000). London: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-285369-1. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
""Sea Levels" – UK Environment Agency". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"Weather April". trevorharley.com.
"Niederschlagsmonatssummen KEW GARDENS 1697–1987". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
"Average Annual Precipitation by City in the US – Current Results". currentresults.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
"Minimum Temperatures observed on 13th Dec 1981 at 06Z (SYNOP)/09Z (MIDAS/BUFR) UTC (529 reports)". Retrieved 30 April 2023.
"Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
Amos, Jonathan (20 January 2020). "London breaks a high-pressure record". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
Johnson, H; Kovats, RS; McGregor, G; Stedman, J; Gibbs, M; Walton, H (1 July 2005). "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates". Eurosurveillance. 10 (7): 15–16. doi:10.2807/esm.10.07.00558-en. PMID 16088043.
Taylor, Brian (2002). "1976. The Incredible Heatwave". TheWeatherOutlook. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office" (PDF). Wyman and Sons, Ltd. 1911. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"UK Droughts: SPI". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Philip Eden: Longest drought for 2 years – weatheronline.co.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
"London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers" (PDF). Greater London Authority. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
Eden, Philip (9 June 2004). "Ever Warmer as Temperatures Rival France". London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
"Station Data". Met Office. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
"UK Climate Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
"Heathrow Airport Extreme Values". KNMI. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
"Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values". KNMI. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
"London, United Kingdom – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"MIDAS Open: UK daily temperature data, v202007". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
"Maximum temperature date records". TORRO. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
"Climate & Weather Averages in London, England, United Kingdom". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
"London's Boroughs". History Today. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
"London boroughs — London Life, GLA". London Government. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
"London as a financial centre". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008.
"West End still drawing crowds". BBC News. 22 October 2001. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
Meek, James (17 April 2006). "Super Rich". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
"Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016.
Jones, Rupert (8 August 2014). "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Flynn, Emily (6 July 2005). "Tomorrow's East End". Newsweek. New York. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006.
Summerson, John (1969). Great Palaces (Hampton Court. pp. 12–23). Hamlyn. ISBN 9780600016823.
"Paddington Station". Great Buildings. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
Lonsdale, Sarah (27 March 2008). "Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
"Protected views and tall buildings". City of London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
"Take a tour of The Shard's viewing platform". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
White, Dominic (15 April 2008). "The Lemon Dome That Was Transformed into O2's Concert Crown". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
"Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page". lnhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007.
"London Natural History Society – Home". lnhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Tuffrey, Laurie (27 July 2012). "London's Amphibians and Reptile Populations Mapped". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Mammals". The Royal Parks. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Law, Peter. "London's first wild otter found". This Is Local London. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010.
"Mammals". cityoflondon.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Bishop, Rachael (5 November 2012). "Richmond Park Deer Cull Begins". Sutton & Croydon Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"In Pictures: London's Urban Deer". Evening Standard. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Census 2021 Bulk Data Download - TS012 Country of birth (detailed)". Durham University.
"The Principal Agglomerations of the World". City Population. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration Rise Increases Segregation in British Cities". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Population density of London: by London borough, 2006" (PDF). UK Statistics Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2008.
"'Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires". BBC News. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
"TS054 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"TS061 - Method used to travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"TS067 - Highest level of qualification - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"The Age Distribution of the Population". Trust for London. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"International migration, England and Wales: Census 2021". ONS. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
UK Data Service, Jisc (21 March 2013). "Casweb". casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"Countries of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"Year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X.
Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773.
"1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024
"Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
Benedictus, Leo (21 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
"Main language - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
"Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
"2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
"About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Lambeth Palace Library". Lambeth Palace Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"Westminster Abbey". Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"Westminster Cathedral". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"Church of England Statistics" (PDF). Church of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"London Central Mosque Trust Ltd". London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. & The Islamic Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010.
Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Bill, Peter (30 May 2008). "The $300 Billion Arabs Are Coming". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
"Hindu London". BBC London. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
"£17 m Sikh temple opens". BBC News. 30 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
"Stanmore". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
Paul, Jonny (10 December 2006). "Livingstone apologizes to UK's Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"London noise 'mutes Bow Bells to endanger Cockneys'". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
"Cockney". Oxford English Dictionary. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
McArthur, Thomas (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press.
"'Extreme' form of Cockney dialect in decline, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
Mount, Harry (10 April 2012). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
"Estuary English Q and A – JCW". University College London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
"Estuary English". University College London. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
"What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, University of York". University of York. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. p. xix, para 2.1. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
"English language - Varieties of English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
"English language – Characteristics of Modern English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
"Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
"London tops 2015 global financial centre rankings and knocks New York into second place". cityam.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk.
Lowe, Felix (18 February 2008). "Highgate Trumps Chelsea as Priciest Postcode". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"The City of London's tumble – After the fall". The Economist. London. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. "Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English". Bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
"The Origin of Religious Tolerance: Voltaire". Independent Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
"London - Finance". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
"The Global Financial Centres Index 20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
Hales, Mike; Mendoza Peña, Andrés; Peterson, Erik R.; Dessibourg, Nicole. "2018 Global Cities Report – Learning from the East: Insights from China's Urban Success". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
"London's core role in euros under spotlight after Brexit vote". Reuters. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Gardiner, Beth (20 January 2010). "The London Banking Center Is Beginning to Feel Like Itself Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Mantle, Jonathan (1992). For Whom the Bell Tolls. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 9781856191524.
"London Stock Exchange". London Stock Exchange. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
Gittelson, Steven (4 September 2015). "Adrian Cadbury, a leader in corporate governance, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
"London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6" (PDF). Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. November 2005. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
Solesbury, William (2018). World Cities, City Worlds. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5.
"The world's biggest ad agency is going all in on AI with Nvidia's help". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
"London gets go ahead for new '.london' internet domain" (Press release). London & Partners. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
McReynolds, Cathy (17 February 2014). "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15". fDiIntelligence.com. London. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
"UK computer history gets new home". BBC. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
"Gas distributors". Ofgem. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
"Electricity distributor". National Grid. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
"MasterCard Intelligence | MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index Report 2015". 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Hedrick-Wong, Yuwa; Choong, Desmond (2015). "MasterCard – 2015 Global Destination Cities Index" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"A Tourism Vision for London" (PDF). London and Partners. 2017. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"VisitBritain". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"London named No.1 city destination on TripAdvisor". BBC News. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"British Museum tops UK visitor attractions list". BBC News. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
"London Poised to Take Hotel Crown From Las Vegas". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
"London's Most Historic Hotels". Londonist. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
"Transport for London". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"How do I find out about transport in London?". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
"Heathrow Airport Travel Report 2019" (PDF). Heathrow Airport. LHR Airports Limited. 2020. p. 38. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Heathrow Airport Terminal 5". TMC Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"Airline Data Annual Reports 2017". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Facts and Figures – Stansted Airport". stanstedairport.com.
London Luton Airport. London Luton Airport. 1969. ISBN 978-0-11-510256-1. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"London City Airport — Corporate Information". London City Airport Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
Cornell, Adam (18 May 2018). "Londoners love our airport". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
"Airport data 2017 – UK Civil Aviation Authority". Civil Aviation Authority. 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
"What is the largest metro system in the world?". City Metric. London. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
"A brief history of the Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
"Tube breaks record for passenger numbers" (Press release). Transport for London. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"The London 2012 legacy". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
"London's transport - a history: Docklands Light Railway (DLR)". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
"First Capital Connect". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"Rail Station Usage". Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
"Council looks at extension of London Underground's Northern line to Clapham Junction". Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
"Crossrail opening date finally announced". 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
"Regional Map". Crossrail. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Lister, Richard (2 January 2012). "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"Rail". London First. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Smithers, Andrew (8 December 2020). "Great Britain National Rail Train Operators" (PDF). National Rail. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"The Flying Scotsman: How the first 100mph locomotive became the most famous train in the world". Country Life. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
"Eurostar arrives in Paris on time". BBC News. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"Highspeed". Southeastern. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north". gov.uk. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
"What we do – Buses". Transport for London. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
"Annual bus statistics: England 2019/20" (PDF). Department for Transport. 28 October 2020. p. 2. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Government support for the bus industry and concessionary travel (England) (BUS05)". GOV.UK (BUS0501: Operating revenue for local bus services by revenue type, by metropolitan area status: England (ODS, 34.7KB)). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Most Accessible Cities Around The World". Sunrise Medical. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Leading the way – Travelling with a sensory impairment in London" (PDF). Greater London Authority. 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
Blake, Jim (2022). London Transport Buses in the 1960s. Pen & Sword Books. p. 9.
"Victoria Coach Station to remain major coach hub" (Press release). Transport for London. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
"Tram-endous boost for travellers" (Press release). Transport for London. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Statement of Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2008" (PDF). Transport for London. 25 June 2008. p. 67. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Thames cable car opens for passengers". BBC News. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
"Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Transport for London. 2016. p. 143. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"United Kingdom: Greater London: Boroughs – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Travel in London. 2016. pp. 146–147. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"Provisional Port Statistics 2009". Department for Transport. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
Steves, Rick (17 March 2020). Rick Steves England. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-64171-237-8.
"Commute Through London – Uber Boat by Thames Clippers". thamesclippers.com. 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Woolwich Ferries celebrate 50 years of service". Transport of London. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"M25". Highways Agency. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
"SABRE - Road Lists - The First 99 - A1". Sabre-roads.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
"Chipping away at the history of fish and chips". BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
Mulholland, Hélène (16 March 2009). "Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London". The Guardian. London.
Badstuber, Nicole (2 March 2018). "London congestion charge: what worked, what didn't, what next". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
"Central London Congestion Charging, England". Verdict Traffic. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "London Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.
Walker, Peter (8 March 2024). "Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
"QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Top Universities. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Malthouse, Kit (1 January 1990). "Capital offer". timeshighereducation.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"Pricewaterhousecoopers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
"REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment". Times Higher Education. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
Hipwell, Deirdre (23 September 2007). "London School of Economics and Political Science". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"FT Global MBA Rankings". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
"Performing Arts". Top Universities. 25 February 2020.
"2022 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Performing Arts". Top Universities.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
"Financial Statements 2018–19" (PDF). University of London. p. 8. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
"Table 0a – All Students by Institution, Mode of Study, Level of Study, Gender and Domicile 2005/06". HESA. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"Member institutions". University of London. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"University of the Arts London". The Guardian. London. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Carvel, John (7 August 2008). "NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Karimi, H.; Masoudi Alavi, N. (2015). "Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing". National Institutes of Health. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. e29475. PMC 4557413. PMID 26339672.
Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
Truelove, Sam (13 October 2016). "11 of the most famous people who studied at Croydon's BRIT School". Croydon Advertiser. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
Ridpath, Ian (2012). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 198.
Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
"History of the Christmas Lectures". The Royal Institution. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"Mayor of London – Spending Time: Londons Leisure Economy". london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
Chadha, Aayush. "UK Event Data – In Review". tickx.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
"20 facts about London's culture | London City Hall". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
Pickford, James (30 July 2014). "Study puts London ahead of New York as centre for theatre". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
"Piccadilly Lights". Land Securities. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical The New York Times referred to Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the most commercially successful composer in history"
"The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
"Theatres and concert halls". Your London. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"2001: Public houses". BBC History. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
"Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team". The Londoner. September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
Potter, Mark (17 February 2011). "London tops world cities spending league". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
"London is world's shopping capital with £62billion sales". Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
Peter Matthews, Michelle Dunkley McCarthy (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1994. Facts on File. p. 134.
Smith, Andrew; Graham, Anne (2019). Destination London. The Expansion of the Visitor Economy. University of Westminster Press. p. 6.
"Royal Mail's British design classic stamps". The Guardian. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
"London crowned top city for luxury store openings". Fashion Network. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
"London Fashion Week: Cara Delevingne, Naomi Campbell And Kate Moss Make The Burberry FROW". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
"Chinatown — Official website". Chinatown London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
Sukhadwala, Sejal (12 April 2017). "How Long Have Londoners Been Eating Chinese Food For?". Londonist. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
"History Of The Traditional English Breakfast". English Breakfast Society. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
"Gordon Ramsay celebrates having three Michelin stars for 21 years". Daily Record. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
"Afternoon Tea At Oscar Wilde's Favorite Bar". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
"17 themed afternoon teas perfect for Mother's Day". You. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
"Inside the Factory: BBC documentary goes behind the scenes of west London factory churning out 80 million biscuits a day". My London. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
"One Queen, Two Birthdays". Royal Government. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
Andreou, Roza (25 May 2018). "Celebrate the Bengali New Year this summer in Tower Hamlets". East London Lines.
"RHS Chelsea Flower Show" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
Matt Cook (6 November 2008). London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture). Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0521089807.
Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley & Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67.
"Forty years of sheer Heaven at the London superclub". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
"We Live in the World 'Rocky Horror' Created". Flavorwire. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
"Boy George". The Blitz Kids. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
"London in Literature". Bryn Mawr College. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
"Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde". British Library. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
"The War of the Worlds". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
"Orwell in the Evening Standard". Orwell Society. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
"Winnie-the-Pooh goes to Harrods in new authorised AA Milne prequel". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
"About". Paddington.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016.
"The Harry Potter economy". The Economist. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
"Film London – studio contacts". Filmlondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
"The UK's VFX Industry: In Profile". UK Screen Alliance. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
"Who We Are". The Imaginarium Studios. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
"Feature: The legacy of Oscar Deutsch's cinemas". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
"The Fellowship: BAFTA's top prize". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
"Saoirse Ronan, Kate Winslet Drama 'Ammonite' to Close BFI London Film Festival". Variety. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
"The scribbled note that changed TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
"ITV: Simon Cowell Talks Strong Ties With Brit Broadcaster". Variety. 7 April 2015.
"Da Ali G Show (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
"EastEnders Episode 1, 19/02/1985". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
"The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane". The British Library. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Liscombe, R. W. (1980), William Wilkins, 1778–1839, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–82
Sen Nag, Oishimaya (5 March 2018). "The Largest Libraries In The World". World Atlas. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
Bayley, Sian (21 February 2019). "Best libraries in London: The V&A, British Library, Wellcome Trust, BFI and more". Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
Cullinan (Director), Nicholas. "Organisation – National Portrait Gallery". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Millennium Bridge". Visit London. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
The Layman's Magazine of the Living Church, Issues 1-20. Morehouse-Gorham. 1940. p. 5.
"Early stereo recordings restored". BBC. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
"2015 Year End Worldwide Ticket Sales – Top 200 Area Venues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
Keens, Oliver; Levine, Nick (11 March 2021). "The best music festivals in London 2021". Time Out London. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
Tow, Stephen (2020). London, Reign Over Me How England's Capital Built Classic Rock. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
London's top 40 artists. BBC. 6 April 2006. ISBN 978-0-89820-135-2. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
"PUNK – Paris Photo Special Feature". Michael Hoppen Gallery. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Whatley, Jack (14 March 2019). "In Pictures: The 'Anarchy In The U.K. Tour' of 1976, the infamous tour that never really toured". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
"History of music in London". The London Music Scene. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
Bell, Adam Patrick (2018). Dawn of the DAW: The Studio as Musical Instrument. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780190296629.
Himes, Geoffrey (2 August 1983). "Eddy Grant's Electric Rock". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
"Brit Awards History". Brit Awards. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
McGlone, Conor (9 July 2013). "London 'greenest city' in Europe". edie.net. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"Kensington Gardens". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
"Madame Tussauds, London". Madame Tussauds. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.
"Green Park". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Park details – Hampton Court". London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
"Kew, History & Heritage" (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
"Epping Forest You & Your Dog" (PDF). brochure. City of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
Ramblers. "Corporation of London Open Spaces". Ramblers. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
"Kenwood House". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
"The best theme parks near London". Time Out. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
Marson, Phil. "Inner London Ramblers – Walk Ideas". innerlondonramblers.org.uk.
"Wandle Trail – Map". Sustrans.
"About Wembley Stadium – What we do at Wembley Stadium". Wembley Stadium connected by EE. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
"England – Introduction". Commonwealth Games Federation. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Livingstone, Robert (11 November 2011). "London Defeats Doha to host 2017 International Athletics Championships". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
"Barclays Premier League Clubs". Premier League. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
"Premiership Rugby: Clubs". Premier Rugby. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
"RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007" (Press release). Twickenham Rugby Stadium. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008.
"Wimbledon — official website". The All England Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC). Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Clarey, Christopher (7 May 2008). "Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2008. Federer said[:] 'I love playing with him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'
Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, ed. (2005). "Tennis". Britain and the Americas. Vol. 1 : Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 958. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8. this first tennis championship, which later evolved into the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the world's most prestigious event.
"Lord's (Cricket Grounds)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Royal St George's". The Open. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
"Flora London Marathon 2008". London Marathon Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
"The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race — Official Website". The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Bibliography
Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7.
Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7. OCLC 45406491.
External links
London
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel information from Wikivoyage
London.gov.uk – Greater London Authority
VisitLondon.com – official tourism site
Museum of London
London in British History Online, with links to numerous authoritative online sources
"London", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000)
Geographic data related to London at OpenStreetMap
Old maps of London, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, National Library of Israel
vte
History of London
vte
London landmarks
vte
Areas of London
Other articles related to London
London at Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary

Media from Commons

News from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

Texts from Wikisource

Resources from Wikiversity

Travel guides from Wikivoyage

Data from Wikidata
Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata
Categories: LondonBritish capitalsCapitals in EuropeGreater LondonPort cities and towns in Southern EnglandStaple portsSouthern England1st-century establishments in Roman BritainPopulated places established in the 1st centuryCapital cities in the United Kingdom
This page was last edited on 21 April 2024, at 12:02 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaCode of ConductDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki

Action parameters

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
null
Name of the user account (user_name)
'82.112.90.19'
Age of the user account (user_age)
0
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 6 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 7 => 'editmyoptions', 8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 9 => 'urlshortener-create-url', 10 => 'centralauth-merge', 11 => 'abusefilter-view', 12 => 'abusefilter-log', 13 => 'vipsscaler-test' ]
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
false
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Page ID (page_id)
27862
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Sydney'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Sydney'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'General Ization', 1 => 'Yua-282', 2 => '203.30.15.106', 3 => '124.150.67.252', 4 => 'Seasider53', 5 => '2409:408C:8E80:1AB:2C5A:7928:F637:28F4', 6 => 'TheTechie', 7 => 'Ashraf-australia', 8 => 'Maxeto0910', 9 => 'Graham87' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
713916375
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
'just making it better'
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age)
33425
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Capital city of New South Wales, Australia}} {{About|the Australian metropolis|the local government area|City of Sydney|other uses}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use Australian English|date=March 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney | state = nsw | image = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg | alt1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge | caption1 = Sydney [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] | image2 = Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580 (cropped) - 2.jpg | alt2 = Queen Victoria Building | caption2 = [[Queen Victoria Building]] | image3 = University of Sydney's Main Quadrangle.jpg | alt3 = University of Sydney | caption3 = [[University of Sydney]] | image4 = Bondi 1.jpg | alt4 = Bondi Beach | caption4 = [[Bondi Beach]] | image5 = Archibald Fountain (cropped).jpg | alt5 = Archibald Fountain and St Mary's Cathedral | caption5 = [[Archibald Fountain]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary’s Cathedral]] | image6 = Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg | alt6 = Sydney central business district | caption6 = [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] }} | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area | caption2 = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area | coordinates = {{coord|33|52|04|S|151|12|36|E|display=inline,title}} | relief = yes | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5,450,496 | pop_year = 2023 | pop_footnotes = <ref name=ABSGCCSA/> | poprank = 1st | density = 441 | density_footnotes = (2023){{r|ABSGCCSA}} | established = {{Start date and age|1788|01|26|df=y}} | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> | timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = [[#Government|Various]] (33) | county = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]<ref name=gnbcounty>{{NSW GNR |id=JPYbwptLTR|title=Cumberland County |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> | division = | stategov = [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|Various]] (49) | fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|Various]] (24) | maxtemp = 22.8 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name="metdata"/> | mintemp = 14.7 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1149.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>}} '''Sydney''' is the capital city of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]] and the most populous city in [[Australia]]. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds [[Sydney Harbour]] and extends about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east to the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] in the west, and about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] and the [[Hawkesbury River]] in the north and north-west, to the [[Royal National Park]] and [[Macarthur, New South Wales|Macarthur]] in the south and south-west.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Herbert |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping |page=266}}</ref> Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Walk Sydney Streets |date=2014 |url=http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |title=Complete official list of Sydney suburbs |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496,<ref name=ABSGCCSA>{{cite web |title=Regional Population – 2022–23 final |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live}}</ref> which is about 66% of the state's population.<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web |title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |url-status=live }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> The city's nicknames include the "Emerald City" and the "Harbour City".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |website=Culture Trip |title=Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City' |author=Tom Smith |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] have inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and [[Sydney rock engravings|their engravings]] and cultural sites are common. The [[wiktionary:traditional owner|traditional custodians]] of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the [[Dharug|Darug]], [[Dharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani |first1=Anita |last1=Heiss |first2=Melodie-Jane |last2=Gibson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |archive-date= Jul 7, 2014 }}</ref> During his [[First voyage of James Cook|first Pacific voyage]] in 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at [[Botany Bay]]. In 1788, the [[First Fleet]] of [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], led by [[Arthur Phillip]], founded Sydney as a British [[penal colony]], the first European settlement in Australia.<ref name="manly.nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title= Manly Heritage & History |website=Manly Council |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archive-date= May 12, 2016 }}</ref> After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.<ref name="auto" /> Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Megan |date=March 5, 2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |title=Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bowman |first1=Simon J. |title=The Cost of Living with Sjögren's |date=19 May 2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |work=The Sjögren's Book |pages=26–30 |access-date=1 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |last2=Fisher |first2=Benjamin |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-750211-2 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten [[World's most liveable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |title=Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey |website=Mercer.com.au |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Mercer |date=2018 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=2018 Quality of Living Index |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Global Power City Index 2010 |publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2012 |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2013 |title=Cities of opportunity |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing and [[tourism in Sydney|tourism]].<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story">http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only {{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub">{{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Jessica |date=2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |title=Another shot at making city a finance hub |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] and the [[University of New South Wales]] are ranked equal 19th in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}</ref> Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dennis |first=Anthony |date=2013 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title="Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city. |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.<ref name="Our global city">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |title=Our global city |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has over {{cvt|1,000,000|ha|acre}} of [[Parks in Sydney|nature reserves and parks]],<ref>Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney</ref> and its [[Ecology of Sydney|notable natural features]] include [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] and [[Royal National Park]]. The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the World Heritage-listed [[Sydney Opera House]] are major tourist attractions. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] is the hub of Sydney's suburban rail and light rail networks, with metro platforms under construction. The main passenger airport serving the city is [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford Smith Airport]], one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Airport |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |title=Overview |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> ==Toponymy== In 1788, Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established [[Sydney Cove]] after Home Secretary [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]].<ref name="Egan-1999">{{Cite book |last=Egan |first=Jack |title=Buried Alive, Sydney 1788–92 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1999 |isbn=1865081388 |pages=10}}</ref> The cove was called ''Warrane'' by the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>Attenbrow (2010), p. 11</ref> Phillip considered naming the settlement [[Albion]], but this name was never officially used.<ref name="Egan-1999" /> By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |volume=1 part 2 |pages=285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney was declared a city in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Alan |title=The Sydney Scene, 1788–1960 |last2=Macmillan |first2=David S. |publisher=Hale and Iremonger |year=1982 |isbn=0868060178 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=105–06}}</ref> The [[Cadigal|Gadigal]] (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of [[Port Jackson]] from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]], are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory ''Gadi'' (''Cadi''). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26}}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Sydney}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Sydney}} ===First inhabitants of the region=== [[File:AboriginalSite0008.jpg|thumb|[[Charcoal (art)|Charcoal drawing]] of kangaroos in [[Heathcote National Park]]]]The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were [[Aboriginal Australians]] who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 152</ref> Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,<ref name="Attenbrow-2010c">{{Cite book |last1=Attenbrow |first1=Val |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74223-116-7 |location=Sydney |pages=152–153 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[radiocarbon dating]] has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten2">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p.17</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010a">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 28, 158</ref> The earliest [[British people|British settlers]] recorded the word '[[Eora]]' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Keith Vincent |title=Eora People |url=https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Eora People |date=June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from [[Parramatta]] to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 22–29</ref> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" |Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers !Clan !Territory name !Location |- |Bediagal |Not recorded |Probably north-west of [[Parramatta]] |- |Birrabirragal |Birrabirra |Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef |- |Boolbainora |Boolbainmatta |Parramatta area |- |Borogegal |Booragy |Probably [[Bradleys Head]] and surrounding area |- |Boromedegal |Not recorded |Parramatta |- |Buruberongal |Not recorded |North-west of Parramatta |- |Darramurragal |Not recorded |[[Turramurra|Turramarra]] area |- |Gadigal |Cadi (Gadi) |South side of Port Jackson, from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]] |- |Gahbrogal |Not recorded |[[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]] area |- |Gamaragal |Cammeray |North shore of Port Jackson |- |Gameygal |Kamay |[[Botany Bay]] |- |Gannemegal |Warmul |Parramatta area |- |Garigal |Not recorded |[[Broken Bay]] area |- |Gayamaygal |Kayeemy |[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] Cove |- |Gweagal |Gwea |Southern shore of Botany Bay |- |Wallumedegal |Wallumede |North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove |- |Wangal |Wann |South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill |- | colspan="3" |Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, {{Break}}Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal. |- | colspan="3" |<small>Note:</small> <small>The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used</small> <small>by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Jakelin |title=The Sydney Language |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781925302868 |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |pages=19–25}}</ref>{{Refn|British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.}}</small> |} The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at [[Botany Bay]] (Kamay<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 13</ref>) and encountered the [[Gweagal]] clan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002 |title=Once were warriors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's epic voyage |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Australia |pages=141–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 April 2020 |title=Eight days in Kamay |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.<ref>Blainey (2020). pp. 146–57</ref> === Convict town (1788–1840) === [[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|''The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] R.N., Sydney Cove.'' Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]].]] [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A concise history of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108728485 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=34–35}}</ref> The [[First Fleet]] of 11 ships under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=91 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> The fleet soon moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]] where a settlement was established at [[Sydney Cove]] on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) pp.141–50</ref> The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2009 |title=SL/nsw.gov.au |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=SL/nsw.gov.au}}</ref> The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] in mid-1790 and the [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]] in 1791.<ref>Macintyre (2020). pp.34–37</ref> Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around [[Parramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] on the [[Cumberland Plain]]. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=90–114 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Mear |first=Craig |date=2008 |title=The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society}}</ref> In November 1790 [[Bennelong]] led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.'' pp. 106, 117–19</ref> Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at [[Sydney Cove]]. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Colony, a history of early Sydney |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2009 |isbn=9781741756371 |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=71–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15}}</ref>[[File:View of Sydney Cove - Thomas Watling.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Watling]]'s ''View of Sydney Cove'', {{Circa|1794}}–1796]]After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor [[William Bligh]] (1806{{En dash}}08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the [[Rum Rebellion]] of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the [[New South Wales Corps]].<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 185–188</ref> Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] (1810{{En dash}}1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. [[Parramatta Road]], linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,<ref name="broomham3">{{Citation |author1=Broomham, Rosemary |title=Vital connections: a history of NSW roads from 1788 |date=2001 |page=25 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger in association with the [[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |isbn=978-0-86806-703-2}}</ref> and a road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref name="Kingston-2006">{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |location=Cambridge |pages=118–19}}</ref><ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref> Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.<ref>Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony." ''Journal of the Australian Population Association'', vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50–61. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the [[Tank Stream]] in areas such as [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], and the more affluent residents living to its east.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.<ref name="Sydney-2020b">{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=History of City of Sydney council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Castle Hill Rebellion (1804).jpg|thumb|The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804]] ==== Conflict on the Cumberland Plain ==== In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker22">{{cite web |author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree |year=2009 |title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804 |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |url-status=live }}</ref> As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the [[Hawkesbury River]], north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the [[Darug]] people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by [[Pemulwuy]] and later by his son [[Tedbury]], burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the [[Australian frontier wars|colonial frontier expanded]]. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66</ref><ref>Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25–26</ref> Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the [[Appin Massacre|Appin massacre]] (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banivanua Mar |first1=Tracey |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I |last2=Edmonds |first2=Penelope |year=2013 |pages=344 |chapter=Indigenous and settler relations}}</ref> === Colonial city (1841–1900) === The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/>[[File:Sydney 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial illustration of Sydney, 1888]]The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.<ref name="Goodman-2013">Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp.&nbsp;180–81.</ref> The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |pages=74–80}}</ref> The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coghlan |first=T. A |url=https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up |title=The Wealth and progress of New South Wales |publisher=E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney |year=1893 |edition=7th |location=Sydney |pages=311–15}}</ref> The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the [[University of Sydney]] (1854–61),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Neil |date=2016 |title=The University of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian Museum]] (1858–66),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Leila |date= |title=Australian Museum |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |url-status=live }}</ref> the Town Hall (1868–88),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Hall |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]] (1866–92).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |title=General Post Office |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elaborate [[coffee palace]]s and hotels were erected.<ref name="Noyce-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Noyce |first1=Diana Christine |date=2012 |title=Coffee Palaces in Australia: A Pub with No Beer |journal=M/C Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.464 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott, Marie-Louise |first=Marie-Louise |date=2011 |title=Ocean baths |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |url-status=live }}</ref> Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, [[George Reid]], became a key figure in the process of federation.<ref>KIngston (2006). pp. 88–89, 95–97</ref> === State capital (1901–present) === [[File:(Looking north along George Street (with tram, T-model Ford and hansom cab) from Union Line Building (incorporating the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical culture), corner Jamieson Street), n.d. by (5955844045).jpg|thumb|A [[tramcar]] on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest [[Trams in Sydney|tram networks]] in the British Empire.]] When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of [[bubonic plague]] in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the [[Railways in Sydney|Sydney rail network]] and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Kingston (2006). p. 132</ref> [[File:Sydney 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Harbour Bridge opening day, 19 March 1932]]Sydney was more severely affected by the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spearritt |first=Peter |title=Sydney's century, a history |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=0868405213 |location=Sydney |pages=57–58}}</ref> New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]].<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 58–59</ref> The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]] attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by [[Francis de Groot]] of the far-right [[New Guard]], who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 62</ref> In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the [[Commonwealth Games|Empire Games]] and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even [[Melbourne]] seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|Day of Mourning]]" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 72</ref> With the outbreak of [[Second World War]] in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Japanese submarines]] in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built [[airstrike|air raid]] shelters and performed drills.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 157–59</ref> [[Military engineering|Military establishments]] in response to [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II in Australia]] included the [[Garden Island Tunnel System]], the only [[tunnel warfare]] complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military [[fortification]] systems [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]] and [[Middle Head Fortifications]], which were part of a total [[Sydney Harbour defences|defence system for Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |title=Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |archive-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref> A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants{{Em dash}}mostly from Britain and continental Europe{{Em dash}}and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 91</ref> The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at [[Green Valley, New South Wales|Green Valley]] and [[Mount Druitt]]. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, [[Bankstown]] and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] became suburbs of the metropolis.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 93–94, 115–16</ref> Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–11</ref> An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her [[Royal visits to Australia|Australian Royal Tour]]. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2018 |title=The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed [[green ban]]s on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011" /> The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect [[Jørn Utzon]] and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 184–86</ref> The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–12, 259–62</ref> From the 1980s, [[Immigration to Australia|overseas immigration]] grew rapidly, with [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Sydney}} ===Topography=== [[File:Sydney, Australia by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]] where the ocean level has risen to flood deep [[ria]]s.]] Sydney is a coastal basin with the [[Tasman Sea]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the [[Woronora Plateau]] to the south. Sydney spans two geographic regions. The [[Cumberland Plain]] lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The [[Hornsby Plateau]] is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. [[Beaches in Sydney|Seventy surf beaches]] can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous. The [[Nepean River]] wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching [[Broken Bay]]. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The [[Parramatta River]] is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the [[Georges River]] and the [[Cooks River]] into Botany Bay. There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers {{cvt|12369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and includes the local government areas of [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] in the north, [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] in the north-west, [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] in the west, [[Sutherland Shire]] in the south, and [[Wollondilly Shire|Wollondilly]] in the south-west.<ref name="AU Stats-2022">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government area of the [[City of Sydney]] covers about 26 square kilometres from [[Garden Island (New South Wales)|Garden island]] in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and [[Rosebery, New South Wales|Rosebery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Areas of Service |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Geology=== [[File:South Head, Sydney Harbour.jpg|alt=|thumb|Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are [[Sydney sandstone]].]] Sydney is made up of mostly [[Triassic]] rock with some recent [[igneous]] dykes and [[volcanic]] necks (typically found in the [[Prospect dolerite intrusion]], west of Sydney).<ref>[https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ Igneous intrusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ |date=1 November 2021 }} by the [[Australian Museum]]. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</ref> The [[Sydney Basin]] was formed in the early Triassic period.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has [[shale]] lenses and fossil riverbeds.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The [[Sydney Basin]] bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as [[ria]]s were carved during the Triassic period in the [[Hawkesbury sandstone]] of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.<ref name="Sydney Basin">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |title=Sydney Basin |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such [[ria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Latta |first=David |date=2006 |url=http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |title=Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Sydney features two major soil types: [[Sand|sandy soil]]s (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and [[clay]] (which are from shales and [[volcanic rock]]s), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=7 November 2019 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |title=Soils for nature |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |url-status=live }}</ref> Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the [[Wianamatta shale]], a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large [[river delta]] during the [[Middle Triassic]]. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained [[sedimentary rock]]s such as shales, [[mudstone]]s, [[ironstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s and [[laminite]]s, with less common sandstone units.<ref name="basinguide">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Herbert |first2=Robin |last2=Helby |title=A Guide to the Sydney basin |edition=1 |publisher=Geological Survey of New South Wales |location=Maitland |year=1980 |isbn=0-7240-1250-8 |page=582}}</ref> The Wianamatta Group is made up of [[Bringelly Shale]], [[Minchinbury Sandstone]] and [[Ashfield Shale]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=William |first1=E |last2=Airey |first2=DW |title=A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales |journal=Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge |location=Barton, ACT |publisher=Australian Geomechanics Society |date=1999 |pages=641–647 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-date=14 August 2008 |isbn=1864450029}}</ref> ===Ecology=== {{further|Ecology of Sydney}} [[File:Western Sydney parklands 18.jpg|thumb|Typical [[grassland|grassy]] woodland in the Sydney metropolitan area]] The most prevalent [[vegetation|plant communities]] in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. [[savanna]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |title=Coastal Valley Grassy Woodlands |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |url-status=live }}</ref> and some pockets of dry [[sclerophyll]] forests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrub/grass sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> which consist of [[eucalyptus]] trees, [[casuarina]]s, [[melaleuca]]s, [[corymbia]]s and [[angophora]]s, with shrubs (typically [[Acacia|wattles]], [[callistemon]]s, [[grevillea]]s and [[banksia]]s), and a semi-continuous grass in the [[understory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low [[soil fertility]]. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the [[Hills District, New South Wales|north]] and [[North Shore (Sydney)|northeast]]. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, [[tree ferns]] and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |title=Wet sclerophyll forests (grassy sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the [[Cumberland Plain Woodland]] in [[Western Sydney]] ([[Cumberland Plain]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=Earth Resource Analysis PL |year=1998 |title=Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney |type=Unpublished report |work=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service – Sydney Zone }}</ref> followed by the [[Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest]] in the Inner West and [[Northern Sydney]],<ref name = environment>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf |date=12 September 2022 }} Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</ref> the [[Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub]] in the coastline and the [[Blue Gum High Forest]] scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.<ref name="Sydney Blue Gum High Forest of the Sydney Basin">{{cite web|title=Sydney Blue Gum High Forest|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|work=Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|archivedate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region|work=[[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2022|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also includes the [[Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland]] found in [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] on the [[Hornsby Plateau]] to the north.<ref name=ryde>{{cite web|title=''Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland''|work=Ryde Council|url=https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|accessdate=15 November 2018|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Sydney is home to dozens of [[birds of Australia|bird]] species,<ref>Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. ''The Birds of Sydney'' (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales.</ref> which commonly include the [[Australian raven]], [[Australian magpie]], [[crested pigeon]], [[noisy miner]] and the [[pied currawong]]. [[Introduced species|Introduced]] bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the [[common myna]], [[common starling]], [[house sparrow]] and the [[spotted dove]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Finding Australian Birds |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |author1=Dolby, Tim |author2=Clarke, Rohan |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9780643097667 |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reptiles of Australia|Reptile]] species are also numerous and predominantly include [[skink]]s.<ref>Cogger, H.G. (2000). ''Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.'' Reed New Holland.</ref><ref>Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.</ref> Sydney has a few [[mammals of Australia|mammal]] and [[Spiders of Australia|spider]] species, such as the [[grey-headed flying fox]] and the [[Sydney funnel-web]], respectively,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem |publisher=North Queensland Register |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Whyte-2017">{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2017 |location=Clayton VIC}}</ref> and has a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]] inhabiting its harbour and beaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underwater Sydney |last1=Falkner |first1=Inke |last2=Turnbull |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781486311194 |location=Clayton South, Victoria}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of Sydney|Severe weather events in Sydney}} [[File:Sydney storm clouds.jpg|thumb|A summer storm passing over Sydney Harbour]] Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger classification]], Sydney has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall |publisher=Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA) |quote=Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |title=Sydney holiday weather |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=bom2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |title=Sydney: Climate and water |publisher=[[ Bureau of Meteorology]] |date = April 2017|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |title=WEATHER IN SYDNEY |website=Australia.com |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=[[Tourism Australia]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to <!-- Please read the note after "cool" before changing it. -->"cool"<!-- The authoritative source supporting this specifically says "cool", not "mild". Do not change it without providing more sources supporting a change and note that "cool" must be retained. For more information, please see the talk page discussion. --> winters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games |work=Australian Government |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |archive-date=10 June 2008}}</ref> The [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[Southern Annular Mode]]<ref name= "ABC news">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |title=Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of |website=ABC News |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BOM71">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |title=Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: [[drought]] and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite [[Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia|phases of the oscillation in Australia]]. The weather is [[sea breeze|moderated]] by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs.<ref name="acn" /> At Sydney's primary weather station at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]], extreme temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|45.8|C|1}} on 18 [[Angry Summer|January 2013]] to {{cvt|2.1|C|1}} on 22 June 1932.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill) |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Creagh |first=Sunanda |title=Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |work=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Media Group |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |url-status=live }}</ref> An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above {{cvt|30|C|0}} in the central business district (CBD).<ref name="acn">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.<ref>Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.</ref> The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] on 4 January 2020, where a high of {{cvt|48.9|C|F}} was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |title=Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|18.5|C|F}} in September to {{cvt|23.7|C|F}} in February.<ref>[https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm Sydney Sea Temperature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm |date=5 July 2017 }} – seatemperature.org</ref> Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and 109.5 clear days annually.<ref name="metdata">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991–2020 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the inland location, [[frost]] is recorded early in the morning in [[Western Sydney]] a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. ''Before King's Cross''</ref> Sydney experiences an [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |title=Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=712 |year=2017 |first1=Mat |last1=Santamouris |first2=Shamila |last2=Haddad |first3=Francesco |last3=Fiorito |first4=Paul |last4=Osmond |first5=Lan |last5=Ding |first6=Deo |last6=Prasad |first7=Xiaoqiang |last7=Zhai |first8=Ruzhu |last8=Wang |doi=10.3390/su9050712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In late spring and summer, temperatures over {{cvt|35|C|0}} are not uncommon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=2 February 2013 |date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a [[southerly buster]],<ref>Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.</ref> a powerful southerly that brings [[gale]] winds and a rapid fall in temperature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582 |title="Southerly Buster" Relieves City. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 December 1953 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since Sydney is downwind of the [[Great Dividing Range]], it occasionally experiences dry, westerly [[Australian foehn winds|foehn winds]] typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).<ref>Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) ''Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology''.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) ''Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia''. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |title=BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through |work=ABC News |author=Bellinda Kontominas |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Westerly winds are intense when the [[Roaring Forties]] (or the [[Southern Annular Mode]]) shift towards southeastern Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |title=Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia |work=The Guardian |author=Helen Davidson |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> where they may damage homes and [[Flight cancellation and delay|affect flights]], in addition to [[apparent temperature|making the temperature]] seem [[wind chill|colder than it actually is]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|title=Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney|work=The Leader|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|title=BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home|work=ABC News|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|url-status=live}}</ref> Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.<ref>[https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate |date=10 April 2021 }} by Bioregional Assessments from the [[Australian Government]]. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |title=Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones |website=ABC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney future: high temps, erratic rain |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,<ref name=bom2/> and lower in late winter to early spring.<ref name="ABC news"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196|title=The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited|first=Wasyl|last=Drosdowsky|date=2 August 2005|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=25|issue=10|pages=1291–1299|access-date=2 July 2022|doi=10.1002/joc.1196|bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1291D|s2cid=140198125|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="acn"/><ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson {{ISBN|0-207-18557-3}}</ref> In late autumn and winter, [[Australian east coast low|east coast lows]] may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.<ref name="BOMECL" >{{cite web |title=About East Coast Lows |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the warm season [[black nor'easter]]s are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of [[low-pressure area]]s, including remnants of [[Post-tropical cyclone|ex-cyclones]], may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763 |title=Black Nor-Easter. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 October 1911 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. ''Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.'' Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101</ref> Snowfall was last reported in 1836, though a fall of [[graupel]], or soft hail, in the [[North Shore (Sydney)|Upper North Shore]] was mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney winter not snow, just hail |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |quote=Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said. |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe [[2009 Australian dust storm|dust storm towards the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2009 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2010 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Sydney weatherbox|width=auto}} ==Regions== {{main|Regions of Sydney}} [[File:Satellite photo of the Greater Sydney Area at night.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney area at night, facing west. [[Wollongong]] is bottom left, and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] is at the far right.]] The [[Greater Sydney Commission]] divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises ''Eastern Harbour City'', ''Central River City'' and ''Western Parkland City''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Cities Commission Act 2022 No 8|url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|access-date=29 June 2023|date=4 November 2022|website=legislation.nsw.gov.au|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |title=Greater Sydney GCCSA |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Data by Region |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> adding 330,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Inner suburbs=== [[File:Lord Nelson Hotel and Former Oswald Bond and Free Store on the corner of Kent Street and Argyle Place, Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Historical buildings in [[Millers Point]], an inner suburb north of the CBD]] The CBD extends about {{cvt|3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} south from [[Sydney Cove]]. It is bordered by [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] within the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] to the east and [[Darling Harbour]] to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include [[Woolloomooloo]] and [[Potts Point]] to the east, [[Surry Hills]] and [[Darlinghurst]] to the south, [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] to the west, and [[Millers Point]] and [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney unprepared for terror attack |work=The Australian |date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2017 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98}}</ref> Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]] and [[Circular Quay]] are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]], Darling Harbour, and [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. the [[Strand Arcade]], located between [[Pitt Street Mall]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], is a historical [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style]] shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322 |title=The Strand |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=16,858 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1892 |access-date=27 October 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Westfield Sydney]], located beneath the [[Sydney Tower]], is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=The largest shopping centres in Australia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |work=worldatlas.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of [[gentrification]] amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of [[high density housing]], tourist accommodation, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority]]|date=2004 |url=http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |title=Ultimo and Pyrmont: a decade of renewal |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic [[Darlinghurst Gaol]], manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of [[prostitution]]. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |title=Business-friendly boost for Oxford St lane way |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dick |first=Tim |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |title=At the crossroads |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darlinghurst">{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=1970 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |title=Darlinghurst |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green Square, New South Wales|Green Square]] is a former industrial area of [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8&nbsp;billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |title=Green Square |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |date=2013 |url=http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |title=Discover Barangaroo |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] is known for its restored [[terraced house|terrace houses]], [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2012 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |title=Paddington |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |url-status=live }}</ref> === Inner West === [[File:Newtown NSW, Cnr King Street & Enmore Road, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]], one of the inner-most parts of the Inner West, is one of the most complete [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian era]] commercial precincts in Australia.]] The [[Inner West]] generally includes the [[Inner West Council]], [[Municipality of Burwood]], [[Municipality of Strathfield]], and [[City of Canada Bay]]. These span up to about 11&nbsp;km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,<ref>Green, A, "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra Strathfield By-election – NSW Election 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''</ref> the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]] were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|title=Sydney's new prestige hotspot|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=10 June 2016|last1=McIntyre|first1=Tim|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).<ref name="top20">Sweeney, N., "[https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 |date=29 June 2023 }}", ''The Australian Financial Review''</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] is located in this area, as well as the [[University of Technology, Sydney]] and a campus of the [[Australian Catholic University]]. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects [[Rozelle]] to [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and the city, forming part of the [[Western Distributor (Sydney)|Western Distributor]]. The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,<ref>Boys, C., "[https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html Where is Sydney's new Little Italy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Good Food'', 22 April 2014</ref> "Little Portugal" in Petersham,<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html Tarting up Petersham with an ethnic flavour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 September 2002</ref> "Little Korea" in Strathfield<ref>Burke, K, [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html Little Korea ready to rise from "melting pot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 May 2012</ref> or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.<ref>West, A., "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html Business booms in 'little Shanghai'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html |date=18 July 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 18 June 2011</ref> Large-scale shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Burwood]], [[DFO Homebush]] and [[Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre]]. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on King Street in [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]]. The area is serviced by the [[North Shore & Western Line|T1]], [[Inner West & Leppington Line|T2]], and [[Bankstown Line|T3]] railway lines, including the [[Main Suburban railway line|Main Suburban Line]], which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. [[Strathfield railway station]] is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and [[Main North railway line, New South Wales|Northern]] lines. It was constructed in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|title=Strathfield Station|website=Nswrail.net|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|url-status=live}}</ref> The future [[Sydney Metro West]] will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the [[Parramatta River ferry services|Parramatta River services]] of [[Sydney Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |title=Rivercat Class – Transdev |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> numerous bus routes and cycleways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |title=Newtown |website=Marrickville.nsw.gov.au |language=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Eastern suburbs=== [[File:(1)Bellevue Hill from Point Piper.jpg|thumb|Residences in [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]]. Sydney's eastern suburbs are made up of some of the most expensive real estate in the country<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |url-status=live }}</ref>]] The Eastern Suburbs encompass the [[Municipality of Woollahra]], the [[City of Randwick]], the [[Waverley Municipal Council]], and parts of the [[Bayside Council]]. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, [[Wolseley Road]], [[Point Piper]], had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |title=The 10 most expensive streets in the world |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |date=2011 |website=Business Insider |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the [[Division of Wentworth|Electoral District of Wentworth]] fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |title=Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage |date=6 April 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.<ref name="top20"/> Major landmarks include [[Bondi Beach]], which was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2008;<ref>''Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 January 2009, p.18</ref> and [[Bondi Junction]], featuring a [[Westfield Bondi Junction|Westfield shopping centre]] and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |title=Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035 |publisher=NSW Department of Planning and Environment |date=August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as a [[Bondi Junction railway station|railway station]] on the [[Eastern Suburbs railway line|T4 Eastern Suburbs Line]]. The suburb of [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]] contains [[Randwick Racecourse]], the [[Royal Hospital for Women]], the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]], [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], and [[University of New South Wales|University of New South Wales Kensington Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |title=Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities |publisher=Greater Sydney Commission |date=March 2018 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Construction of the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] was completed in April 2020.<ref>[https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford |date=2 April 2020 }} Transport for NSW 3 April 2020</ref> The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East. Major shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Bondi Junction]] and [[Westfield Eastgardens]]. ===Southern Sydney=== [[File:Sydney aerial view - Kurnell, La Perouse, Cronulla and Botany Bay.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]], [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], and [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], along with various other suburbs, face Botany Bay.]] The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government area]]s of the [[Georges River Council]] (collectively known as [[St George, New South Wales|St George]]) and the [[Sutherland Shire]] (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the [[Georges River]]. The [[Cronulla dunes|Kurnell peninsula]], near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], a historic suburb named after the French navigator [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], is notable for its old military outpost at [[Bare Island (New South Wales)|Bare Island]] and the [[Botany Bay National Park]]. The suburb of [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]] in [[southern Sydney]] is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia {{ISBN|0-207-14495-8}}, page 149</ref> ===Northern Sydney=== {{further|Northern Sydney}} [[File:Aerial View Chatswood to Sydney CBD.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] is a major commercial district.]] '[[Northern Sydney]]' may also include the suburbs in the [[Upper North Shore]], [[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]] and the [[Northern Beaches]]. The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – [[Macquarie University]], [[Gladesville Bridge]], [[Ryde Bridge]], [[Macquarie Centre]] and Curzon Hall in [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. This area includes suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government areas]] of [[Hornsby Shire]], [[City of Ryde]], the [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill]] and parts of the [[City of Parramatta]]. The North Shore includes the commercial centres of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices. The Northern Beaches area includes [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also features [[Sydney Heads]], a series of [[headlands]] which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to [[Middle Harbour]] and north to the entrance of [[Broken Bay]]. The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most [[White people|white]] and [[mono-ethnic]] district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|title=National Regional Profile Northern Beaches Sydney|website=Rodis.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|url-status=live}}</ref> As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling [[Hunters Hill]] and [[Woolwich, New South Wales|Woolwich]].<ref name="top20"/> ===Hills district=== The [[Hills District, New South Wales|Hills district]] generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of [[The Hills Shire]], parts of the [[City of Parramatta Council]] and [[Hornsby Shire]]. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. [[Windsor Road|Windsor]] and [[Old Windsor Road]]s are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|title=Ozroads: Old Windsor Road & Windsor Road|website=Ozroads.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Western suburbs=== {{further|Greater Western Sydney}} [[File:Parramatta Skyline 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Parramatta]], a major commercial centre of [[Greater Western Sydney]], is often coined as Sydney's "second [[Central business district|CBD]]"]] The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parramatta Chamber of Commerce |date=2014 |url=http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |title=Parramatta |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown]], Liverpool, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]], and [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]]. Covering {{cvt|5800|km2}} and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most [[minority majority|multicultural suburbs]] in the country. The population is predominantly of a [[working class]] background, with major employment in the [[heavy industries]] and [[vocational]] trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |title=Home – WSROC Region |publisher=Profile.id.com.au |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |url-status=live }}</ref> Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of [[Old Toongabbie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |title=Old Toongabbie and Toongabbie |last1=McClymont |first1=John |last2=Kass |first2=Terry |date=2010 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney Trust |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |url-status=live }}</ref> The western suburb of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]], in the [[City of Blacktown]], is home to [[Raging Waters Sydney|Raging Waters]], a [[water park]] operated by [[Parques Reunidos]].<ref name="ABC announcement">{{cite web |title=Water theme park planned for Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |work=ABC News |access-date=11 September 2010 |date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]], a botanical garden in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.<ref name="chahgovau">{{cite web |url=http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |title=Auburn Botanical Gardens |work=chah.gov.au |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The greater west also includes [[Sydney Olympic Park]], a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and [[Sydney Motorsport Park]], a [[Race track|circuit]] in [[Eastern Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |title=Visitor Information – How to Get Here |publisher=Sydney Motorsport Park | access-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere | archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> [[Prospect Hill (New South Wales)|Prospect Hill]], a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient [[volcanic activity]],<ref>Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 255–263.</ref> is also listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|title=State Heritage Inventory|date=22 October 2019|website=Heritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref> To the northwest, [[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], a zoo in [[Doonside]], near [[Blacktown]], is a major [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |title=Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award |date=23 November 2009 |author=O'Maley, Christine |work=Blacktown Advocate |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sydney Zoo]], opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in [[Bungaribee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |author=Boon, Maxim |title=New Sydney Zoo announces long-awaited opening date |work=TimeOut |location=Sydney, Australia |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1799, the [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]], a [[historic house museum]] and [[tourist spot]] in Parramatta, was included in the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 1 August 2007 and [[World Heritage List]] in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the [[Australian Convict Sites]]), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.<ref name="CourierMail01">{{cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |author1=Chalmers, Emma |author2=Martin, Saray |date=1 August 2010 |title=World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance |work=The Courier–Mail |location=Australia |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |title=National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta |first=Department of the Environment and |last=Energy |date=17 April 2018 |website=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. [[Macarthur Square]], a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.<ref>{{cite report |first=Peter |last=Degotardi |publisher=Herron Todd White Property Advisors |url=http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |title=The Month in Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 |date=1 February 2004}}</ref> The southwest also features [[Bankstown Reservoir]], the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in [[reinforced concrete]] that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|01316 |Bankstown Reservoir (Elevated) |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the [[Bland Oak]], which was planted in the 1840s by [[William Bland]] in [[Carramar, New South Wales|Carramar]].<ref name="mobbaymag">{{cite web |last=Boulous |first=Chris |title=Nothing Bland about our Oak tree |work=Fairfield City Champion |publisher=FAIRFAX REGIONAL MEDIA |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Urban structure== {{wide image|Sydney City Panorama (20155327722).jpg|1100px|The [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] with the [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>|align-cap=center}} ===Architecture=== {{See also |Architecture of Sydney|List of heritage houses in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Sydney}} The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |title=Australia's World Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |title=Australia's National Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |title=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[York Street, Sydney|York Street]] is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.]] In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named [[Francis Greenway]] to design [[Macquarie Lighthouse]].<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |title=Macquarie Lighthouse |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lighthouse's [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.<ref name="Macquarie Lightstation">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Harbour Federation Trust |date=2001 |url=http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-date=9 February 2006 |title=Macquarie Lightstation |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Greenway went on to design the [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in 1819 and the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style [[St James' Church, Sydney|St James's Church]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |year=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park Barracks |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Stephen |last2=Cable |first2=Kenneth |year=2000 |title=Sydney Anglicans – a history of the diocese |page=12}}</ref> [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-inspired architecture]] became more popular from the 1830s. [[John Verge]]'s [[Elizabeth Bay House]] and [[St Philip's Church, Sydney|St Philip's Church]] of 1856 were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style along with [[Edward Blore]]'s [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] of 1845.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Architecture |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |title=Chronology of styles in Australian architecture |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet |date=2014 |url=http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/ |title=Government House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes not music to purists' ears |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are rare examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic]] construction.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |title=Kirribilli House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]]]] From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. [[Mortimer Lewis]] designed the [[Australian Museum]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |publisher=Australia Museum |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/ |archive-date=22 August 2020 |date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]], completed in 1891 in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian Free Classical]] style, was designed by [[James Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |title=General Post Office |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse"/><ref name="Macquarie Lightstation"/> [[Customs House, Sydney|Customs House]] was built in 1844.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |title=Sydney Customs House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The neo-Classical and [[Second Empire architecture|French Second Empire]] style [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] was completed in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |title=Construction of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |title=Features of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] designs gained favour from the early 1890s. [[Sydney Technical College]] was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] approaches.<ref name="Sydney Technical College">{{cite web |last=Freyne |first=Catherine |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |title=Sydney Technical College |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Queen Victoria Building]] was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by [[George McRae]]; completed in 1898,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queen Victoria Building |date=2014 |url=http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |title=History of Queen Victoria Building |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |url-status=live }}</ref> it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |title=Queen Victoria Building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |url-status=live }}</ref> As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at {{cvt|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |work=Sydney Architecture Images |title=Commercial Travellers Club |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.<ref name="Sydney architecture">{{cite book |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul}}</ref> The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the {{cvt|503|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} between Milsons Point and [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]].<ref name="Sydney Harbour Bridge">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]]]] [[Modern architecture|Modern]] and [[International architecture]] came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. [[Jørn Utzon]] was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.<ref name="Sydney Opera House">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |title=Sydney Opera House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect [[Frank Gehry]], the [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]] (2015). An entrance from [[The Goods Line]]–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site. Contemporary buildings in the CBD include [[Citigroup Centre, Sydney|Citigroup Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Citigroup Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Aurora Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Aurora Place |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Chifley Tower]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chifley Tower |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |title=Chifley Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] building,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |title=Reserve Bank |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Deutsche Bank Place |access-date=20 July 2004}}</ref> [[MLC Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=MLC Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Capita Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Castlereagh Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> The tallest structure is [[Sydney Tower]], designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |title=Centrepoint Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the proximity of [[Sydney Airport]], a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |date=25 February 2020 |website=Abc.net.au |language=en-AU |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green ban]]s and [[heritage overlay]]s have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocked: Demolished Sydney |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |work=SydneyLivingMuseums.com.au |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Housing=== [[File:Kirribilli housing.jpg|thumb|[[Terrace houses in Australia|Terraces]] in [[Kirribilli, New South Wales|Kirribilli]]]] Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York |work=[[Business Insider]] (Australia) |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |title=How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities |work=[[Domain Group]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |title=Australia's house prices are now in free fall |date=15 August 2019 |author=C. Delmendo, Lalaine |website=globalpropertyguide.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |url-status=live }}</ref> It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |title=Sydney Housing Ratio 14 Times Annual Pre-Tax Salary |year=2017 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There were 1.76&nbsp;million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats">{{Cite web |title=2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst [[terrace houses]] are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="Housing Sydney">{{cite web |last=Darcy |first=Michael |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |title=Housing Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Public housing in Sydney is managed by the [[Government of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Housing New South Wales |date=2012 |url=http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |title=Services offered |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include [[Claymore, New South Wales|Claymore]], [[Macquarie Fields, New South Wales|Macquarie Fields]], [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]], and [[Mount Druitt, New South Wales|Mount Druitt]]. A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain–many of which have been the subject of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Irving |first2=Terrence H. |last2=Irving |first3=Rowan J. |last3=Cahill |title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes |year=2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=9781742230931 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $2.2 million above reserve |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=10 December 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=This $13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=15 April 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Kimmorley |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Federation architecture|Federation]] homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in suburbs such as [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]], [[Turramurra]], and in [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]]. Workers cottages are found in Surry Hills, [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], and Balmain. [[California bungalow]]s are common in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], and [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as [[Stanhope Gardens]], [[Kellyville Ridge]], [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]] to the northwest, [[Bossley Park]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], and [[Cecil Hills]] to the west, and [[Hoxton Park]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], and [[Oran Park, New South Wales|Oran Park]] to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Charles Sturt University |date=2014 |url=http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |title=Sydney's culture of place |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> ===Parks and open spaces=== {{Main|Parks in Sydney}}The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]]. The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |website=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |title=Major parks |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks within the city centre include [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and Prince Alfred Park. [[File:Centennial_Park_NSW_2021,_Australia_-_panoramio_(7).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CPMPT cp">{{cite web |title=Centennial Park |url=http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |work=Centennial Parklands |publisher=Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust }}</ref>]] The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}. The inner suburbs include [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]] and [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]] in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain [[Sydney Park]] and Royal National Park in the south, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] in the north, and [[Western Sydney Parklands]] in the west, which is [[List of urban parks by size|one of the largest urban parks]] in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with {{cvt|13200|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} is the second oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |title=Royal National Park |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Sídney_08.jpg|thumb|The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<ref>"[http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html ANZAC Memorial, Sydney] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html|date=9 May 2015}}", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998.</ref>]] Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.<ref name=MP>{{cite web |title=Hyde Park: Plan of Management and Masterplan |volume=1 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Sydney City Council |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |pages=7–11 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of {{cvt|15400|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park history |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park heritage |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |title=Royal Botanic Gardens history |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history" /> The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |title=Royal Botanic Gardens |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |url-status=live }}</ref> The two parks have a total area of {{cvt|64|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5&nbsp;million annual visits.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |title=Royal Botanic Gardens fast facts |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures {{cvt|16.2|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2006 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |title=Hyde Park plan of management and masterplan |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location was used for both relaxation and [[grazing]] of animals from the earliest days of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]]. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Sydney}} [[File:Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]]. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centres of the World: Sydney, Australia |url=http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Ecdconference.org |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Researchers from [[Loughborough University]] have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2012 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2014 |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |title=The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=CityLab |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index">{{cite web |publisher=AT Kearney |date=2014 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |title=2014 Global Cities Index |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial hubs.<ref name="Economic powerhouse">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |title=Economic powerhouse |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economic profile">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |title=Economic profile |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was [[mercantilism]], as it was throughout most of [[Western Europe]].<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |title=Economy |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created [[holey dollar|two coins]] from every [[Spanish dollar|Spanish silver dollar]] in circulation.<ref name="Economy"/> The economy was [[capitalism|capitalist]] in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the [[East India Company]] were curtailed.<ref name="Economy"/> Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.<ref name="Economy"/> Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. [[Protectionism|Protectionist]] policies after [[federation of Australia|federation]] allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.<ref name="Economy"/> These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.<ref name="Economy"/> From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.<ref name="Economy"/> Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9&nbsp;billion and AU$80,000 per capita<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |title=GDP report: Economic Performance of Australia's Cities and Regions |website=sgsep.com.au |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2015.<ref name="Australian cities accounts"/><ref name="Economic profile"/> Its gross domestic product was AU$337&nbsp;billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.<ref name="Australian cities accounts">{{cite web |publisher=SGS Economics and Planning |date=2014 |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |title=Australian cities accounts |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |title=Creative and digital |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |title=NSW dominates creative industries: report |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Businesses=== There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Regional Development Australia |date=2010 |url=http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |title=Economic profile |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Business Foundation |date=2009 |url=http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |title=Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |date=2000 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |title=Multinational companies regional headquarters |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Domestic economics=== [[File:Pitt Street Mall, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pitt Street]], a major street in the [[Sydney central business district|CBD]], runs from [[Circular Quay]] in the north to [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.<ref>City of Sydney, [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp Street Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp |date=12 January 2013 }} 22 May 2009</ref>]] Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.<ref name="Prices and earnings">{{cite web |publisher=UBS |date=2012 |url=http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |title=Prices and earnings |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |title=Employment status, Greater Sydney |work=ID: The Population Experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |title=Employment status |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=2011 Census Community Profiles |date=28 March 2013 |format=xls |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |title=Industry sector of employment |date=2016 |publisher=City of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |title=Individual income {{!}} Greater Sydney {{!}} profile.id |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.<ref name="Economic profile"/><ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |title=The daily exodus from western Sydney |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.<ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney"/> Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.<ref name="Housing Sydney"/> Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Peter |last2=Chung |first2=Demi |date=2004 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |title=Housing prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |publisher=Macquarie University |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2014 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |title=Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref> The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=RP Data |date=2014 |url=http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |title=Home value index results |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebecca |first=Thistleton |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |title=Housing land: so scarce so expensive |work=Australian Financial Review |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |url-status=live }}</ref> 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> ===Financial services=== [[File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Martin Place.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[State Savings Bank building|State Savings Bank]]]] Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the [[Bank of New South Wales]].<ref name="Australia's banking history">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1998 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |title=Australia's banking history |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as [[Westpac]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |title=Bank of New South Wales |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], also based in Sydney.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6&nbsp;trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ASX |date=2014 |url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |title=History |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/> Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial centre.<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story"/><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Lisa |date=2005 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |title=Sydney's niche in global finance |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2017 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21 |date=March 2017 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the [[People's Bank of China]], [[Bank of America]], [[Citigroup]], [[UBS]], [[Mizuho Bank]], [[Bank of China]], [[Banco Santander]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[Standard Chartered]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], [[HSBC]], [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Barclays]], [[Royal Bank of Canada]], [[Société Générale]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Mitsui]], [[ING Group]], [[BNP Paribas]], and [[Investec]].<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/><ref name="Australia's banking history"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Trade and Investment |date=2014 |url=http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |title=Financial services |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Prudential Regulation Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx |title=List of authorised deposit-taking institutions |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Manufacturing=== {{Main|Manufacturing in Australia}} Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.<ref name="Sydney">{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |title=Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><ref name="Sydney"/> Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.<ref name="Sydney"/> Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a manufacturing output of $21.7&nbsp;billion in 2013.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high [[Australian dollar]] of the early 2010s.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne"/> The ''Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate'' in [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Sydney]] is the largest [[industrial estate]] in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.<ref>[https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99 Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone] by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015</ref> ===Tourism and international education=== {{Main|Tourism in Sydney}} [[File:2021-04-30 Darling Harbour panorama (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darling Harbour]] is a major entertainment and tourism precinct. ]] Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |work=CEO World |title=These Are The World's Most Visited Cities Among International Travelers, 2019 |last=Ireland |first=Sophie |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has hosted over 2.8&nbsp;million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59&nbsp;million nights in the city and a total of $5.9&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Our global city"/> The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.<ref name="Travel to Sydney">{{cite web |publisher=Destination New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |title=Travel to Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city also received 8.3&nbsp;million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Travel to Sydney" /> 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2013 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |title=Tourism |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.<ref name="Tourism" /> On average, the tourism industry contributes $36&nbsp;million to the city's economy per day.<ref name="Tourism" /> Popular destinations include the [[Sydney Opera House]], the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [[Watsons Bay]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], [[Sydney Tower]], [[Darling Harbour]], the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]], the [[Australian Museum]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium]], [[Taronga Zoo]], [[Bondi Beach]], [[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]] and [[Sydney Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Justine |last2=White |first2=Richard |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism |title=Tourism |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a [[Crown Sydney|casino and hotel]] at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of [[Darling Harbour#Redevelopment|East Darling Harbour]], which involves a new [[International Convention Centre Sydney|exhibition and convention centre]], now Australia's largest.<ref>{{cite news |title=For the good of Sydney, back this plan |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barangaroo timeline |url=http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beabeats.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |title=BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its [[TAFE NSW|vocational]] and English language schools.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html |title=Sydney named top destination in the world for international students |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> International education contributes $1.6&nbsp;billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |title=International education |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref> ===Housing affordability=== In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,<ref>http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf</ref> with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022 | title=Sydney median house price hits record | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html | title=The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis | date=January 2024 }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Sydney}} [[File:Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinese New Year]] celebrations in [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]]. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of [[Chinese Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Archived copy |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=20 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]] The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |last=Jupp |first=James |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration |title=Immigration |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.<ref name="Australian historical population statistics">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2006 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2006 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.{{r|ABSGCCSA}} The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9&nbsp;million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0 |title=Population projections, Australia, 2012 to 2101 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Shane |last2=Sakkal |first2=Paul |date=27 March 2019 |title=Booming Melbourne to become nation's largest city by 2026 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12 |title=Regional population growth, Australia, 2011 to 2012 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Conal |title=The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed |url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> ===Ancestry and immigration=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD|title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> ! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}}!! Population |- | [[Australia]] ||2,970,737 |- | [[Mainland China]] ||238,316 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --> |- | [[India]]||187,810 |- | [[England]] ||153,052 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --> |- | [[Vietnam]]||93,778 |- | [[Philippines]]||91,339 |- | New Zealand ||85,493 |- | Lebanon ||61,620 |- | Nepal ||59,055 |- | Iraq ||52,604 |- | South Korea ||50,702 |- | Hong Kong SAR ||46,182 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --> |- | South Africa ||39,564 |- | Italy ||38,762 |- | Indonesia ||35,413 |- | Malaysia ||35,002 |- | Fiji ||34,197 |- | Pakistan ||31,025 |} Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were [[British Australian|British]], [[Irish Australian|Irish]] or [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]]. At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:<ref name="auto"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. --> {{columns-list|colwidth=12em| * [[English Australians|English]] (21.8%) * [[Australians|Australian]] (20.4%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au|date=January 1995}}</ref>}} * [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (11.6%) * [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.2%) * [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (5.6%) * [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (4.9%) * [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (4.3%) * [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (3.5%) * [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (2.7%) * [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (2.6%) * [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (2.5%) * [[German Australians|German]] (2.2%) * [[Korean Australians|Korean]] (1.4%) * [[Nepalese Australians|Nepalese]] (1.4%) * [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.4%){{refn|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}} * [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.1%) }} At the 2021 census, 40.5%<!-- This is correct. Australian born minus total persons doesn't equal overseas born, as 5% didn't state their place of birth. --> of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are [[Mainland China]], [[India]], [[England]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="auto" /> At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref> ===Language=== 42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] (5%), [[Arabic]] (4.2%), [[Cantonese]] (2.8%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (2.2%) and [[Hindi]] (1.5%).<ref name="auto1"/> ===Religion=== [[File:St Mary's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] is the [[cathedral]] church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney]].]] In 2021, [[Christianity]] was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 23.1% and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (6.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.8%), [[Buddhism]] (3.8%), [[Sikhism]] (0.7%), and [[Judaism]] (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name="auto"/> The [[Church of England]] was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.<ref name="O'Brien-2013">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp. 419–20</ref> Macquarie also ordered the construction of [[Church (building)|churches]] such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Hilary |date=2008 |title=Religion |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref> ===Crime=== {{Main|Crime in Sydney}} Crime in Sydney is low, with ''[[The Independent]]'' ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries |url=https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=UniSA |language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of [[Sydney lockout laws|lockout laws]] in February 2014,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |first=Barry |last=O'Farrell |author-link=Barry O'Farrell |date=5 February 2014 |title=Lockout to commence from 24 February |publisher=NSW Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296 |title=Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted |date=14 January 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Sydney}} ===Science, art, and history=== [[File:Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], located in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]], is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia.]] [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] is rich in [[Indigenous Australian]] heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of [[Aboriginal rock art]] – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include [[petroglyph]]s, art sites, [[burial site]]s, [[cave]]s, marriage areas, birthing areas, [[midden]] sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the [[Kuringgai|Garigal]] people.<ref name="abhe">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Aboriginal heritage |work=Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> Other [[Sydney Rock Art|rock art sites]] exist in the Sydney region, such as in [[Terrey Hills]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.<ref>Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A." ''J. R. Anthropol. Inst.'', 44, 195–211.</ref> [[File:Public Library of New South Wales (30670032690).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia.]] The [[Australian Museum]] opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |title=Australian Museum |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the [[Museum of Sydney]] opened on the site of the first [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. It recounts the story of the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellmoos |first1=Laila |last2=Walden |first2=Inara |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney |title=Museum of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Powerhouse Museum]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Powerhouse Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |title=About the Powerhouse Museum |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |title=Our Museum: history and vision |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the [[Australian Subscription Library]] in 1826.<ref name="History1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html |title=History of the Library <nowiki>|</nowiki> State Library of New South Wales | access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> The [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in [[Darlington, New South Wales|Darlington]] owned by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyler |first=Peter |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales |title=Royal Society of New South Wales |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Observatory]] building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building |title=Sydney Observatory building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was opened in 1991 and occupies an [[Art Deco]] building in [[Circular Quay]]. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art |title=Museum of Contemporary Art |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's other significant art institution is the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] which coordinates the [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery [[Artspace Visual Arts Centre|Artspace]], housed in the historic [[The Gunnery, Woolloomooloo|Gunnery Building]] in [[Woolloomooloo]], fronting [[Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSW Department of Customer Service |first=Transport for NSW |date=2023-04-28 |title=Artspace Sydney {{!}} NSW Government |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.nsw.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> ===Entertainment=== [[File:Atrium of State Theatre IMG 4687a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] on [[Market Street, Sydney|Market Street]] was opened in 1929.]] Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPherson |first=Ailsa |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre |title=Theatre |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Prominent theatres in the city today include [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], [[Sydney Theatre]], [[The Wharf Theatre]], and [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]]. [[Sydney Theatre Company]] maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as [[David Williamson]], [[Hugo Weaving]], and [[Geoffrey Rush]]. The city's other prominent theatre companies are [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre]], [[Belvoir (theatre company)|Belvoir]], and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. Sydney is also home to [[Event Cinemas]]' first theatre, which opened on [[George St, Sydney|George St]] in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations. The Sydney Opera House is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and [[Sydney Symphony]]. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100&nbsp;million visitors since opening in 1973.<ref name="Sydney Opera House"/> Two other important performance venues in Sydney are [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] and the [[City Recital Hall]]. The [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]] is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual [[Australian Music Examinations Board]] exams.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Conservatorium of Music |date=2014 |url=http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/ |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> [[File:Interior of Sydney Opera House Concert Hall during performance.jpg|thumb|A concert at the [[Sydney Opera House]]]] Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the [[Sydney Writers Walk]] at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Victor |title=Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history |year=2003 |publisher=Rural Press |location=North Richmond |pages=3–5 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf}}</ref> Watkin Tench's ''A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay'' (1789) and ''A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales'' (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature |title=The Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably [[William Lane]]'s ''The Working Man's Paradise'' (1892), [[Christina Stead]]'s ''[[Seven Poor Men of Sydney]]'' (1934) and [[Ruth Park]]'s ''[[The Harp in the South]]'' (1948).<ref name="RuthPark">{{Cite news |last=Maunder |first=Patricia |title=Novelist shone a light on slums |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 December 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The first Australian-born female novelist, [[Louisa Atkinson]], set several novels in Sydney.<ref>Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35.</ref> Contemporary writers, such as [[Elizabeth Harrower (writer)|Elizabeth Harrower]], were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel ''[[Down in the City]]'' (1957) was mostly set in a [[King's Cross, New South Wales|King's Cross]] apartment.<ref name="Harrower">{{cite magazine |title=Rediscovering Elizabeth Harrower |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Text Publishing – Down in the City |url=https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |isbn=9781922147042 |last1=Harrower |first1=Elizabeth|publisher=Text Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Down in the City by Elizabeth Harrower |work=Readings.com.au |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |url=https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower}}</ref> Well known contemporary novels set in the city include [[Melina Marchetta]]'s ''[[Looking for Alibrandi (novel)|Looking for Alibrandi]]'' (1992), [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]'s ''30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account'' (1999), [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Diary of a Bad Year]]'' (2007) and [[Kate Grenville]]'s ''[[The Secret River]]'' (2010). The [[Sydney Writers' Festival]] is held annually between April and May.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/ |work=Sydney Writers' Festival (SWF) Official Site |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balint |first1=Ruth |last2=Dolgopolov |first2=Greg |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film |title=Film |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian New Wave]] saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as [[Bruce Beresford]], [[Peter Weir]] and [[Gillian Armstrong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian pride is its 'new wave' of films |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1981 |access-date=25 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html}}</ref> [[Fox Studios Australia]] commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'', ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'', ''[[Superman Returns]]'', and ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]''. The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Hugo Weaving]] and [[Jacqueline McKenzie|Jacqueline Mckenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Dramatic Art |date=2014 |url=http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jaskiran |date=2013 |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |title=Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve |website=International Business Times |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show|Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. [[Sydney Festival]] is Australia's largest arts festival.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Festival |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |archive-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> The travelling rock music festival [[Big Day Out]] originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are [[Sydney Film Festival]] and [[Tropfest]]. [[Vivid Sydney]] is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top [[fashion capital]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2016] – The [[Global Language Monitor]], 2016</ref> It hosts the [[Australian Fashion Week]] in autumn. [[Sydney Mardi Gras]] has commenced each February since 1979. Sydney's [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]] has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown |title=Chinatown |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.<ref name="Economy"/> Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD ([[Darling Harbour]], [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]]), [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Parramatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightlife Archives |url=https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Concrete Playground |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The best clubs in Sydney |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Time Out Sydney |language=en}}</ref> [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] was previously considered the red-light district. [[The Star, Sydney|The Star]] is the city's casino and is situated next to [[Darling Harbour]] while the new [[Crown Sydney]] resort is in nearby [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the best of Crown Sydney |url=http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Crown Sydney |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Media=== {{Main|Media in Sydney}} [[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Australia's national broadcaster, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], is headquartered in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]] The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=2012 |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |title=Breaking: news and hearts at the Herald |work=[[The Global Mail]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Its competitor is ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', in print since 1879.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Laurie |date=2004 |title=The media and cinema |journal=Culture and Customs of Australia |page=126}}</ref> Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' respectively. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin |title=The Bulletin |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'', published until 1842. Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. [[Nine Network|Nine's]] offices and news studios are in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], [[Network 10|Ten]] is based in [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and [[Seven Network|Seven]] is based in [[South Eveleigh]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 9 to move into North Sydney skyscraper | date=6 March 2017|last=Wilmot|first=Ben|url=https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.realcommercial.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Network 10]] |url=http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us |title=Contact us |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place |url=https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=27 June 2023 |title=In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] is located in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2014 |url=http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/ |title=ABC offices |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] is based in [[Artarmon]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |title=Contact |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. [[Foxtel]] is based in [[North Ryde]] and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Foxtel]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm |title=Contact Foxtel |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's first [[List of Sydney radio stations|radio stations]] commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.<ref name="Commercial radio">{{cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |author-link=Bridget Griffen-Foley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio |title=Commercial radio |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> [[2UE]] was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.<ref name="Commercial radio"/> Competing stations include the more popular [[2GB]], [[ABC Radio Sydney]], [[KIIS 106.5]], [[Triple M Sydney|Triple M]], [[Nova 96.9]] and [[2Day FM]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946 |title=Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010 |work=The Australian |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> ==Sport and outdoor activities== {{Main|Sport in Sydney}} Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]].<ref name="Sport">{{cite web |last=Cashman |first=Richard |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport |title=Sport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Horse racing remains popular and events such as the [[Golden Slipper Stakes]] attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name="Sport"/> Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] since 1878. The [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] compete in the [[Sheffield Shield]] league and the [[Sydney Sixers]] and [[Sydney Thunder]] contest the national [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]] Twenty20 competition. First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.<ref name="Sport"/> Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The [[New South Wales Waratahs]] contest the [[Super Rugby]] competition, while the [[Sydney Rays]] represent the city in the [[National Rugby Championship]]. The national [[Wallabies (rugby union)|Wallabies]] rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the [[Bledisloe Cup]], [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], and [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]]. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] competition: [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks]], [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]], and [[Wests Tigers]]. [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]] contests the annual [[State of Origin series]] against [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]]. [[Sydney FC]] and the [[Western Sydney Wanderers]] compete in the [[A-League]] (men's) and [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]] (women's) soccer competitions and Sydney frequently hosts matches for the Australian national men's team, the [[Socceroos]]. The [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]] are local [[Australian rules football]] clubs that play in the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[AFL Women's]]. The [[Sydney Kings]] compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Uni Flames]] play in the [[Women's National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Blue Sox]] contest the [[Australian Baseball League]]. The [[NSW Pride]] are a member of the [[Hockey One|Hockey One League]]. The [[Sydney Bears]] and [[Sydney Ice Dogs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]. The [[New South Wales Swifts|Swifts]] are competitors in the national women's netball league. === Major sporting venues === <gallery widths="200"> File:State of Origin Game II 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Stadium Australia]] File:Sydney Cricket Ground (24509044622).jpg|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]] File:View Inside Western Sydney Stadium on Opening Day (cropped).jpg|[[Western Sydney Stadium]] File:SydneyFootballStadium Aug2022 Pre-open.jpg|[[Sydney Football Stadium (2022)|Sydney Football Stadium]] </gallery>[[File:Sydney Harbour welcomes Jessica Watson.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sailing on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]]]] Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at [[Woolloomooloo|Woolloomooloo Bay]] in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first [[surf lifesaving]] club was established at [[Bondi Beach]].<ref name="Sport"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenner |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Surf Life Saving Australia |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |pages=33–43}}</ref> [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests|Disputes about appropriate clothing]] for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]] is an annual {{cvt|14|km|mi|1|abbr=off|adj=on}} running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City2Surf |date=2014 |url=http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Timeline |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Sailing races have been held on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] since 1827.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Montfort |first=Carlin |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing |title=Sailing |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the [[Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron]] was founded in 1862. The [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] is a {{cvt|1170|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=About.com |date=2014 |url=http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |title=Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm |title=Tough legacy of a Sydney classic |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race |title=Sydney to Hobart yacht race |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Sydney Olympic Park, NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Olympic Park]] was built for the [[Sydney Olympics|2000 Olympics]] and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.]] The [[Royal Sydney Golf Club]] is based in [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]] on 13 occasions.<ref name="Sport"/> [[Royal Randwick Racecourse]] opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Randwick Racecourse |date=2014 |url=http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au |title=Randwick Race Course |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity [[Stadium Australia]] used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney Football Stadium]] was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.<ref name="Sport"/> The [[Sydney International]] tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for [[Australian Open|the Grand Slam in Melbourne]]. Two of the most successful [[tennis]] players in history ([[Ken Rosewall]] and [[Todd Woodbridge]]) were born in and live in the city. Sydney co-hosted the [[FIBA Oceania Championship]] in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011. ==Government== {{See also|Local government areas of New South Wales}} ===Historical governance=== [[File:Parliament house sydney nsw..jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] holds the [[Government of New South Wales]] and is the oldest public building in Australia.]]The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.<ref name="Kingston-2006b">Kingston (2006). pp. 1–2, 27–28</ref> The first Legislative Council met in 1826,<ref name="Kingston-2006c">Kingston (2006). p. 28</ref> and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.<ref name="Hirst-2014">Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51–54</ref> In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.<ref name="scc">{{cite web |title=History of Sydney City Council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=City of Sydney |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Golder-1995">{{cite book |author=Hilary Golder |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |title=A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992 |publisher=City of Sydney |year=1995 |isbn=0-909368-93-7 |format=PDF |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 }}</ref> The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.<ref name="uow">{{cite conference |author=Kelly, A. H. |date=4–8 July 2011 |title=The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |format=Paper |location=Perth |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |event=World Planning Schools Congress 2011}}</ref> Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of [[Woolloomooloo]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]], and [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]].<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/> As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a nominated [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref name="Kingston-2006a">Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 36, 55–57, 61–62</ref> With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.<ref name="Kingston-2006a" /> ===Government in the present=== [[File:Sydney Town Hall, 2022, 06.jpg|thumb|261x261px|The [[Sydney Town Hall]] is the seat of the [[City of Sydney]]; the oldest [[Local government areas of New South Wales|local government]] in the city]] In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. [[Local government areas of New South Wales|Local government areas]] have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Three levels of government |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission}}</ref> There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.<ref name="AU Stats-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS maps |url=https://maps.abs.gov.au/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Bayside Council|Bayside]] * [[City of Canterbury-Bankstown|Canterbury-Bankstown]] * [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]] * [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] * [[Municipality of Burwood|Burwood]] * [[Camden Council (New South Wales)|Camden]] * [[City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)|Campbelltown]] * [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]] * [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] * [[Cumberland Council (New South Wales)|Cumberland]] * [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]] * [[Georges River Council|Georges River]] * [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] * [[The Hills Shire|The Hills]] * [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]] * [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]] * [[Inner West Council|Inner West]] * [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]] * [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]] * [[City of Liverpool (New South Wales)|Liverpool]] * [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]] * [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]] * [[Northern Beaches Council|Northern Beaches]] * [[City of Parramatta Council|Parramatta]] * [[City of Penrith|Penrith]] * [[City of Randwick|Randwick]] * [[City of Ryde|Ryde]] * [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]] * [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]] * [[City of Sydney|Sydney]] * [[Waverley Council|Waverley]] * [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]] * [[Wollondilly Shire Council|Wollondilly]] * [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]] {{div col end}} [[File:Government House, Sydney, Australia.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Governor of New South Wales]]]] Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] and [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] – [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] and [[Kirribilli House]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |title=Official Residences |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Parliament of New South Wales]] sits in [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] on [[Macquarie Street, Sydney|Macquarie Street]]. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.<ref name="Governor Lachlan Macquarie">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Governor Lachlan Macquarie |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales}}</ref> Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] façade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house |title=Parliament House |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Living Museums |date=2014 |url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |title=Behold a palace |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Australia]] also [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|meets]] in Sydney when needed. The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |title=Court locations |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate [[District Court of New South Wales]] and the lower [[Local Court of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New South Wales Courts |date=2014 |url=http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/ |title=Find a court |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golder |first=Hilary |year=2004 |title=Sacked: removing and remaking the Sydney City Council}}</ref> Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2005 |url=http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2005 |title=History of Sydney City Council |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |title=About Council |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and [[Lord Mayor of Sydney|Lord Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=State Records |date=2014 |url=http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21 |title=Organisation detail |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a [[History of the Australian Capital Territory#Search for a capital city location|possibility for Australia's capital city]]; the newly created city of [[Canberra]] ultimately filled this role.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Graeme |editor2-last=Hirst |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Macintyre |editor3-first=Stuart |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=464–465, 662–663 |isbn=9780195535976}}</ref> Seven Australian [[List of Australian Prime Ministers by state#Birth places|Prime Ministers have been born in]] Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister [[Edmund Barton]] and current Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]]. Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by: * [[New South Wales Police Force]] * [[New South Wales Ambulance]] * [[Fire and Rescue NSW]] ==Infrastructure== ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Sydney}} [[File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]]]] Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Craig |last2=Sherington |first2=Geoffrey |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education |title=Education |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats" /> Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |title=Educational qualifications |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> [[File:112 N7A8606 UTS Central Andy Roberts hr.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[University of Technology Sydney]]]] There are six public universities based in Sydney: The [[University of Sydney]], [[University of New South Wales]], [[University of Technology, Sydney|University of Technology Sydney]], [[Macquarie University]], [[Western Sydney University]], and [[Australian Catholic University]]. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], [[Central Queensland University]], [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]], [[University of Wollongong]], and [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]. [[Charles Sturt University]] and [[Southern Cross University]] operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programmes in Sydney through third-party providers: [[University of the Sunshine Coast]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Federation University Australia]] and [[Charles Darwin University]]. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.<ref name="Education institution attending">{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |title=Education institution attending |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,<ref name=":0" /> the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,<ref name=":0" /> while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021 |website=Top Universities |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=5 June 2019}}</ref> Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the [[Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/? |title=School locator |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |title=List of selective and agricultural high schools |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by [[TAFE NSW|TAFE New South Wales]] and began with the opening of the [[Sydney Technical College]] in 1878.<ref name="Sydney Technical College"/> The college became the [[Sydney Institute of TAFE|Sydney Institute]] in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE|Northern Sydney Institute]], the [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|Western Sydney Institute]], and the [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|South Western Sydney Institute]]. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> ===Health=== [[File:Sydney Hospital. - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816]] The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at [[The Rocks, Sydney|The Rocks]]. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from [[dysentery]], smallpox, [[scurvy]], and [[typhoid]]. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] in the 1790s.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |last=Godden |first=Judith |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals |title=Hospitals |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816.<ref name="Hospitals"/> Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of [[Florence Nightingale]] in 1868.<ref name="ALadyDisplaced">Judith Godden, ''Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced'', Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2006</ref> Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx |title=Local health districts |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]] was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |title=Prince of Wales Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney|St Vincent's Hospital]] was founded in 1857,<ref name="Darlinghurst"/> followed by [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Children's Hospital at Westmead |date=2014 |url=http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince Henry Hospital]] in 1881,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |title=Prince Henry Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |title=Royal Prince Alfred Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Northern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> the [[St George Hospital (Sydney)|St George Hospital]] in 1894,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Nepean Hospital]] in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us |title=About Nepean Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> [[Westmead Hospital]] in 1978 was the last major facility to open.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Sydney}} ====Roads==== [[File:Light Horse Interchange (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Light Horse Interchange]], the largest of its kind in Australia]] The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport |title=Transport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.<ref name="Transport"/> The most important roads in Sydney were the nine [[Metroad]]s, including the {{cvt|110|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends, July 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 April 2015 |first=Matt |last=Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Light Horse Interchange]] in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – Light Horse Interchange |publisher=Westlink Motorway Limited |date=May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.<ref name="Transport"/> 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> [[Car dependency]] is an ongoing issue in Sydney–of people who travel to work, 58.4% use a car, 9.1% catch a train, 5.2% take a bus, and 4.1% walk.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> In contrast, only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |title=Method of travel to work |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> With a rate of 26.3%, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008 |title=Australian social trends |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The CBD features a [[Lanes and alleyways of Sydney|series of alleyways and lanes]] that provide [[alley|off-street]] vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473 |title=Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> ====Buses==== {{Main|Buses in Sydney}} Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to [[Transport for NSW]]. Integrated tickets called [[Opal card]]s operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225&nbsp;million boardings were recorded across the bus network.<ref>{{Cite report |author=Transport for NSW |author-link=Transport for NSW |date=2014 |title=TfNSW 2013–2014 Annual Report |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |pages=35, 36 |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> [[NightRide (bus service)|NightRide]] is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am. ====Trams==== {{Main|Light rail in Sydney}} [[File:CBD light rail 001.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] connects Sydney's CBD with the South Eastern suburbs.]] Sydney once had one of the [[Trams in Sydney|largest tram networks]] in the British Empire after London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |work=Sydney Living Museums |title=Shooting Through: Sydney by Tram |access-date=31 May 2019 |date=12 May 2014}}</ref> It served routes covering {{cvt|291|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}. The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.<ref name="Transport"/> From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90&nbsp;million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses |title=Buses |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> In 1997, the [[Inner West Light Rail]] opened between Central station and [[Wentworth Park]]. It was extended to [[Lilyfield]] in 2000 and then [[Dulwich Hill]] in 2014. It links the [[Inner West]] and [[Darling Harbour]] with [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] and facilitated 9.1&nbsp;million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly |title=Light Rail Patronage – Monthly Comparison |date=8 June 2017 |website=[[Transport for NSW]]|language=en-AU |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A second, the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] {{cvt|12|km|1}} line serving the CBD and south-eastern suburbs opened in 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date |url=http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |website=Sydney Light Rail |publisher=Transport for NSW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |archive-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> A [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail line]] serving Western Sydney has also been announced, due to open in 2024. ====Trains==== {{Main|Sydney Trains}} [[File:Central Station Concourse Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.]] Established in 1906, [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's [[Railways in Sydney|rail network]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |title=Central Station |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> [[Sydney Trains]] is the suburban rail service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts |title=Facts and stats |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central railway station]] in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.<ref name="Transport"/> ==== Metro ==== ''Main article: [[Sydney Metro]]'' [[Sydney Metro]], a driverless [[rapid transit]] system separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and will be extended into the city and through the southwest by 2024 and through the inner west to Parramatta by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html |title=Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2015 |title=New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> It currently serves 13 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the [[Western Sydney Airport|second international airport]]. ====Ferries==== {{Main|Sydney Ferries|List of Sydney Harbour ferries|Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries}} At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's [[Sydney Ferries Limited|ferry service]] was the largest in the world.<ref name="Sydney Ferries">{{cite web |publisher=Transport for New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries |title=Sydney Ferries |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Patronage declined from 37&nbsp;million passengers in 1945 to 11&nbsp;million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.<ref name="Transport"/> From its hub at [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]], the [[Sydney Ferries|ferry network]] extends from [[Manly ferry wharf|Manly]] to [[Parramatta ferry wharf|Parramatta]].<ref name="Sydney Ferries"/> ====Airports==== [[Sydney Airport]], officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]]. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9&nbsp;million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> It has been announced that a new facility named [[Western Sydney Airport]] will be constructed at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] from 2016 at a cost of $2.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Lisa |last2=Massola |first2=James |date=2014 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html |title=Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport |newspaper=The Age |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown Airport]] is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |title=Movements at Australian Airports |date=17 February 2012 |website=Airservices Australia |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at [[Overseas Passenger Terminal|Sydney Cove]] and [[White Bay Cruise Terminal|White Bay]]. ===Utilities=== [[File:Warragamba Dam (January 2014).jpg|thumb|[[Warragamba Dam]] is Sydney's largest water supply dam.]] Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the [[Tank Stream]] sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.<ref name="Water">{{cite web |last=North |first=MacLaren |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water |title=Water |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.<ref name="Water"/> The [[Upper Nepean Scheme]] came into operation in 1886. It transports water {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Nepean River|Nepean]], [[Cataract River (Wollondilly)|Cataract]], and [[Cordeaux River|Cordeaux]] rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.<ref name="Water"/> Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.<ref name="Water"/> In 1977 the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]] brought several more dams into service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Water |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |title=Sydney Water timeline |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> The state-owned corporation [[WaterNSW]] now manages eleven major dams: [[Warragamba Dam|Warragamba]], one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney's Largest Water Supply Dam |url=http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam |website=Water NSW |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Woronora Dam|Woronora]], [[Cataract Dam|Cataract]], [[Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux]], [[Nepean Dam|Nepean]], [[Avon Dam|Avon]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Fitzroy Falls Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Tallowa]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams]], and [[Prospect Reservoir]].<ref name="Dams and reservoirs">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Catchment Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |title=Dams and reservoirs |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Water is collected from five catchment areas covering {{cvt|16000|km2|mi2|0|abbr=off}} and total storage amounts to {{cvt|2.6|TL|mi3|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Dams and reservoirs"/> The [[Sydney Desalination Plant]] came into operation in 2010.<ref name="Water"/> WaterNSW supplies bulk water to [[Sydney Water]], a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services. Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by [[Ausgrid]] and [[Endeavour Energy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ausgrid |year=2014 |url=http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |title=About Ausgrid |access-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Endeavour Energy |year=2014 |url=http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |title=About us |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and {{cvt|83000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of cables. [[Submarine communications cable]] systems in Sydney include the [[Australia–Japan Cable]], [[Telstra Endeavour]] and the [[Southern Cross Cable]], which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq|title=FAQ|website=www.southerncrosscables.com|access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/ |title = Cable System Facts| website= Australia-Japan Cable| access-date= 2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables|title=Telstra hits 100G on key Asia-Pac submarine cables|website = [[Telstra]]|accessdate=2023-07-21}}</ref> ==Environmental issues and pollution reduction== {{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}} {{Further|Climate change in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}} ===Air quality=== [[File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg|thumb|[[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] and bushfire smoke in December 2019]] As [[Climate change in Australia|climate change]], [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|greenhouse gas emissions]] and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining [[water quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html |title=Look who's polluting: Sydney Water's shame |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |title=Air Pollution in Sydney: An Update Briefing Paper |date=August 1998 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The [[air quality]] was 11 times the [[hazard]]ous level in some days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe |title=Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures |title=Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |last1=Hromas |first1=Jessica}}</ref> worse than [[New Delhi]]'s;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8 |title=Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the [[University of Technology Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6 |title=Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes' |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html |title=Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=11 January 2019}}</ref> bushfires can ring the region in a [[natural phenomena]] that is labelled "ring of fire".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110 |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[WION]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html |title=Ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598 |title=Teenagers arrested as ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=[[Irish Times]]|date=28 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires|title=Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red|work=[[Mashable]]|date=9 December 2019}}</ref> The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as [[carbon-neutral]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html |title=Sydney Water to become carbon neutral |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html |title=Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body |work=treehugger.com |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |title=Achievements: City of Sydney |work=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |title=It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The ''Sustainable Sydney 2030'' program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan |title=Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan |date=25 February 2015 |website=climatecontrolnews.com.au |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30&nbsp;million a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line |title=Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line |work=The Guardian (UK) |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Solar panels]] have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330 |title=City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |work=RenewEconomy.com}}</ref> The city also has an "[[urban forest]] growth strategy", in which it aims to regular increase the [[shade tree|tree coverage]] in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and [[vegetation]] to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |title=Urban Forest Strategy |date=February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Sydney has also become a leader in the development of [[green building|green office buildings]] and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The [[Central Park, Sydney|One Central Park]] development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html |title='Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |title=One Central Park Gardens |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="OCP arc">{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/ |title=Central Park Sydney – Architecture |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN |title=Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living |work=[[The Australian Financial Review|Financial Review]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> ===Car-dependency=== [[File:Warringah Freeway2.jpg|thumb|[[Traffic congestion]] on the [[Warringah Freeway]], [[Milsons Point]]]] Australian cities are some of the most [[car dependency|car-dependent]] cities in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |title=Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions |work=[[Flinders University]] study |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.<ref name="Charting Transport-2023">[https://chartingtransport.com/#mode Charting Transport], retrieved 27 October 2017</ref> Sydney also has the [[Modal share|highest usage of public transport]] in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant [[urban sprawl]], thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243 |title=CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows |work=[[The Australian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Strategies have been implemented to reduce private [[car pollution|vehicle pollution]] by encouraging [[mass transit|mass]] and [[public transport|public transit]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |title=Buses and the Environment |work=statetransit.info |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |url-status=dead}}</ref> initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new [[electric cars]], the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |title=City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet |publisher=City of Sydney |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, which contribute to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |title=Causes of Climate Change |work=epa.gov |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ipcc">{{cite book |date=2021 |author=IPCC|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter=Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US |chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 }}</ref> [[Cycling|Cycling trips]] have increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city since March 2010, with about 2,000 bikes passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /> Transport developments in the [[Sydney Metro Northwest|north-west]] and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system. ==See also== {{Portal|New South Wales}} * [[List of museums in Sydney]] * [[List of people from Sydney]] * [[List of public art in the City of Sydney]] * [[List of songs about Sydney]] * [[Outline of Sydney]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=N}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Official Sydney, NSW government site] * [http://www.sydney.com/ Official Sydney tourism site] * [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/ Historical film clips of Sydney] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online''] * {{YouTube|id=itQaxQMZfCk|title=Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747}} – includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20) * {{OSM|n|13766899}} * [http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }}) * [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives Sydney Official History Archives] * [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/ State Records New South Wales] * [http://www.naa.gov.au/ National Archives of Australia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/ Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library] * [https://directory.archivists.org.au/ Directory of Archives in Australia] {{Clear}} {{Sydney}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Sydney regions}} {{Sydney landmarks}} {{Theatres in Sydney}} {{Sydney sports teams}} {{New South Wales}} {{Capital cities of Australia}} {{Cities of Australia}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} }} {{Subject bar |portal1 = New South Wales |portal2 = Australia |commons=yes |wikt=yes |n=yes |q=yes |s=yes |b=yes |voy=yes |v=yes |d=yes |d-search = Q3130 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:1788 establishments in Australia]] [[Category:Australian capital cities]] [[Category:Former colonial capitals]] [[Category:Port cities in New South Wales]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia|Sydney]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1788]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'Sydney is a not a cool city dude Main menu WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia Search Wikipedia Search Create account Log in Personal tools Contents hide (Top) Toponymy History Toggle History subsection Administration Toggle Administration subsection Geography Toggle Geography subsection Demography Toggle Demography subsection Economy Toggle Economy subsection Transport Toggle Transport subsection Education Toggle Education subsection Culture Toggle Culture subsection Recreation Toggle Recreation subsection Sport Notable people See also Notes References Toggle References subsection External links London Article Talk Read View source View history Tools Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. For other uses, see London (disambiguation). London Capital city River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), Tower of London and City of London (right) London Eye Nelson's Column St Paul's Piccadilly Circus Canary Wharf Palace of Westminster with Big Ben (right) MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap London is located in the United KingdomLondonLondon Location within the United Kingdom Show map of the United Kingdom Show map of England Show map of Europe Show map of Earth Show all Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W Sovereign state United Kingdom Country England Region London (Greater London) Ceremonial counties Greater London (ceremonial county) City of London Local government districts 32 London boroughs and the City of London Settled by Romans AD 47; 1977 years ago[2] as Londinium Government • Type Executive mayoralty and deliberative assembly • Body Greater London Authority • Mayor Sadiq Khan (L) • London Assembly • London Assembly 14 constituencies • UK Parliament 73 constituencies Area • Total[A] 606.96 sq mi (1,572.03 km2) • Urban 671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2) • Metro 3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2) • City of London 1.12 sq mi (2.89 km2) • 32 London boroughs (total) 605.85 sq mi (1,569.14 km2) Elevation[3] 36 ft (11 m) Population (2021 except where stated) • Total[A] 8,799,800[1] • Rank 3rd in Europe 1st in the United Kingdom • Density 14,500/sq mi (5,598/km2) • Urban (2011)[4] 9,787,426 • Metro (2023)[5] 14,800,000 (London metropolitan area) • City of London 8,600[1] Demonyms Londoner GVA (2021)[6] • Total £487 billion • Per capita £55,412 Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean Time) • Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time) Postcode areas 22 areas Budget £19.376 billion ($25 billion)[7] International airports Inside London: Heathrow (LHR) City (LCY) Outside London: Gatwick (LGW) Stansted (STN) Luton (LTN) Southend (SEN) Rapid transit system London Underground Police Metropolitan (county of Greater London) City of London (City of London square mile) Ambulance London Fire London GeoTLD .london Website london.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata London is the capital and largest city of England, and the United Kingdom, with a population of around 8.8 million,[1] and its metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.8 million.[9][note 1] It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia.[10] The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.[note 2][11] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. In the 19th century, London grew rapidly, becoming the world's largest city at the time, as it expanded and absorbed the neighbouring county of Middlesex, and parts of Surrey and Kent. In 1965 it was combined with parts of Essex and Hertfordshire[12] to create the administrative area of Greater London,[13] which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[note 3][14] As one of the world's major global cities,[15][16] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications.[17][18] Despite a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still Europe's most economically powerful city,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres in the world. With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[21] it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world—Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London.[22][23] London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world.[24] The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.[25] London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[26] The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million[27] made it Europe's third-most populous city,[28] accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom[29] and over 16% of the population of England. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census.[30][31] The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016,[note 4][32][33] granting London the status of a megacity. London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[34] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square. London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres.[35] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.[36] Toponymy Main article: Etymology of London London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium.[37] Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *Londonjon or something similar. This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English.[38] Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London.[39] History Main article: History of London For a chronological guide, see Timeline of London. Prehistory In 1993, remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the south foreshore upstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[40] Two of the timbers were radiocarbon dated to 1750–1285 BC.[40] In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC,[41] were found on the Thames's south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[42] Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground River Effra flows into the Thames.[42] Roman London Main article: Londinium Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD,[2] about four years after their invasion of 43 AD.[43] This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground.[44] The next planned incarnation of Londinium prospered, superseding Colchester as the principal city of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000.[45] Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London Reconstruction drawing of Londinium in 120 AD With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450.[46] From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of the old Roman city.[47] By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed.[48] The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950.[49] By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."[50] Middle Ages Westminster Abbey, as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings. After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[51] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.[52] In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.[53] In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster, although the royal treasury came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[54] With the Black Death in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population.[55] London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[56] London was a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.[57] In 1264 during the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.[58] Early modern The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally. During the Tudor period, the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism. Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.[59] In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up a main trading base (kontor) of England in London, called the Stalhof or Steelyard. It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway.[60] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries.[61] Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean was normally through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity.[62] The Royal Exchange was founded.[63] Mercantilism grew and monopoly traders such as the East India Company were founded as trade expanded to the New World. London became the main North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[59] Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed. In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark. Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down the theatres in the 1640s.[64] The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane, opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district.[65] By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.[66] In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the City.[67] In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.[68] The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[69] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.[70] The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666. London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[71] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[71] The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings.[72] Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by polymath Robert Hooke.[73] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed. During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London. In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century.[74] In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House, which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,[75] and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[76] Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday.[77] Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre.[78] Late modern and contemporary With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.[79][80] London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925, with a population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare).[81] In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as Harding, Howell & Co.—one of the first department stores—located on Pall Mall, the streets had scores of street sellers.[79] London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[82] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the London Underground, the world's first urban rail network.[83] The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.[84] From the early years of the 20th century onwards, teashops were found on High Streets across London and the rest of Britain, with Lyons, who opened the first of their chain of teashops in Piccadilly in 1894, leading the way.[85] The tearooms, such as the Criterion in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement.[86] The city was the target of many attacks during the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral bombed.[87] British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II London was bombed by the Germans in the First World War, and during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.[88] The tomb of the Unknown Warrior, an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920.[89] The Cenotaph, located in Whitehall, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November.[90] The 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, while London was still recovering from the war.[91] From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[92] making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.[93] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke".[94] Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street.[95] The role of trendsetter revived in the punk era.[96] In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.[97] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[98] These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with the Old Bailey bombing.[98] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.[99] Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.[100] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.[101] Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.[102] The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the Greater London Authority.[103] To mark the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed.[104] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, as the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times.[36] On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.[98] In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing them as the world's three most influential global cities.[105] In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939.[106] During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union, but most London constituencies voted for remaining.[107] However, Britain's exit from the EU in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre.[108] On 6 May 2023, the coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place at Westminster Abbey, London.[109] Administration Local government Main articles: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government Arms of the Corporation of the City of London[110] The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[111] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues.[112] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital.[113] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[114] The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[115] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, social services, local roads and refuse collection.[116] Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).[117] The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London, run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. It is the third largest fire service in the world.[118] National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world.[119] The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.[120] National government 10 Downing Street, official residence of the Prime Minister London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall.[121] There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of December 2019, 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrats.[122] The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994 and as of 2020 is held by Paul Scully.[123] Policing and crime Main article: Crime in London Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[124] The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police.[125] First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the custodian helmet has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement".[126] Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue police telephone box (basis for the TARDIS in Doctor Who) was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK.[127] Headquarters of MI6, the UK's foreign intelligence service, at the SIS Building. Scenes featuring James Bond (the fictional MI6 agent) have been filmed here. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services.[128] The Ministry of Defence Police is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public.[129] The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service (MI5) is headquartered in Thames House on the north bank of the River Thames, and the foreign intelligence service (MI6) is headquartered in the SIS Building on the south bank.[130] Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level.[131] In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.[132] Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved.[133] However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than other major cities around the world.[134] Geography Main article: Geography of London Scope London, also known as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined several ways.[135] Satellite view of London in June 2018 Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses.[136] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places.[137] Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.[138] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London,[139] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W.[140] Status Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies.[141] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire.[142] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form.[note 5] Its status as a capital was established by constitutional convention, which means its status as de facto capital is a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation.[145] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.[146] Topography London from Primrose Hill Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km2).[147] Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a flood plain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.[148] Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[149] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of post-glacial rebound.[150] Climate Main article: Climate of London London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893.[151] The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm).[152] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600 mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City.[153] Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0 mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to climate change, and there is concern among hydrological experts that households may run out of water before 2050.[154] Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.[155][156] Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020.[157] Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the 2003 European heat wave, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths.[158] A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths.[159] A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard.[160] Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.[161] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893.[162] Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[163] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.[164] vte Climate data for London (LHR),[a] elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1991–2020 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.2 (63.0) 21.2 (70.2) 24.5 (76.1) 29.4 (84.9) 32.8 (91.0) 35.6 (96.1) 40.2 (104.4) 38.1 (100.6) 35.0 (95.0) 29.5 (85.1) 21.1 (70.0) 17.4 (63.3) 40.2 (104.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4 (47.1) 9.0 (48.2) 11.7 (53.1) 15.0 (59.0) 18.4 (65.1) 21.6 (70.9) 23.9 (75.0) 23.4 (74.1) 20.2 (68.4) 15.8 (60.4) 11.5 (52.7) 8.8 (47.8) 15.7 (60.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6 (42.1) 5.8 (42.4) 7.9 (46.2) 10.5 (50.9) 13.7 (56.7) 16.8 (62.2) 19.0 (66.2) 18.7 (65.7) 15.9 (60.6) 12.3 (54.1) 8.4 (47.1) 5.9 (42.6) 11.7 (53.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7 (36.9) 2.7 (36.9) 4.1 (39.4) 6.0 (42.8) 9.1 (48.4) 12.0 (53.6) 14.2 (57.6) 14.1 (57.4) 11.6 (52.9) 8.8 (47.8) 5.3 (41.5) 3.1 (37.6) 7.8 (46.0) Record low °C (°F) −16.1 (3.0) −13.9 (7.0) −8.9 (16.0) −5.6 (21.9) −3.1 (26.4) −0.6 (30.9) 3.9 (39.0) 2.1 (35.8) 1.4 (34.5) −5.5 (22.1) −7.1 (19.2) −17.4 (0.7) −17.4 (0.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.8 (2.31) 45.0 (1.77) 38.8 (1.53) 42.3 (1.67) 45.9 (1.81) 47.3 (1.86) 45.8 (1.80) 52.8 (2.08) 49.6 (1.95) 65.1 (2.56) 66.6 (2.62) 57.1 (2.25) 615.0 (24.21) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 10.8 11.2 10.8 111.7 Average snowy days 6.8 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.3 16 Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 70 65 67 65 65 69 73 78 81 81 73 Average dew point °C (°F) 3 (37) 2 (36) 2 (36) 4 (39) 7 (45) 10 (50) 12 (54) 12 (54) 10 (50) 9 (48) 6 (43) 3 (37) 7 (44) Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 78.8 124.5 176.7 207.5 208.4 217.8 202.1 157.1 115.2 70.7 55.0 1,674.8 Percent possible sunshine 23 28 31 40 41 41 42 45 40 35 27 21 35 Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3 Source 1: Met Office[165][166][167] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[168][169] Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)[170] CEDA Archive[171] TORRO[172] Time and Date[173] See Climate of London for additional climate information. Averages are taken from Heathrow, and extremes are taken from stations across London. Areas Main articles: List of areas of London and London boroughs Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley, and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.[174] The West End theatre district in 2016 Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965, Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[175] The City of London is the main financial district,[176] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east. The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[177] West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[178] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London.[179][180] The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.[181] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.[181] Architecture Main articles: Architecture of London, List of tallest buildings and structures in London, and List of demolished buildings and structures in London The Tower of London, a medieval castle, dating in part to 1078 London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace.[182] Part of the varied architectural heritage are the 17th-century churches by Christopher Wren, neoclassical financial institutions such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to the early 20th century Old Bailey courthouse and the 1960s Barbican Estate. The 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington.[183] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area and Canary Wharf, high residential densities in inner London, and lower densities in Outer London. The east wing public façade of Buckingham Palace was built between 1847 and 1850; it was remodelled to its present form in 1913. Trafalgar Square and its fountains, with Nelson's Column on the right The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column (built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson) is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick, commonly the yellow London stock brick.[184] In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe (dubbed "The Gherkin"), Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings.[185] This protective policy, known as 'St Paul's Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937.[185] Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London, including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom and Western Europe.[186] Other notable modern buildings include The Scalpel, 20 Fenchurch Street (dubbed "The Walkie-Talkie"), the former City Hall in Southwark, the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. The BT Tower stands at 620 feet (189 m) and has a 360 degree coloured LED screen near the top. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena.[187] The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the background; seen in September 2014 Natural history The London Natural History Society suggests that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 per cent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish.[188] They state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two national nature reserves and 76 local nature reserves.[189] Amphibians are common in the capital, including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern, and common frogs, common toads, palmate newts and great crested newts. On the other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, barred grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London.[190] A fox on Ayres Street, Southwark, South London Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 red foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (6 per square kilometre) of London. Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehog, brown rat, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and grey squirrel.[191] In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found, including European hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to red fox, grey squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.[192] Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, Nathusius' and common pipistrelles, common noctule, serotine, barbastelle, Daubenton's, brown long-eared, Natterer's and Leisler's.[193] Herds of red and fallow deer roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained.[194] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces.[195] Demography Main article: Demographics of London 2021 census - population of London by country of birth[196] Country of birth Population Percent United Kingdom 5,223,986 59.4 Non-United Kingdom 3,575,739 40.6 India 322,644 3.7 Romania 175,991 2.0 Poland 149,397 1.7 Bangladesh 138,895 1.6 Pakistan 129,774 1.5 Italy 126,059 1.4 Nigeria 117,145 1.3 Ireland 96,566 1.1 Sri Lanka 80,379 0.9 France 77,715 0.9 Others 2,161,174 24.6 Total 8,799,725 100.0 Population density map London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011,[31] while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 12–14 million, depending on the definition used.[197] According to Eurostat, London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000 immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001.[198] The region covers 610 square miles (1,579 km2), giving a population density of 13,410 inhabitants per square mile (5,177/km2)[147] more than ten times that of any other British region.[199] In population terms, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region.[200] In tenure, 23.1% socially rent within London, 46.8% either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30% privately rent at the 2021 census.[201] Many Londoner's work from home, 42.9% did so at the 2021 census while 20.6% drive a car to work. The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground, declining from 22.6% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2021.[202] In qualifications, 46.7% of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher, which is predominately university degrees. 16.2% had no qualifications at all.[203] Age structure and median age London's median age is one of the youngest regions in the UK. It was recorded in 2018 that London's residents were 36.5 years old, which was younger than the UK median of 40.3.[204] Children younger than 14 constituted 20.6% of the population in Outer London in 2018, and 18% in Inner London. The 15–24 age group was 11.1% in Outer and 10.2% in Inner London, those aged 25–44 years 30.6% in Outer London and 39.7% in Inner London, those aged 45–64 years 24% and 20.7% in Outer and Inner London respectively. Those aged 65 and over are 13.6% in Outer London, but only 9.3% in Inner London.[204] Country of birth The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were foreign-born,[205] making it among the cities with the largest immigrant population in terms of absolute numbers and a growth of roughly 3 million since 1971 when the foreign born population was 668,373.[206] 13% of the total population were Asian born (32.1% of the total foreign born population), 7.1% are African born (17.5%), 15.5% are Other European born (38.2%) and 4.2% were born in the Americas and Caribbean (10.3%).[207] The 5 largest single countries of origin were respectively India, Romania, Poland, Bangladesh and Pakistan.[207] About 56.8% of children born in London in 2021 were born to a mother who was born abroad.[208] This trend has been increasing in the past two decades when foreign born mothers made up 43.3% of births in 2001 in London, becoming the majority in the middle of the 2000s by 2006 comprising 52.5%.[208] A large degree of the foreign born population who were present at the 2021 census had arrived relatively recently. Of the total population, those that arrived between the years of 2011 and 2021 account for 16.6% of London.[209] Those who arrived between 2001 and 2010 are 10.4%, between 1991 and 2001, 5.7%, and prior to 1990, 7.3%.[209] Ethnic groups Main article: Ethnic groups in London Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2021 Census White White (53.8%) Asian Asian (20.8%) Black Black (13.5%) According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2021 census, 53.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 36.8% White British, 1.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 0.4 Roma and 14.7% classified as Other White.[210] Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descents and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 3.3% and 3.7% respectively. Chinese people accounted for 1.7%, and Arabs for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian".[210] 15.9% of London's population were of Black or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. Black Africans accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as Black Caribbean, and 1.7% as "Other Black". 5.7% were of mixed race.[210] This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[211][212] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[213] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[214] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[215] of since fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[214] As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[216] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[217] Languages In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that more than 300 languages were spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities had populations of more than 10,000.[218] At the 2021 census, 78.4% spoke English as their first language.[219] The 5 biggest languages outside of English were Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Bengali and Portuguese.[219] Religion Main article: Religion in London See also: List of churches in London Religion in London (2021)[220] Christianity (40.66%) Not religious (27.05%) Islam (14.99%) Undeclared (7.00%) Hinduism (5.15%) Judaism (1.65%) Sikhism (1.64%) Buddhism (0.99%) Other religion (0.88%) According to the 2021 Census, the largest religious groupings were Christians (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), Muslims (15%), no response (8.5%), Hindus (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), Sikhs (1.64%), Buddhists (1.0%) and other (0.8%).[220][221] London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[222] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[223] St Paul's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the second-largest Hindu temple in England and Europe. Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[224] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[225] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[226] Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[227] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[228][229][230] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[231] Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[232] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[233] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[234] The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe to have held regular services continually for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[235] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[236] Accents Traditionally, anyone born within earshot of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church was considered to be a true Cockney.[237] Cockney is an accent heard across London, mainly spoken by working-class and lower-middle class Londoners. It is mainly attributed to the East End and wider East London, having originated there in the 18th century, although it has been suggested that the Cockney style of speech is much older.[238] Some features of Cockney include, Th-fronting (pronouncing "th" as "f"), "th" inside a word is pronounced with a "v", H-dropping, and, like most English accents, a Cockney accent drops the "r" after a vowel.[239] John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, makes reference to Cockney "use of a peculiar slang language" (Cockney rhyming slang) when describing the costermongers of the East End. Since the start of the 21st century the extreme form of the Cockney dialect is less common in parts of the East End itself, with modern strongholds including other parts of London and suburbs in the home counties.[240] This is particularly pronounced in areas like Romford (in the London Borough of Havering) and Southend (in Essex) which have received significant inflows of older East End residents in recent decades.[241] Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation.[242] It is widely spoken by people of all classes.[243] Multicultural London English (MLE) is a multiethnolect becoming increasingly common in multicultural areas amongst young, working-class people from diverse backgrounds. It is a fusion of an array of ethnic accents, in particular Afro-Caribbean and South Asian, with a significant Cockney influence.[244] Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard for British English.[245] It has no specific geographical correlate,[246] although it is also traditionally defined as the standard speech used in London and south-eastern England.[247] It is mainly spoken by upper-class and upper-middle class Londoners.[248] Economy Main article: Economy of London The City of London, one of the largest financial centres in the world[249] London's gross regional product in 2019 was £503 billion, around a quarter of UK GDP.[250] London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.[251] City of London The London Stock Exchange at Paternoster Square and Temple Bar The Royal Exchange in 1886 London's finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf, the two major business districts. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance.[252] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. This caused many bankers established in Amsterdam (e.g. Hope, Baring I'm), to move to London. Also, London's market-centred system (as opposed to the bank-centred one in Amsterdam) grew more dominant in the 18th century.[74] The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.[78] This economic strength of the city was attributed to its diversity.[253][254] The Bank of England, established in 1694, is the model on which most modern central banks are based. By the mid-19th century, London was the leading financial centre, and at the end of the century over half the world's trade was financed in British currency.[255] Still, as of 2016 London tops the world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[256] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.[257] London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Notwithstanding a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres of the world. It is the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.[258] Over 85 per cent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. However, by 2010 the city had recovered, put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.[259] Along with professional services headquarters, the City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.[260] Over half the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[261] In a 1992 report commissioned by the London Stock Exchange, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of his family's confectionery company Cadbury, produced the Cadbury Report, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.[262] Media and technology Main article: Media in London Broadcasting House, headquarters of the BBC Media companies are concentrated in London, and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[263] The BBC, the world's oldest national broadcaster, is a significant employer, while other broadcasters, including ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and Sky, also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers, including The Times, founded in 1785, are edited in London; the term Fleet Street (where most national newspapers operated) remains a metonym for the British national press.[264] The communications company WPP is the world's largest advertising agency.[265] A large number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In 2014 the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD.[266] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 list by fDi Intelligence.[267] A museum in Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing was based during World War II, is in Bletchley, 40 miles (64 km) north of central London, as is The National Museum of Computing.[268] The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[269] and UK Power Networks.[270] Tourism Main article: Tourism in London The British Museum The National Gallery London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits.[271] It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015.[272] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy.[273] The city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK.[274] As of 2016 London was the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users.[275] In 2015 the top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London. The top 10 most visited attractions were (with visits per venue):[276] British Museum: 6,820,686 National Gallery: 5,908,254 Natural History Museum (South Kensington): 5,284,023 Southbank Centre: 5,102,883 Tate Modern: 4,712,581 Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington): 3,432,325 Science Museum: 3,356,212 Somerset House: 3,235,104 Tower of London: 2,785,249 National Portrait Gallery: 2,145,486 The number of hotel rooms in London in 2023 stood at 155,700 and is expected to grow to 183,600 rooms, the most of any city outside China.[277] Luxury hotels in London include the Savoy (opened in 1889), Claridge's (opened in 1812 and rebuilt in 1898), the Ritz (opened in 1906) and the Dorchester (opened in 1931), while budget hotel chains include Premier Inn and Travelodge.[278] Transport Main articles: Transport in London and Infrastructure in London Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[279] but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL).[112] The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.[280] Aviation Main article: Airports of London Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic (Terminal 5C is pictured). London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world.[24] Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights. Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, was for many years the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways.[281] In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[282] Gatwick Airport, south of London in West Sussex, handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport and is the main base of easyJet, the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[283] London Stansted Airport, north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of Ryanair, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[284] Luton Airport, to the north of London in Bedfordshire, is used by several budget airlines (especially easyJet and Wizz Air) for short-haul flights.[285] London City Airport, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[286] London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of airlines.[287] In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport.[288] Rail Underground and DLR The London Underground, opened in January 1863, is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system The roundel symbol designed by Edward Johnston and trademarked in 1917 Opened in 1863, the London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest metro system in the world.[289][290] The system serves 272 stations, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway, which opened in 1890.[291] Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.[292] An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the 2012 Summer Olympics.[293] The Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the Docklands, Greenwich and Lewisham.[294] Suburban There are 368 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[295] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers—Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year.[296] Clapham Junction is one of Europe's busiest rail interchanges.[297] With the need for more rail capacity, the Elizabeth Line (also known as Crossrail) opened in May 2022.[298] It is a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[299] It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost.[300] Inter-city and international St Pancras International is the main terminal for high-speed Eurostar and High Speed 1 services, as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city East Midlands Railway services. London is the centre of the National Rail network, with 70 per cent of rail journeys starting or ending in London.[301] King's Cross station and Euston station, both in London, are the starting points of the East Coast Main Line and the West Coast Main Line – the two main railway lines in Britain. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns.[302] The Flying Scotsman is an express passenger train service that has operated between London and Edinburgh since 1862; the world famous steam locomotive named after this service, Flying Scotsman, was the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) in 1934.[303] Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Calais, Paris, Disneyland Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.[304] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[305] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.[306] Buses, coaches and trams The New Routemaster (left) replaced the AEC Routemaster (right) in 2012. First appearing in 1947, the red double-decker bus is an emblematic symbol of London. London's bus network runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops.[307] In 2019 the network had over 2 billion commuter trips per year.[308] Since 2010 an average of £1.2 billion is taken in revenue each year.[309] London has one of the largest wheelchair-accessible networks in the world[310] and from the third quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.[311] An emblem of London, the red double-decker bus first appeared in the city in 1947 with the AEC Regent III RT (predecessor to the AEC Routemaster).[312] London's coach hub is Victoria Coach Station, opened in 1932. Nationalised in 1970 and then purchased by London Transport (now Transport for London), Victoria Coach Station has over 14 million passengers a year and provides services across the UK and continental Europe.[313] London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013.[314] Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink.[315] Cable car London's first and to date only cable car is the London Cable Car, which opened in June 2012. The cable car crosses the Thames and links Greenwich Peninsula with the Royal Docks in the east of the city. It is able to carry up to 2,500 passengers per hour in each direction at peak times.[316] Cycling Main article: Cycling in London Santander Cycle Hire, near Victoria in Central London In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day,[317] meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8 million use a bike on an average day.[318] Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a bicycle hire scheme in July 2010 was successful and generally well received.[319] Port and river boats The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009.[320] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.[320] London has river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services.[321] At major piers including Canary Wharf, London Bridge City, Battersea Power Station and London Eye (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times.[322] The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads.[323] Roads Although the majority of journeys in central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (just within the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, just outside the built-up area in most places) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 miles (188 km) long.[324] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.[325] The hackney carriage (black cab) is a common sight on London streets. Although traditionally black, this is not a requirement with some painted in other colours or bearing advertising. The Austin Motor Company began making hackney carriages (London taxis) in 1929, and models include Austin FX3 from 1948, Austin FX4 from 1958, with more recent models TXII and TX4 manufactured by London Taxis International. The BBC states, "ubiquitous black cabs and red double-decker buses all have long and tangled stories that are deeply embedded in London's traditions".[326] London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).[327] In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London.[328] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.[329] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000.[330] Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN) were widely introduced in London, but in 2023 the Department for Transport stopped funding them, even though the benefits outweighed the costs by approximately 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.[331] Education Main article: Education in London Tertiary education See also: List of universities and higher education colleges in London University College London (UCL), established by Royal Charter in 1836, is one of the founding colleges of the University of London. Imperial College London, a technical research university focusing on science, engineering, medicine and business, in South Kensington The London School of Economics (Centre Building pictured) was established in 1895 London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe.[21] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world[332] and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world.[333] A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London the global capital of higher education.[334] A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2022 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked No. 6 in the world, University College London (UCL) is ranked 8th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 37th.[335] All are regularly ranked highly, with Imperial College being the UK's leading university in the Research Excellence Framework ranking 2021.[336] The London School of Economics (LSE) has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[337] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second-best in the world by the Financial Times.[338] The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings[339]): the Royal College of Music (ranking 2nd in the world), the Royal Academy of Music (ranking 4th) and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (ranking 6th).[340] With students in London and around 48,000 in University of London Worldwide,[341] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.[342] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies.[343] Universities in London outside the University of London system include Brunel University, Imperial College London,[note 6] Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, University of East London, University of West London, University of Westminster, London South Bank University, Middlesex University, and University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).[344] In addition, there are three international universities – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University. King's College London's Guy's Campus, home to the university's Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has many affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).[345] Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in White City. Founded by pioneering nurse Florence Nightingale at St Thomas' Hospital in 1860, the first nursing school is now part of King's College London.[346] It was at King's in 1952 where a team led by Rosalind Franklin captured Photo 51, the critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.[347] There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School, the London Business School and the UCL School of Management. Opened in 1906, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama is a member of Conservatoires UK and the Federation of Drama Schools. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), Central School of Ballet, London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, Sylvia Young Theatre School and Trinity Laban. The BRIT School in the London borough of Croydon provides training for the performing arts and technologies.[348] Primary and secondary education See also: Centre for School Design The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include Ashbourne College, Bethnal Green Academy, Brampton Manor Academy, City and Islington College, City of Westminster College, David Game College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, London Academy of Excellence, Tower Hamlets College, and Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School. Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Founded in 1675, the Royal Observatory in Greenwich was established to address the problem of calculating longitude for navigational purposes. This pioneering work in solving longitude featured in astronomer royal Nevil Maskelyne's Nautical Almanac which made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point, and helped lead to the international adoption of Greenwich as the prime meridian (0° longitude) in 1884.[349] Important scientific learned societies based in London include the Royal Society—the UK's national academy of sciences and the oldest national scientific institution in the world—founded in 1660,[350] and the Royal Institution, founded in 1799. Since 1825, the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have presented scientific subjects to a general audience, and speakers have included physicist and inventor Michael Faraday, aerospace engineer Frank Whittle, naturalist David Attenborough and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.[351] Culture Main article: Culture of London Leisure and entertainment See also: List of annual events in London and West End theatre Leisure is a major part of the London economy. A 2003 report attributed a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London[352] at 25.6 events per 1000 people.[353] The city is one of the four fashion capitals of the world, and, according to official statistics, is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,[354] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.[355] Harrods department store in Knightsbridge Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements.[356] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century.[357] Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952.[358] The Laurence Olivier Awards–named after Laurence Olivier–are given annually by the Society of London Theatre. The Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.[359] Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.[360] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including Selfridges flagship store.[361] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west. One of the world's largest retail destinations, London frequently ranks at or near the top of retail sales of any city.[362][363] Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on Regent Street since 1881, Hamleys is the oldest toy store in the world.[364] Madame Tussauds wax museum opened in Baker Street in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began.[365] Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, 2014 London is home to designers John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo, among others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it one of the four international centres of fashion. Mary Quant designed the miniskirt in her King's Road boutique in Swinging Sixties London.[366] In 2017, London was ranked the top city for luxury store openings.[367] London Fashion Week takes place twice a year, in February and September; Londoners on the catwalk have included Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Cara Delevingne.[368] London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of Chinatown.[369] There are Chinese takeaways throughout London, as are Indian restaurants which provide Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine.[370] Around 1860, the first fish and chips shop in London was opened by Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, in Bow.[326] The full English breakfast dates from the Victorian era, and many cafes in London serve a full English throughout the day.[371] London has five 3-Michelin star restaurants, including Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea.[372] Many hotels in London provide a traditional afternoon tea service, such as the Oscar Wilde Lounge at the Hotel Café Royal in Piccadilly, and a themed tea service is also available, for example an Alice in Wonderland themed afternoon tea served at the Egerton House Hotel, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory themed afternoon tea at One Aldwych in Covent Garden.[373][374] The nation's most popular biscuit to dunk in tea, chocolate digestives have been manufactured by McVitie's at their Harlesden factory in north-west London since 1925.[375] Shakespeare's Globe is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the Thames. There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, a fireworks display at the London Eye; the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival, is held on the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the King's Official Birthday.[376] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by the British Bangladeshi community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors.[377] First held in 1862, the RHS Chelsea Flower Show (run by the Royal Horticultural Society) takes place in May every year.[378] LGBT scene Main article: LGBT culture in London The first gay bar in London in the modern sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf, established as a night club in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and "which developed a reputation for sexual freedom and tolerance of same-sex relations."[379] Comptons of Soho during London Pride in 2010 While London has been an LGBT tourism destination, after homosexuality was decriminalised in England in 1967 gay bar culture became more visible, and from the early 1970s Soho (and in particular Old Compton Street) became the centre of the London LGBT community.[380] G-A-Y, previously based at the Astoria, and now Heaven, is a long-running night club.[381] Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBT culture: for example, the emergence of glam rock in the UK in the early 1970s, via Marc Bolan and David Bowie, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical The Rocky Horror Show, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.[382] The Blitz Kids (which included Boy George) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, helping launch the New Romantic subcultural movement in the late 1970s.[383] Today, the annual London Pride Parade and the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival are held in the city.[380] Literature, film and television Main articles: London in fiction, London in film, List of television shows set in London, and London Television Archive Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street, bearing the number 221B London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work, most notably his play The Alchemist, was set in the city.[384] A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague.[384] The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire; Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has influenced people's vision of early Victorian London; and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.[384] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[384] Robert Louis Stevenson mixed in London literary circles, and in 1886 he wrote the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a gothic novella set in Victorian London.[385] In 1898, H. G. Wells' sci-fi novel The War of the Worlds sees London (and southern England) invaded by Martians.[386] Letitia Elizabeth Landon wrote Calendar of the London Seasons in 1834. Modern writers influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of London: The Biography, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. In the 1940s, George Orwell wrote essays in the London Evening Standard, including "A Nice Cup of Tea" (method for making tea) and "The Moon Under Water" (an ideal pub).[387] The WWII evacuation of children from London is depicted in C. S. Lewis' first Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950). On Christmas Eve 1925, Winnie-the-Pooh debuted in London's Evening News, with the character based on a stuffed toy A. A. Milne bought for his son Christopher Robin in Harrods.[388] In 1958, author Michael Bond created Paddington Bear, a refugee found in Paddington station. A screen adaptation, Paddington (2014), features the calypso song "London is the Place for Me".[389] Wikisource has original text related to this article: 'Calendar of the London Seasons', by L. E. L. Opened in 1937, the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square hosts numerous European and world film premieres. London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include Pinewood, Elstree, Ealing, Shepperton, Twickenham, and Leavesden, with the James Bond and Harry Potter series among many notable films produced here.[390][391] Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. A post-production community is centred in Soho, and London houses six of the world's largest visual effects companies, such as Framestore.[392] The Imaginarium, a digital performance-capture studio, was founded by Andy Serkis.[393] London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), A Clockwork Orange (1971), The Long Good Friday (1980), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V for Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Julie Andrews, Peter Sellers, David Lean, Julie Christie, Gary Oldman, Emma Thompson, Guy Ritchie, Christopher Nolan, Alan Rickman, Jude Law, Helena Bonham Carter, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, Daniel Radcliffe, Keira Knightley, Riz Ahmed, Dev Patel, Daniel Kaluuya, Tom Holland and Daniel Day-Lewis. Post-war Ealing comedies featured Alec Guinness, from the 1950s Hammer Horrors starred Christopher Lee, films by Michael Powell included the London-set early slasher Peeping Tom (1960), the 1970s comedy troupe Monty Python had film editing suites in Covent Garden, while since the 1990s Richard Curtis's rom-coms have featured Hugh Grant. The largest cinema chain in the country, Odeon Cinemas was founded in London in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch.[394] The British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) have been held in London since 1949, with the BAFTA Fellowship the Academy's highest accolade.[395] Founded in 1957, the BFI London Film Festival takes place over two weeks every October.[396] London is a major centre for television production, with studios including Television Centre, ITV Studios, Sky Campus and Fountain Studios; the latter hosted the original talent shows, Pop Idol, The X Factor, and Britain's Got Talent, before each format was exported around the world.[397][398] Formerly a franchise of ITV, Thames Television featured comedians such as Benny Hill and Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean was first screened by Thames), while Talkback produced Da Ali G Show which featured Sacha Baron Cohen as Ali G.[399] Many television shows have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders.[400] Museums, art galleries and libraries Aerial view of Albertopolis. The Albert Memorial, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Geographical Society, and Royal College of Art are visible near the top; Victoria and Albert Museum and Natural History Museum at the lower end; Imperial College, Royal College of Music, and Science Museum lying in between. London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753.[401] Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824, the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.[402] The British Library is the second largest library in the world, and the national library of the United Kingdom.[403] There are many other research libraries, including the Wellcome Library and Dana Centre, as well as university libraries, including the British Library of Political and Economic Science at LSE, the Abdus Salam Library at Imperial, the Maughan Library at King's, and the Senate House Libraries at the University of London.[404] In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.[405] The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art. In 2000, this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the Millennium Bridge.[406] Music The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events, including The Proms which are held every summer, as well as cinema screenings of films accompanied with live orchestral music. London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music Group, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), the Southbank Centre (London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms).[359] The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the Last Night of the Proms. London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum (home to the English National Opera).[359] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of St Clement Danes feature in the 1744 nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons".[407] Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban. The record label EMI was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, Alan Blumlein, created stereo sound that year.[408] Abbey Road Studios in Abbey Road London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest indoor venue, the O2 Arena,[409] and Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire.[359] Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, Lovebox and Hyde Park's British Summer Time, are held in London.[410] The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, Queen, Eric Clapton, the Who, Cliff Richard, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Deep Purple, T. Rex, the Police, Elvis Costello, Dire Straits, Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac, the Cure, Madness, Culture Club, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, Status Quo and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London.[411][412] London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, the Clash and fashion designer Vivienne Westwood all based in the city.[413][414] Other artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, the Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Dido, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran, Leona Lewis, Ellie Goulding, Dua Lipa and Florence and the Machine.[415] Artists from London played a prominent role in the development of synth-pop, including Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys and Eurythmics; the latter's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" was recorded in the attic of their north London home, heralding a trend for home recording methods.[416] Artists from London with a Caribbean influence include Hot Chocolate, Billy Ocean, Soul II Soul and Eddy Grant, with the latter fusing reggae, soul and samba with rock and pop.[417] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of house, hip hop, and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Urban acts from London include Stormzy, M.I.A., Jay Sean and Rita Ora. Music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom. The British Phonographic Industry's annual popular music awards, the Brit Awards, are held in London.[418] Recreation Parks and open spaces Main articles: Parks and open spaces in London and Royal Parks of London See also: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London and List of local nature reserves in Greater London Hyde Park (with Kensington Gardens in the foreground) has been a popular public space since it opened in 1637. A 2013 report by the City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.[419] The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north.[420] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near Madame Tussauds wax museum.[421] Primrose Hill is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline.[422] Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park.[423] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[424] Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens, which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.[425] There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including Hampstead Heath and Epping Forest,[426] both controlled by the City of London Corporation.[427] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake.[428] Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.[426] Three of the UK's most-visited theme parks, Thorpe Park near Staines-upon-Thames, Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington and Legoland Windsor, are located within 20 miles (32 km) of London.[429] Walking The Horse Ride is a tree tunnel (route overhung by trees) on the western side of Wimbledon Common. Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks.[430] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail along the River Wandle.[431] Other long-distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.[430] Sport Main article: Sport in London See also: Football in London and Rugby union in London Wembley Stadium, home of the England men and women's football team and the FA Cup Final, has a seating capacity of 90,000. It is the UK's biggest stadium.[432] Centre Court at Wimbledon. Held every June and July, Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and the only major played on grass. Twickenham, home of the England national rugby union team, has a capacity of 82,000 seats. London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948, and 2012, making it the first city to host the modern Games three times.[36] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934.[433] In 2017, London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time.[434] London's most popular sport is football, and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season: Arsenal, Brentford, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United.[435] Other professional men's teams in London are AFC Wimbledon, Barnet, Bromley, Charlton Athletic, Dagenham & Redbridge, Leyton Orient, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United. Four London-based teams are in the Women's Super League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham and West Ham United. Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London: Harlequins and Saracens.[436] Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship; other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond, Rosslyn Park, Westcombe Park and Blackheath. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team.[437] While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, the sport has one professional club in London – the London Broncos who play in the Super League. One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon since 1877.[438] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious.[439][440] London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.). Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket.[441] In golf, the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water, Surrey on the south-west fringes of London, while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship, the oldest major and tournament in golf, is Royal St George's in Sandwich, Kent.[442] Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament. Other key annual events are the mass-participation London Marathon[443] and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge.[444] Notable people Main article: List of people from London See also icon London portal Cities portal flag England portal flag United Kingdom portal Outline of England Outline of London Notes London region (Greater London administrative area) London is not a city in the usual UK sense of having city status granted by the Crown. See also: Independent city § National capitals The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished from the Lord Mayor of London, who heads the City of London Corporation running the City of London. According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London had the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition. According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[143] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town' and many other authorities.[144] Imperial College London was a constituent college of the University of London between 1908 and 2007. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university; however, the college now issues its own degrees. References "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 October 2022. Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York. "London weather map". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018. "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 15 October 2022. "Major agglomerations of the world". CityPopulation.de. Retrieved 20 April 2023. Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021". ons.gov.uk. "The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22" (PDF). London.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2023. Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. "Major Agglomerations". Retrieved 16 October 2023. "Roman London". Museum of London. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News. "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021. "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021. Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8. "Global Power City Index 2020". Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Adewunmi, Bim (10 March 2013). "London: The Everything Capital of the World". The Guardian. London.; "What's The Capital of the World?". More Intelligent Life. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013. "These are the world's top cities. Which one ranked highest for the 10th year running?". World Economic Forum. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024. "Leading 200 science cities". Nature. Retrieved 10 June 2022. "The World's Most Influential Cities 2014". Forbes. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Dearden, Lizzie (8 October 2014). "London is 'the most desirable city in the world to work in', study finds". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Alexandra Muller and Bloomberg News (31 October 2023). "UK's stock market is in a 'doom loop' that's undermining London's status as a global financial capital, investment bank says". Fortune. New York. Retrieved 20 February 2024. "London is Europe's leading economic powerhouse, says new report". London.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2024. "Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". 19 September 2018.; "Top Universities: Imperial College London".; "Top Universities: LSE". Retrieved 21 September 2019. "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022. "Revealed: The most crowded skies on the planet". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2023. London: Our capital's collective airport system is the busiest in the whole world. A total of 170,980,680 passengers. "London Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 6 May 2022. "Languages spoken in the UK population". National Centre for Language. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008."CILT, the National Centre for Languages". Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2007. "London, UK Metro Area Population 1950-2023". Macrotrends. Retrieved 24 October 2023. "Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2008. "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2012. "Demographia World Urban Areas, 15th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016. "2011 Census – Built-up areas". nomisweb.co.uk. ONS. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. "The London Plan (March 2015)". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021. "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 November 2008. Blackman, Bob (25 January 2008). "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report". What's on Stage. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010. "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2006. Mills, Anthony David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. Bynon, Theodora (2016). "London's Name". Transactions of the Philological Society. 114 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12064. Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2023. "London's Oldest Prehistoric Structure". BAJR. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018. Milne, Gustav. "London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011. Perring, Dominic (1991). Roman London. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-23133-3. "British History Timeline - Roman Britain". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008. Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-63278-2. "The last days of Londinium". Museum of London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2013. "The early years of Lundenwic". The Museum of London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Wheeler, Kip. "Viking Attacks". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1. Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011). "History – 1066 – King William". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. Tinniswood, Adrian. "A History of British Architecture — White Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008. "UK Parliament — Parliament: The building". UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8264-6002-8. Ibeji, Mike (10 March 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. "Richard II (1367–1400)". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "England". Jewish Encyclopedia. Mundill, Robin R. (2010), "The King's Jews", Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-1-84725-186-2, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1962). London – The Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 48. ASIN B0000CLHU5. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steelyard, Merchants of the" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163552. ISBN 9781139163552. Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands (The End of the Antwerp Mart, Vol 2). Manchester University Press. pp. 1 & 62–63. ISBN 9780719018497. Burgon, John William (1839). The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange: Including Notices of Many of His Contemporaries. With Illustrations, Volume 2. London: R. Jennings. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1277223903. "From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022. "London's 10 oldest theatres". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-07779-8. Doolittle, Ian (2014). "'The Great Refusal': Why Does the City of London Corporation Only Govern the Square Mile?". The London Journal. 39 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1179/0305803413Z.00000000038. S2CID 159791907. Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Harrington, Peter (2003). English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51, Volume 9 of Fortress, 9, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-604-6. p. 57 Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.Razzell, Peter; Razzell, Edward, eds. (1 January 1996). The English Civil War: A contemporary account (v. 1). Wencelaus Hollar (Illustrator), Christopher Hill (Introduction). Caliban Books. ISBN 978-1850660316.Gardiner, Samuel R. (18 December 2016). History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. Vol. 3. Forgotten Books (published 16 July 2017). p. 218. ISBN 978-1334658464. "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urban Rim. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Pepys, Samuel (2 September 1666) [1893]. Mynors Bright (decipherer); Henry B. Wheatley (eds.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 45: August/September 1666. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22167-3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Schofield, John (17 February 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: London After the Great Fire". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 July 2022. Hell on Earth, or the Town in an Uproar (anon., London 1729). Jarndyce Autumn Miscellany catalogue, London: 2021. "PBS – Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street". PBS. 2001. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Harris, Rhian (5 October 2012). "History – The Foundling Hospital". BBC. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Coispeau, Olivier (2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-310-884-4. White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022. Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409. "London: The greatest city". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Brown, Robert W. "London in the Nineteenth Century". University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. "A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Pennybacker, Susan D. (2005). Vision for London, 1889–1914. Routledge. p. 18. "Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2022. "Taking Tea and Talking Politics: The Role of Tearooms". Historic England. Retrieved 27 June 2022. "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021. "Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation". nationalgeographic.com.au. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. "Buried Among Kings: The Story of the Unknown Warrior". Nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. Retrieved 15 April 2023. Vaughan-Barratt, Nick (4 November 2009). "Remembrance". BBC Blogs. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2023. Ronk, Liz (27 July 2013). "LIFE at the 1948 London Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). The London Encyclopaedia. Photographs by Matthew Weinreb (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 428. ISBN 9781405049252. "1951: King George opens Festival of Britain". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Breen, Matt (13 January 2017). "Most Googled: why is London called the 'Big Smoke'?". Time Out London. Retrieved 29 November 2022. Rycroft, Simon (2016). "Mapping Swinging London". Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317047346. Bracken, Gregory B. (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city's architectural treasures... Journey Through London's Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish International. p. 10. ISBN 9789814435369. Webber, Esther (31 March 2016). "The rise and fall of the GLC". BBC Newsmaccess-date=18 June 2017. >Godoy, Maria (7 July 2005). "Timeline: London's Explosive History". NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2021. John, Cindi (5 April 2006). "The legacy of the Brixton riots". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2017. "London's population hits 8.6m record high". BBC News. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Zolfagharifard, Ellie (14 February 2014). "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Kendrick, Mary (1988). "The Thames Barrier". Landscape and Urban Planning. 16 (1–2): 57–68. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(88)90034-5. "1986: Greater London Council abolished". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Ijeh, Ike (25 June 2010). "Millennium projects: 10 years of good luck". building.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Derudder, Ben; Hoyler, Michael; Taylor, Peter J.; Witlox, Frank, eds. (2015). International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 422. ISBN 9781785360688. "Population Growth in London, 1939–2015". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Alt URL Chandler, Mark (24 June 2016). "'Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey". Boston University Global Development Policy Center. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. "The Coronation Weekend". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Vinycomb, John (1909). "The Heraldic Dragon". Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2015. "Who runs London – Find Out Who Runs London and How". London Councils. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "The essential guide to London local government". London Councils. Retrieved 19 June 2023. "London Elections 2016: Results". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2016. "The London Plan". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. "London Government Directory – London Borough Councils". London Councils. Retrieved 29 March 2017. "London Government". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2023. "Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011)" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Who we are". London Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. "About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. "Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street". uk.gov. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Constituencies A-Z – Election 2019". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020. "Minister for London". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020. "MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013. "Policing". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009. "Just how practical is a traditional Bobby's helmet?". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2023. "Police lose fight to ground Tardis". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2023. "About Us". British Transport Police. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose". Ministry of Defence Police. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Andrew, Christopher (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. Allen Lane. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-713-99885-6. "Recorded Crime: Geographic Breakdown – Metropolitan Police Service". Greater London Authority. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "London murder rate up 14% over the past year". ITV News. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Crerar, Pippa; Gayle, Damien (10 April 2018). "Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Met Police: London homicide figures fall in 2022". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2024. Beavan, Charles; Bickersteth, Harry (1865). Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court. Saunders and Benning. Stationery Office (1980). The Inner London Letter Post. H.M.S.O. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-10-251580-0. "The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order". Office of Public Sector Information. 1993. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "London in its Regional Setting" (PDF). London Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. London Government Act 1963. Office of Public Sector Information. 1996. ISBN 978-0-16-053895-7. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2008. "London — Features — Where is the Centre of London?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Lieutenancies Act 1997". OPSI. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2008. Barlow, I.M. (1991). Metropolitan Government. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 9780415020992. Sinclair, J.M. (1994). Collins English dictionary (3rd updated ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0004706788. Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill, eds. (2002). The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd, rev ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198606529. Schofield, John (June 1999). "When London became a European capital". British Archaeology (45). Council for British Archaeology. ISSN 1357-4442. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008. "Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. "Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Sheppard, Francis (2000). London: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-285369-1. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006. ""Sea Levels" – UK Environment Agency". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Weather April". trevorharley.com. "Niederschlagsmonatssummen KEW GARDENS 1697–1987". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020. "Average Annual Precipitation by City in the US – Current Results". currentresults.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2022. "Minimum Temperatures observed on 13th Dec 1981 at 06Z (SYNOP)/09Z (MIDAS/BUFR) UTC (529 reports)". Retrieved 30 April 2023. "Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019. Amos, Jonathan (20 January 2020). "London breaks a high-pressure record". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2020. Johnson, H; Kovats, RS; McGregor, G; Stedman, J; Gibbs, M; Walton, H (1 July 2005). "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates". Eurosurveillance. 10 (7): 15–16. doi:10.2807/esm.10.07.00558-en. PMID 16088043. Taylor, Brian (2002). "1976. The Incredible Heatwave". TheWeatherOutlook. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office" (PDF). Wyman and Sons, Ltd. 1911. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "UK Droughts: SPI". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Philip Eden: Longest drought for 2 years – weatheronline.co.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2019. "London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers" (PDF). Greater London Authority. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015. Eden, Philip (9 June 2004). "Ever Warmer as Temperatures Rival France". London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2021. "Station Data". Met Office. Retrieved 8 May 2020. "UK Climate Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 3 July 2021. "Heathrow Airport Extreme Values". KNMI. Retrieved 29 November 2015. "Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values". KNMI. Retrieved 28 December 2017. "London, United Kingdom – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 11 March 2020. "MIDAS Open: UK daily temperature data, v202007". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2021. "Maximum temperature date records". TORRO. Retrieved 3 July 2021. "Climate & Weather Averages in London, England, United Kingdom". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022. "London's Boroughs". History Today. Retrieved 19 April 2023. "London boroughs — London Life, GLA". London Government. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008. "London as a financial centre". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. "West End still drawing crowds". BBC News. 22 October 2001. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Meek, James (17 April 2006). "Super Rich". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008. "Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Jones, Rupert (8 August 2014). "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Flynn, Emily (6 July 2005). "Tomorrow's East End". Newsweek. New York. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Summerson, John (1969). Great Palaces (Hampton Court. pp. 12–23). Hamlyn. ISBN 9780600016823. "Paddington Station". Great Buildings. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Lonsdale, Sarah (27 March 2008). "Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2008. "Protected views and tall buildings". City of London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022. "Take a tour of The Shard's viewing platform". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2023. White, Dominic (15 April 2008). "The Lemon Dome That Was Transformed into O2's Concert Crown". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2022. "Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page". lnhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. "London Natural History Society – Home". lnhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Tuffrey, Laurie (27 July 2012). "London's Amphibians and Reptile Populations Mapped". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Mammals". The Royal Parks. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Law, Peter. "London's first wild otter found". This Is Local London. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. "Mammals". cityoflondon.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014. Bishop, Rachael (5 November 2012). "Richmond Park Deer Cull Begins". Sutton & Croydon Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "In Pictures: London's Urban Deer". Evening Standard. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Census 2021 Bulk Data Download - TS012 Country of birth (detailed)". Durham University. "The Principal Agglomerations of the World". City Population. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2009. Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration Rise Increases Segregation in British Cities". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Population density of London: by London borough, 2006" (PDF). UK Statistics Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2008. "'Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires". BBC News. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014. "TS054 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "TS061 - Method used to travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "TS067 - Highest level of qualification - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "The Age Distribution of the Population". Trust for London. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "International migration, England and Wales: Census 2021". ONS. Retrieved 3 December 2022. UK Data Service, Jisc (21 March 2013). "Casweb". casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Countries of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2022. Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X. Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024 "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015. Benedictus, Leo (21 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008. "Main language - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 December 2022. "2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013. "About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Lambeth Palace Library". Lambeth Palace Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Westminster Abbey". Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Westminster Cathedral". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Church of England Statistics" (PDF). Church of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "London Central Mosque Trust Ltd". London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. & The Islamic Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010. Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Bill, Peter (30 May 2008). "The $300 Billion Arabs Are Coming". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006. "Hindu London". BBC London. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006. "£17 m Sikh temple opens". BBC News. 30 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2008. "Stanmore". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Paul, Jonny (10 December 2006). "Livingstone apologizes to UK's Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. "London noise 'mutes Bow Bells to endanger Cockneys'". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2023. "Cockney". Oxford English Dictionary. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2021. McArthur, Thomas (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. "'Extreme' form of Cockney dialect in decline, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2023. Mount, Harry (10 April 2012). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 February 2024. "Estuary English Q and A – JCW". University College London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010. "Estuary English". University College London. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, University of York". University of York. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. p. xix, para 2.1. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. "English language - Varieties of English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "English language – Characteristics of Modern English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "London tops 2015 global financial centre rankings and knocks New York into second place". cityam.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Lowe, Felix (18 February 2008). "Highgate Trumps Chelsea as Priciest Postcode". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "The City of London's tumble – After the fall". The Economist. London. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2009. Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. "Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English". Bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved 22 July 2017. "The Origin of Religious Tolerance: Voltaire". Independent Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2023. "London - Finance". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2022. "The Global Financial Centres Index 20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2019. Hales, Mike; Mendoza Peña, Andrés; Peterson, Erik R.; Dessibourg, Nicole. "2018 Global Cities Report – Learning from the East: Insights from China's Urban Success". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. "London's core role in euros under spotlight after Brexit vote". Reuters. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Gardiner, Beth (20 January 2010). "The London Banking Center Is Beginning to Feel Like Itself Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Mantle, Jonathan (1992). For Whom the Bell Tolls. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 9781856191524. "London Stock Exchange". London Stock Exchange. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Gittelson, Steven (4 September 2015). "Adrian Cadbury, a leader in corporate governance, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2022. "London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6" (PDF). Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. November 2005. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006. Solesbury, William (2018). World Cities, City Worlds. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. "The world's biggest ad agency is going all in on AI with Nvidia's help". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2024. "London gets go ahead for new '.london' internet domain" (Press release). London & Partners. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2021. McReynolds, Cathy (17 February 2014). "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15". fDiIntelligence.com. London. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "UK computer history gets new home". BBC. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2022. "Gas distributors". Ofgem. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016. "Electricity distributor". National Grid. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015. "MasterCard Intelligence | MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index Report 2015". 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Hedrick-Wong, Yuwa; Choong, Desmond (2015). "MasterCard – 2015 Global Destination Cities Index" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "A Tourism Vision for London" (PDF). London and Partners. 2017. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "VisitBritain". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "London named No.1 city destination on TripAdvisor". BBC News. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "British Museum tops UK visitor attractions list". BBC News. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017. "London Poised to Take Hotel Crown From Las Vegas". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "London's Most Historic Hotels". Londonist. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "Transport for London". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "How do I find out about transport in London?". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2008. "Heathrow Airport Travel Report 2019" (PDF). Heathrow Airport. LHR Airports Limited. 2020. p. 38. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Heathrow Airport Terminal 5". TMC Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Airline Data Annual Reports 2017". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Facts and Figures – Stansted Airport". stanstedairport.com. London Luton Airport. London Luton Airport. 1969. ISBN 978-0-11-510256-1. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "London City Airport — Corporate Information". London City Airport Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Cornell, Adam (18 May 2018). "Londoners love our airport". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. "Airport data 2017 – UK Civil Aviation Authority". Civil Aviation Authority. 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013. "What is the largest metro system in the world?". City Metric. London. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018. "A brief history of the Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 January 2023. "Tube breaks record for passenger numbers" (Press release). Transport for London. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. "The London 2012 legacy". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013. "London's transport - a history: Docklands Light Railway (DLR)". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2023. "First Capital Connect". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Rail Station Usage". Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009. "Council looks at extension of London Underground's Northern line to Clapham Junction". Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 April 2023. "Crossrail opening date finally announced". 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. "Regional Map". Crossrail. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2021. Lister, Richard (2 January 2012). "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Rail". London First. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. Smithers, Andrew (8 December 2020). "Great Britain National Rail Train Operators" (PDF). National Rail. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "The Flying Scotsman: How the first 100mph locomotive became the most famous train in the world". Country Life. Retrieved 22 April 2023. "Eurostar arrives in Paris on time". BBC News. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Highspeed". Southeastern. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. "Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north". gov.uk. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022. "What we do – Buses". Transport for London. Retrieved 5 April 2014. "Annual bus statistics: England 2019/20" (PDF). Department for Transport. 28 October 2020. p. 2. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Government support for the bus industry and concessionary travel (England) (BUS05)". GOV.UK (BUS0501: Operating revenue for local bus services by revenue type, by metropolitan area status: England (ODS, 34.7KB)). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Most Accessible Cities Around The World". Sunrise Medical. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Leading the way – Travelling with a sensory impairment in London" (PDF). Greater London Authority. 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Blake, Jim (2022). London Transport Buses in the 1960s. Pen & Sword Books. p. 9. "Victoria Coach Station to remain major coach hub" (Press release). Transport for London. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2022. "Tram-endous boost for travellers" (Press release). Transport for London. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Statement of Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2008" (PDF). Transport for London. 25 June 2008. p. 67. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Thames cable car opens for passengers". BBC News. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2023. "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Transport for London. 2016. p. 143. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "United Kingdom: Greater London: Boroughs – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Travel in London. 2016. pp. 146–147. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Provisional Port Statistics 2009". Department for Transport. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. Steves, Rick (17 March 2020). Rick Steves England. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-64171-237-8. "Commute Through London – Uber Boat by Thames Clippers". thamesclippers.com. 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Woolwich Ferries celebrate 50 years of service". Transport of London. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "M25". Highways Agency. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018. "SABRE - Road Lists - The First 99 - A1". Sabre-roads.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2023. "Chipping away at the history of fish and chips". BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2022. Mulholland, Hélène (16 March 2009). "Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London". The Guardian. London. Badstuber, Nicole (2 March 2018). "London congestion charge: what worked, what didn't, what next". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 April 2020. "Central London Congestion Charging, England". Verdict Traffic. Retrieved 28 April 2020. Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "London Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234. Walker, Peter (8 March 2024). "Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2024. "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Top Universities. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2021. Malthouse, Kit (1 January 1990). "Capital offer". timeshighereducation.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Pricewaterhousecoopers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2015. "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022. "REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment". Times Higher Education. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. Hipwell, Deirdre (23 September 2007). "London School of Economics and Political Science". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "FT Global MBA Rankings". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010. "Performing Arts". Top Universities. 25 February 2020. "2022 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Performing Arts". Top Universities.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022. "Financial Statements 2018–19" (PDF). University of London. p. 8. Retrieved 1 March 2020. "Table 0a – All Students by Institution, Mode of Study, Level of Study, Gender and Domicile 2005/06". HESA. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Member institutions". University of London. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "University of the Arts London". The Guardian. London. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010. Carvel, John (7 August 2008). "NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010. Karimi, H.; Masoudi Alavi, N. (2015). "Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing". National Institutes of Health. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. e29475. PMC 4557413. PMID 26339672. Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023. Truelove, Sam (13 October 2016). "11 of the most famous people who studied at Croydon's BRIT School". Croydon Advertiser. Retrieved 17 July 2022. Ridpath, Ian (2012). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 198. Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2022. "History of the Christmas Lectures". The Royal Institution. Retrieved 22 April 2015. "Mayor of London – Spending Time: Londons Leisure Economy". london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Chadha, Aayush. "UK Event Data – In Review". tickx.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017. "20 facts about London's culture | London City Hall". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Pickford, James (30 July 2014). "Study puts London ahead of New York as centre for theatre". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015. "Piccadilly Lights". Land Securities. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical The New York Times referred to Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the most commercially successful composer in history" "The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2022. "Theatres and concert halls". Your London. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "2001: Public houses". BBC History. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2008. "Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team". The Londoner. September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007. Potter, Mark (17 February 2011). "London tops world cities spending league". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. "London is world's shopping capital with £62billion sales". Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 November 2023. Peter Matthews, Michelle Dunkley McCarthy (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1994. Facts on File. p. 134. Smith, Andrew; Graham, Anne (2019). Destination London. The Expansion of the Visitor Economy. University of Westminster Press. p. 6. "Royal Mail's British design classic stamps". The Guardian. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2022. "London crowned top city for luxury store openings". Fashion Network. Retrieved 17 November 2023. "London Fashion Week: Cara Delevingne, Naomi Campbell And Kate Moss Make The Burberry FROW". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2024. "Chinatown — Official website". Chinatown London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Sukhadwala, Sejal (12 April 2017). "How Long Have Londoners Been Eating Chinese Food For?". Londonist. Retrieved 14 June 2020. "History Of The Traditional English Breakfast". English Breakfast Society. Retrieved 23 July 2022. "Gordon Ramsay celebrates having three Michelin stars for 21 years". Daily Record. Retrieved 22 July 2022. "Afternoon Tea At Oscar Wilde's Favorite Bar". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2022. "17 themed afternoon teas perfect for Mother's Day". You. Retrieved 14 July 2022. "Inside the Factory: BBC documentary goes behind the scenes of west London factory churning out 80 million biscuits a day". My London. Retrieved 20 August 2022. "One Queen, Two Birthdays". Royal Government. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. Andreou, Roza (25 May 2018). "Celebrate the Bengali New Year this summer in Tower Hamlets". East London Lines. "RHS Chelsea Flower Show" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Matt Cook (6 November 2008). London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture). Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0521089807. Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley & Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67. "Forty years of sheer Heaven at the London superclub". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022. "We Live in the World 'Rocky Horror' Created". Flavorwire. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017. "Boy George". The Blitz Kids. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022. "London in Literature". Bryn Mawr College. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde". British Library. Retrieved 15 June 2023. "The War of the Worlds". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 August 2022. "Orwell in the Evening Standard". Orwell Society. Retrieved 27 June 2022. "Winnie-the-Pooh goes to Harrods in new authorised AA Milne prequel". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2023. "About". Paddington.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. "The Harry Potter economy". The Economist. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "Film London – studio contacts". Filmlondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. "The UK's VFX Industry: In Profile". UK Screen Alliance. Retrieved 7 July 2022. "Who We Are". The Imaginarium Studios. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012. "Feature: The legacy of Oscar Deutsch's cinemas". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "The Fellowship: BAFTA's top prize". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2023. "Saoirse Ronan, Kate Winslet Drama 'Ammonite' to Close BFI London Film Festival". Variety. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "The scribbled note that changed TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2019. "ITV: Simon Cowell Talks Strong Ties With Brit Broadcaster". Variety. 7 April 2015. "Da Ali G Show (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "EastEnders Episode 1, 19/02/1985". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2023. "The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane". The British Library. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021. Liscombe, R. W. (1980), William Wilkins, 1778–1839, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–82 Sen Nag, Oishimaya (5 March 2018). "The Largest Libraries In The World". World Atlas. Retrieved 30 March 2021. Bayley, Sian (21 February 2019). "Best libraries in London: The V&A, British Library, Wellcome Trust, BFI and more". Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Cullinan (Director), Nicholas. "Organisation – National Portrait Gallery". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Millennium Bridge". Visit London. Retrieved 27 July 2022. The Layman's Magazine of the Living Church, Issues 1-20. Morehouse-Gorham. 1940. p. 5. "Early stereo recordings restored". BBC. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2023. "2015 Year End Worldwide Ticket Sales – Top 200 Area Venues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Keens, Oliver; Levine, Nick (11 March 2021). "The best music festivals in London 2021". Time Out London. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Tow, Stephen (2020). London, Reign Over Me How England's Capital Built Classic Rock. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. London's top 40 artists. BBC. 6 April 2006. ISBN 978-0-89820-135-2. Retrieved 9 September 2008. "PUNK – Paris Photo Special Feature". Michael Hoppen Gallery. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Whatley, Jack (14 March 2019). "In Pictures: The 'Anarchy In The U.K. Tour' of 1976, the infamous tour that never really toured". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "History of music in London". The London Music Scene. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2009. Bell, Adam Patrick (2018). Dawn of the DAW: The Studio as Musical Instrument. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780190296629. Himes, Geoffrey (2 August 1983). "Eddy Grant's Electric Rock". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2021. "Brit Awards History". Brit Awards. Retrieved 28 December 2019. McGlone, Conor (9 July 2013). "London 'greenest city' in Europe". edie.net. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Kensington Gardens". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008. "Madame Tussauds, London". Madame Tussauds. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. "Green Park". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Park details – Hampton Court". London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. "Kew, History & Heritage" (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2013. "Epping Forest You & Your Dog" (PDF). brochure. City of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2010. Ramblers. "Corporation of London Open Spaces". Ramblers. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011. "Kenwood House". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008. "The best theme parks near London". Time Out. Retrieved 5 January 2024. Marson, Phil. "Inner London Ramblers – Walk Ideas". innerlondonramblers.org.uk. "Wandle Trail – Map". Sustrans. "About Wembley Stadium – What we do at Wembley Stadium". Wembley Stadium connected by EE. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "England – Introduction". Commonwealth Games Federation. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Livingstone, Robert (11 November 2011). "London Defeats Doha to host 2017 International Athletics Championships". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. "Barclays Premier League Clubs". Premier League. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Premiership Rugby: Clubs". Premier Rugby. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010. "RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007" (Press release). Twickenham Rugby Stadium. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. "Wimbledon — official website". The All England Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC). Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. Clarey, Christopher (7 May 2008). "Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2008. Federer said[:] 'I love playing with him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.' Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, ed. (2005). "Tennis". Britain and the Americas. Vol. 1 : Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 958. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8. this first tennis championship, which later evolved into the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the world's most prestigious event. "Lord's (Cricket Grounds)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Royal St George's". The Open. Retrieved 16 October 2023. "Flora London Marathon 2008". London Marathon Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. "The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race — Official Website". The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2008. Bibliography Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7. Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7. OCLC 45406491. External links London at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage London.gov.uk – Greater London Authority VisitLondon.com – official tourism site Museum of London London in British History Online, with links to numerous authoritative online sources "London", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000) Geographic data related to London at OpenStreetMap Old maps of London, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, National Library of Israel vte History of London vte London landmarks vte Areas of London Other articles related to London London at Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata Categories: LondonBritish capitalsCapitals in EuropeGreater LondonPort cities and towns in Southern EnglandStaple portsSouthern England1st-century establishments in Roman BritainPopulated places established in the 1st centuryCapital cities in the United Kingdom This page was last edited on 21 April 2024, at 12:02 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaCode of ConductDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,794 +1,1319 @@ -{{Short description|Capital city of New South Wales, Australia}} -{{About|the Australian metropolis|the local government area|City of Sydney|other uses}} -{{pp-pc|small=yes}} -{{Use Australian English|date=March 2014}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} -{{Infobox Australian place -| type = city -| name = Sydney -| state = nsw -| image = {{multiple image - | total_width = 280 - | border = infobox - | perrow = 1/2/2/1 - | caption_align = center - | image1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg - | alt1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge - | caption1 = Sydney [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] - | image2 = Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580 (cropped) - 2.jpg - | alt2 = Queen Victoria Building - | caption2 = [[Queen Victoria Building]] - | image3 = University of Sydney's Main Quadrangle.jpg - | alt3 = University of Sydney - | caption3 = [[University of Sydney]] - | image4 = Bondi 1.jpg - | alt4 = Bondi Beach - | caption4 = [[Bondi Beach]] - | image5 = Archibald Fountain (cropped).jpg - | alt5 = Archibald Fountain and St Mary's Cathedral - | caption5 = [[Archibald Fountain]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary’s Cathedral]] - | image6 = Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg - | alt6 = Sydney central business district - | caption6 = [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] -}} -| image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg -| image2_alt = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area -| caption2 = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area -| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|04|S|151|12|36|E|display=inline,title}} -| relief = yes -| force_national_map = yes -| pop = 5,450,496 -| pop_year = 2023 -| pop_footnotes = <ref name=ABSGCCSA/> -| poprank = 1st -| density = 441 -| density_footnotes = (2023){{r|ABSGCCSA}} -| established = {{Start date and age|1788|01|26|df=y}} -| area = 12367.7 -| area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> -| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]] -| utc = +10 -| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] -| utc-dst = +11 -| dist1 = 877 -| dir1 = NE -| location1 = Melbourne -| dist2 = 923 -| dir2 = S -| location2 = Brisbane -| dist3 = 287 -| dir3 = NE -| location3 = Canberra -| dist4 = 3936 -| dir4 = E -| location4 = Perth -| dist5 = 1404 -| dir5 = E -| location5 = Adelaide -| lga = [[#Government|Various]] (33) -| county = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]<ref name=gnbcounty>{{NSW GNR |id=JPYbwptLTR|title=Cumberland County |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> -| division = -| stategov = [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|Various]] (49) -| fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|Various]] (24) -| maxtemp = 22.8 -| maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name="metdata"/> -| mintemp = 14.7 -| mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> -| rainfall = 1149.7 -| rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>}} -'''Sydney''' is the capital city of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]] and the most populous city in [[Australia]]. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds [[Sydney Harbour]] and extends about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east to the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] in the west, and about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] and the [[Hawkesbury River]] in the north and north-west, to the [[Royal National Park]] and [[Macarthur, New South Wales|Macarthur]] in the south and south-west.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Herbert |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping |page=266}}</ref> Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Walk Sydney Streets |date=2014 |url=http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |title=Complete official list of Sydney suburbs |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496,<ref name=ABSGCCSA>{{cite web |title=Regional Population – 2022–23 final |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live}}</ref> which is about 66% of the state's population.<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web |title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |url-status=live }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> The city's nicknames include the "Emerald City" and the "Harbour City".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |website=Culture Trip |title=Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City' |author=Tom Smith |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> +Sydney is a not a cool city dude -[[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] have inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and [[Sydney rock engravings|their engravings]] and cultural sites are common. The [[wiktionary:traditional owner|traditional custodians]] of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the [[Dharug|Darug]], [[Dharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani |first1=Anita |last1=Heiss |first2=Melodie-Jane |last2=Gibson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |archive-date= Jul 7, 2014 }}</ref> During his [[First voyage of James Cook|first Pacific voyage]] in 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at [[Botany Bay]]. In 1788, the [[First Fleet]] of [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], led by [[Arthur Phillip]], founded Sydney as a British [[penal colony]], the first European settlement in Australia.<ref name="manly.nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title= Manly Heritage & History |website=Manly Council |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archive-date= May 12, 2016 }}</ref> After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.<ref name="auto" /> +Main menu -Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Megan |date=March 5, 2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |title=Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bowman |first1=Simon J. |title=The Cost of Living with Sjögren's |date=19 May 2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |work=The Sjögren's Book |pages=26–30 |access-date=1 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |last2=Fisher |first2=Benjamin |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-750211-2 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten [[World's most liveable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |title=Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey |website=Mercer.com.au |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Mercer |date=2018 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=2018 Quality of Living Index |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Global Power City Index 2010 |publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2012 |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2013 |title=Cities of opportunity |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing and [[tourism in Sydney|tourism]].<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story">http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only {{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub">{{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Jessica |date=2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |title=Another shot at making city a finance hub |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] and the [[University of New South Wales]] are ranked equal 19th in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}</ref> +WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia +Search Wikipedia +Search +Create account +Log in -Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dennis |first=Anthony |date=2013 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title="Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city. |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.<ref name="Our global city">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |title=Our global city |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has over {{cvt|1,000,000|ha|acre}} of [[Parks in Sydney|nature reserves and parks]],<ref>Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney</ref> and its [[Ecology of Sydney|notable natural features]] include [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] and [[Royal National Park]]. The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the World Heritage-listed [[Sydney Opera House]] are major tourist attractions. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] is the hub of Sydney's suburban rail and light rail networks, with metro platforms under construction. The main passenger airport serving the city is [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford Smith Airport]], one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Airport |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |title=Overview |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> +Personal tools +Contents hide +(Top) +Toponymy +History +Toggle History subsection +Administration +Toggle Administration subsection +Geography +Toggle Geography subsection +Demography +Toggle Demography subsection +Economy +Toggle Economy subsection +Transport +Toggle Transport subsection +Education +Toggle Education subsection +Culture +Toggle Culture subsection +Recreation +Toggle Recreation subsection +Sport +Notable people +See also +Notes +References +Toggle References subsection +External links +London -==Toponymy== -In 1788, Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established [[Sydney Cove]] after Home Secretary [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]].<ref name="Egan-1999">{{Cite book |last=Egan |first=Jack |title=Buried Alive, Sydney 1788–92 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1999 |isbn=1865081388 |pages=10}}</ref> The cove was called ''Warrane'' by the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>Attenbrow (2010), p. 11</ref> Phillip considered naming the settlement [[Albion]], but this name was never officially used.<ref name="Egan-1999" /> By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |volume=1 part 2 |pages=285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney was declared a city in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Alan |title=The Sydney Scene, 1788–1960 |last2=Macmillan |first2=David S. |publisher=Hale and Iremonger |year=1982 |isbn=0868060178 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=105–06}}</ref> +Article +Talk +Read +View source +View history -The [[Cadigal|Gadigal]] (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of [[Port Jackson]] from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]], are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory ''Gadi'' (''Cadi''). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26}}</ref> +Tools +Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W +This is a good article. Click here for more information. +Page semi-protected +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +This article is about the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. For other uses, see London (disambiguation). +London +Capital city -==History== -{{Main|History of Sydney}} -{{For timeline|Timeline of Sydney}} +River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), Tower of London and City of London (right) -===First inhabitants of the region=== -[[File:AboriginalSite0008.jpg|thumb|[[Charcoal (art)|Charcoal drawing]] of kangaroos in [[Heathcote National Park]]]]The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were [[Aboriginal Australians]] who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 152</ref> Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,<ref name="Attenbrow-2010c">{{Cite book |last1=Attenbrow |first1=Val |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74223-116-7 |location=Sydney |pages=152–153 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[radiocarbon dating]] has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten2">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p.17</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> +London Eye -The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010a">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 28, 158</ref> +Nelson's Column -The earliest [[British people|British settlers]] recorded the word '[[Eora]]' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Keith Vincent |title=Eora People |url=https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Eora People |date=June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from [[Parramatta]] to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 22–29</ref> -{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" -|+ class="nowrap" |Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers -!Clan -!Territory name -!Location -|- -|Bediagal -|Not recorded -|Probably north-west of [[Parramatta]] -|- -|Birrabirragal -|Birrabirra -|Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef -|- -|Boolbainora -|Boolbainmatta -|Parramatta area -|- -|Borogegal -|Booragy -|Probably [[Bradleys Head]] and surrounding area -|- -|Boromedegal -|Not recorded -|Parramatta -|- -|Buruberongal -|Not recorded -|North-west of Parramatta -|- -|Darramurragal -|Not recorded -|[[Turramurra|Turramarra]] area -|- -|Gadigal -|Cadi (Gadi) -|South side of Port Jackson, from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]] -|- -|Gahbrogal -|Not recorded -|[[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]] area -|- -|Gamaragal -|Cammeray -|North shore of Port Jackson -|- -|Gameygal -|Kamay -|[[Botany Bay]] -|- -|Gannemegal -|Warmul -|Parramatta area -|- -|Garigal -|Not recorded -|[[Broken Bay]] area -|- -|Gayamaygal -|Kayeemy -|[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] Cove -|- -|Gweagal -|Gwea -|Southern shore of Botany Bay -|- -|Wallumedegal -|Wallumede -|North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove -|- -|Wangal -|Wann -|South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill -|- -| colspan="3" |Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, {{Break}}Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal. -|- -| colspan="3" |<small>Note:</small> <small>The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used</small> <small>by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Jakelin |title=The Sydney Language |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781925302868 |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |pages=19–25}}</ref>{{Refn|British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.}}</small> -|} +St Paul's -The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at [[Botany Bay]] (Kamay<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 13</ref>) and encountered the [[Gweagal]] clan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002 |title=Once were warriors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's epic voyage |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Australia |pages=141–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 April 2020 |title=Eight days in Kamay |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.<ref>Blainey (2020). pp. 146–57</ref> +Piccadilly Circus -=== Convict town (1788–1840) === -[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|''The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] R.N., Sydney Cove.'' Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]].]] [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A concise history of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108728485 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=34–35}}</ref> +Canary Wharf -The [[First Fleet]] of 11 ships under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=91 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> The fleet soon moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]] where a settlement was established at [[Sydney Cove]] on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) pp.141–50</ref> The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2009 |title=SL/nsw.gov.au |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=SL/nsw.gov.au}}</ref> +Palace of Westminster with Big Ben (right) +MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap +London is located in the United KingdomLondonLondon +Location within the United Kingdom +Show map of the United Kingdom +Show map of England +Show map of Europe +Show map of Earth +Show all +Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W +Sovereign state United Kingdom +Country England +Region London (Greater London) +Ceremonial counties Greater London (ceremonial county) +City of London +Local government districts 32 London boroughs +and the City of London +Settled by Romans AD 47; 1977 years ago[2] +as Londinium +Government + • Type Executive mayoralty and deliberative assembly + • Body Greater London Authority +• Mayor Sadiq Khan (L) +• London Assembly + • London Assembly 14 constituencies + • UK Parliament 73 constituencies +Area + • Total[A] 606.96 sq mi (1,572.03 km2) + • Urban 671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2) + • Metro 3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2) + • City of London 1.12 sq mi (2.89 km2) + • 32 London boroughs (total) 605.85 sq mi (1,569.14 km2) +Elevation[3] 36 ft (11 m) +Population (2021 except where stated) + • Total[A] 8,799,800[1] + • Rank 3rd in Europe +1st in the United Kingdom + • Density 14,500/sq mi (5,598/km2) + • Urban (2011)[4] 9,787,426 + • Metro (2023)[5] 14,800,000 (London metropolitan area) + • City of London 8,600[1] +Demonyms Londoner +GVA (2021)[6] + • Total £487 billion + • Per capita £55,412 +Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean Time) + • Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time) +Postcode areas +22 areas +Budget £19.376 billion +($25 billion)[7] +International airports Inside London: +Heathrow (LHR) +City (LCY) +Outside London: +Gatwick (LGW) +Stansted (STN) +Luton (LTN) +Southend (SEN) +Rapid transit system London Underground +Police Metropolitan (county of Greater London) +City of London (City of London square mile) +Ambulance London +Fire London +GeoTLD .london +Website london.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata +London is the capital and largest city of England, and the United Kingdom, with a population of around 8.8 million,[1] and its metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.8 million.[9][note 1] It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia.[10] The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.[note 2][11] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. In the 19th century, London grew rapidly, becoming the world's largest city at the time, as it expanded and absorbed the neighbouring county of Middlesex, and parts of Surrey and Kent. In 1965 it was combined with parts of Essex and Hertfordshire[12] to create the administrative area of Greater London,[13] which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[note 3][14] -The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] in mid-1790 and the [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]] in 1791.<ref>Macintyre (2020). pp.34–37</ref> Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around [[Parramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] on the [[Cumberland Plain]]. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=90–114 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> +As one of the world's major global cities,[15][16] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications.[17][18] Despite a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still Europe's most economically powerful city,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres in the world. With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[21] it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world—Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London.[22][23] London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world.[24] The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.[25] -A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Mear |first=Craig |date=2008 |title=The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society}}</ref> In November 1790 [[Bennelong]] led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.'' pp. 106, 117–19</ref> +London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[26] The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million[27] made it Europe's third-most populous city,[28] accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom[29] and over 16% of the population of England. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census.[30][31] The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016,[note 4][32][33] granting London the status of a megacity. -Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at [[Sydney Cove]]. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Colony, a history of early Sydney |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2009 |isbn=9781741756371 |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=71–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15}}</ref>[[File:View of Sydney Cove - Thomas Watling.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Watling]]'s ''View of Sydney Cove'', {{Circa|1794}}–1796]]After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor [[William Bligh]] (1806{{En dash}}08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the [[Rum Rebellion]] of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the [[New South Wales Corps]].<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 185–188</ref> +London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[34] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square. London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres.[35] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.[36] -Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] (1810{{En dash}}1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. [[Parramatta Road]], linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,<ref name="broomham3">{{Citation |author1=Broomham, Rosemary |title=Vital connections: a history of NSW roads from 1788 |date=2001 |page=25 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger in association with the [[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |isbn=978-0-86806-703-2}}</ref> and a road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref name="Kingston-2006">{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |location=Cambridge |pages=118–19}}</ref><ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref> +Toponymy +Main article: Etymology of London +London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium.[37] Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *Londonjon or something similar. This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English.[38] -Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.<ref>Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony." ''Journal of the Australian Population Association'', vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50–61. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the [[Tank Stream]] in areas such as [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], and the more affluent residents living to its east.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.<ref name="Sydney-2020b">{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=History of City of Sydney council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Castle Hill Rebellion (1804).jpg|thumb|The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804]] +Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London.[39] -==== Conflict on the Cumberland Plain ==== -In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker22">{{cite web |author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree |year=2009 |title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804 |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |url-status=live }}</ref> +History +Main article: History of London +For a chronological guide, see Timeline of London. +Prehistory +In 1993, remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the south foreshore upstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[40] Two of the timbers were radiocarbon dated to 1750–1285 BC.[40] In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC,[41] were found on the Thames's south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[42] Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground River Effra flows into the Thames.[42] -As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the [[Hawkesbury River]], north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the [[Darug]] people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by [[Pemulwuy]] and later by his son [[Tedbury]], burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the [[Australian frontier wars|colonial frontier expanded]]. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66</ref><ref>Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25–26</ref> +Roman London +Main article: Londinium +Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD,[2] about four years after their invasion of 43 AD.[43] This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground.[44] -Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the [[Appin Massacre|Appin massacre]] (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banivanua Mar |first1=Tracey |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I |last2=Edmonds |first2=Penelope |year=2013 |pages=344 |chapter=Indigenous and settler relations}}</ref> +The next planned incarnation of Londinium prospered, superseding Colchester as the principal city of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000.[45] -=== Colonial city (1841–1900) === -The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/>[[File:Sydney 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial illustration of Sydney, 1888]]The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.<ref name="Goodman-2013">Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp.&nbsp;180–81.</ref> The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |pages=74–80}}</ref> The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coghlan |first=T. A |url=https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up |title=The Wealth and progress of New South Wales |publisher=E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney |year=1893 |edition=7th |location=Sydney |pages=311–15}}</ref> The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the [[University of Sydney]] (1854–61),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Neil |date=2016 |title=The University of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian Museum]] (1858–66),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Leila |date= |title=Australian Museum |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |url-status=live }}</ref> the Town Hall (1868–88),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Hall |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]] (1866–92).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |title=General Post Office |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elaborate [[coffee palace]]s and hotels were erected.<ref name="Noyce-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Noyce |first1=Diana Christine |date=2012 |title=Coffee Palaces in Australia: A Pub with No Beer |journal=M/C Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.464 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott, Marie-Louise |first=Marie-Louise |date=2011 |title=Ocean baths |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |url-status=live }}</ref> +Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London -Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, [[George Reid]], became a key figure in the process of federation.<ref>KIngston (2006). pp. 88–89, 95–97</ref> +Reconstruction drawing of Londinium in 120 AD +With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450.[46] From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of the old Roman city.[47] By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed.[48] -=== State capital (1901–present) === -[[File:(Looking north along George Street (with tram, T-model Ford and hansom cab) from Union Line Building (incorporating the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical culture), corner Jamieson Street), n.d. by (5955844045).jpg|thumb|A [[tramcar]] on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest [[Trams in Sydney|tram networks]] in the British Empire.]] -When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of [[bubonic plague]] in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the [[Railways in Sydney|Sydney rail network]] and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Kingston (2006). p. 132</ref> -[[File:Sydney 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Harbour Bridge opening day, 19 March 1932]]Sydney was more severely affected by the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spearritt |first=Peter |title=Sydney's century, a history |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=0868405213 |location=Sydney |pages=57–58}}</ref> New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]].<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 58–59</ref> The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]] attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by [[Francis de Groot]] of the far-right [[New Guard]], who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 62</ref> +The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950.[49] -In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the [[Commonwealth Games|Empire Games]] and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even [[Melbourne]] seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|Day of Mourning]]" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 72</ref> +By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."[50] -With the outbreak of [[Second World War]] in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Japanese submarines]] in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built [[airstrike|air raid]] shelters and performed drills.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 157–59</ref> [[Military engineering|Military establishments]] in response to [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II in Australia]] included the [[Garden Island Tunnel System]], the only [[tunnel warfare]] complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military [[fortification]] systems [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]] and [[Middle Head Fortifications]], which were part of a total [[Sydney Harbour defences|defence system for Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |title=Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |archive-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref> +Middle Ages -A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants{{Em dash}}mostly from Britain and continental Europe{{Em dash}}and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 91</ref> The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at [[Green Valley, New South Wales|Green Valley]] and [[Mount Druitt]]. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, [[Bankstown]] and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] became suburbs of the metropolis.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 93–94, 115–16</ref> Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–11</ref> +Westminster Abbey, as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings. +After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[51] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.[52] In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.[53] -An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her [[Royal visits to Australia|Australian Royal Tour]]. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2018 |title=The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live }}</ref> +In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster, although the royal treasury came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[54] With the Black Death in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population.[55] London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[56] -Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed [[green ban]]s on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011" /> The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect [[Jørn Utzon]] and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 184–86</ref> The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–12, 259–62</ref> From the 1980s, [[Immigration to Australia|overseas immigration]] grew rapidly, with [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |url-status=live }}</ref> +London was a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.[57] In 1264 during the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.[58] -==Geography== -{{Main|Geography of Sydney}} +Early modern -===Topography=== -[[File:Sydney, Australia by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]] where the ocean level has risen to flood deep [[ria]]s.]] -Sydney is a coastal basin with the [[Tasman Sea]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the [[Woronora Plateau]] to the south. +The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally. +During the Tudor period, the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism. Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.[59] In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up a main trading base (kontor) of England in London, called the Stalhof or Steelyard. It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway.[60] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries.[61] -Sydney spans two geographic regions. The [[Cumberland Plain]] lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The [[Hornsby Plateau]] is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. [[Beaches in Sydney|Seventy surf beaches]] can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous. +Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean was normally through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity.[62] The Royal Exchange was founded.[63] Mercantilism grew and monopoly traders such as the East India Company were founded as trade expanded to the New World. London became the main North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[59] -The [[Nepean River]] wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching [[Broken Bay]]. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The [[Parramatta River]] is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the [[Georges River]] and the [[Cooks River]] into Botany Bay. -There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers {{cvt|12369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and includes the local government areas of [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] in the north, [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] in the north-west, [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] in the west, [[Sutherland Shire]] in the south, and [[Wollondilly Shire|Wollondilly]] in the south-west.<ref name="AU Stats-2022">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government area of the [[City of Sydney]] covers about 26 square kilometres from [[Garden Island (New South Wales)|Garden island]] in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and [[Rosebery, New South Wales|Rosebery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Areas of Service |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |url-status=live }}</ref> +Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed. +In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark. Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down the theatres in the 1640s.[64] The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane, opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district.[65] -===Geology=== -[[File:South Head, Sydney Harbour.jpg|alt=|thumb|Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are [[Sydney sandstone]].]] -Sydney is made up of mostly [[Triassic]] rock with some recent [[igneous]] dykes and [[volcanic]] necks (typically found in the [[Prospect dolerite intrusion]], west of Sydney).<ref>[https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ Igneous intrusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ |date=1 November 2021 }} by the [[Australian Museum]]. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</ref> The [[Sydney Basin]] was formed in the early Triassic period.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has [[shale]] lenses and fossil riverbeds.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> +By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.[66] In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the City.[67] -The [[Sydney Basin]] bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as [[ria]]s were carved during the Triassic period in the [[Hawkesbury sandstone]] of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.<ref name="Sydney Basin">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |title=Sydney Basin |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such [[ria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Latta |first=David |date=2006 |url=http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |title=Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Sydney features two major soil types: [[Sand|sandy soil]]s (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and [[clay]] (which are from shales and [[volcanic rock]]s), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=7 November 2019 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |title=Soils for nature |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |url-status=live }}</ref> +In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.[68] The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[69] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.[70] -Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the [[Wianamatta shale]], a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large [[river delta]] during the [[Middle Triassic]]. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained [[sedimentary rock]]s such as shales, [[mudstone]]s, [[ironstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s and [[laminite]]s, with less common sandstone units.<ref name="basinguide">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Herbert |first2=Robin |last2=Helby |title=A Guide to the Sydney basin |edition=1 |publisher=Geological Survey of New South Wales |location=Maitland |year=1980 |isbn=0-7240-1250-8 |page=582}}</ref> The Wianamatta Group is made up of [[Bringelly Shale]], [[Minchinbury Sandstone]] and [[Ashfield Shale]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=William |first1=E |last2=Airey |first2=DW |title=A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales |journal=Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge |location=Barton, ACT |publisher=Australian Geomechanics Society |date=1999 |pages=641–647 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-date=14 August 2008 |isbn=1864450029}}</ref> -===Ecology=== -{{further|Ecology of Sydney}} -[[File:Western Sydney parklands 18.jpg|thumb|Typical [[grassland|grassy]] woodland in the Sydney metropolitan area]] -The most prevalent [[vegetation|plant communities]] in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. [[savanna]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |title=Coastal Valley Grassy Woodlands |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |url-status=live }}</ref> and some pockets of dry [[sclerophyll]] forests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrub/grass sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> which consist of [[eucalyptus]] trees, [[casuarina]]s, [[melaleuca]]s, [[corymbia]]s and [[angophora]]s, with shrubs (typically [[Acacia|wattles]], [[callistemon]]s, [[grevillea]]s and [[banksia]]s), and a semi-continuous grass in the [[understory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low [[soil fertility]]. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the [[Hills District, New South Wales|north]] and [[North Shore (Sydney)|northeast]]. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, [[tree ferns]] and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |title=Wet sclerophyll forests (grassy sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> +The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666. +London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[71] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[71] -The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the [[Cumberland Plain Woodland]] in [[Western Sydney]] ([[Cumberland Plain]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=Earth Resource Analysis PL |year=1998 |title=Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney |type=Unpublished report |work=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service – Sydney Zone }}</ref> followed by the [[Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest]] in the Inner West and [[Northern Sydney]],<ref name = environment>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf |date=12 September 2022 }} Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</ref> the [[Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub]] in the coastline and the [[Blue Gum High Forest]] scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.<ref name="Sydney Blue Gum High Forest of the Sydney Basin">{{cite web|title=Sydney Blue Gum High Forest|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|work=Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|archivedate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region|work=[[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2022|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also includes the [[Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland]] found in [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] on the [[Hornsby Plateau]] to the north.<ref name=ryde>{{cite web|title=''Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland''|work=Ryde Council|url=https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|accessdate=15 November 2018|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> +The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings.[72] Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by polymath Robert Hooke.[73] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed. During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London. In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century.[74] -Sydney is home to dozens of [[birds of Australia|bird]] species,<ref>Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. ''The Birds of Sydney'' (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales.</ref> which commonly include the [[Australian raven]], [[Australian magpie]], [[crested pigeon]], [[noisy miner]] and the [[pied currawong]]. [[Introduced species|Introduced]] bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the [[common myna]], [[common starling]], [[house sparrow]] and the [[spotted dove]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Finding Australian Birds |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |author1=Dolby, Tim |author2=Clarke, Rohan |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9780643097667 |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reptiles of Australia|Reptile]] species are also numerous and predominantly include [[skink]]s.<ref>Cogger, H.G. (2000). ''Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.'' Reed New Holland.</ref><ref>Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.</ref> Sydney has a few [[mammals of Australia|mammal]] and [[Spiders of Australia|spider]] species, such as the [[grey-headed flying fox]] and the [[Sydney funnel-web]], respectively,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem |publisher=North Queensland Register |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Whyte-2017">{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2017 |location=Clayton VIC}}</ref> and has a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]] inhabiting its harbour and beaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underwater Sydney |last1=Falkner |first1=Inke |last2=Turnbull |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781486311194 |location=Clayton South, Victoria}}</ref> +In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House, which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,[75] and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[76] Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday.[77] -===Climate=== -{{Main|Climate of Sydney|Severe weather events in Sydney}} -[[File:Sydney storm clouds.jpg|thumb|A summer storm passing over Sydney Harbour]] -Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger classification]], Sydney has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall |publisher=Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA) |quote=Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |title=Sydney holiday weather |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=bom2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |title=Sydney: Climate and water |publisher=[[ Bureau of Meteorology]] |date = April 2017|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |title=WEATHER IN SYDNEY |website=Australia.com |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=[[Tourism Australia]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to <!-- Please read the note after "cool" before changing it. -->"cool"<!-- The authoritative source supporting this specifically says "cool", not "mild". Do not change it without providing more sources supporting a change and note that "cool" must be retained. For more information, please see the talk page discussion. --> winters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games |work=Australian Government |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |archive-date=10 June 2008}}</ref> The [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[Southern Annular Mode]]<ref name= "ABC news">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |title=Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of |website=ABC News |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BOM71">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |title=Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: [[drought]] and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite [[Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia|phases of the oscillation in Australia]]. The weather is [[sea breeze|moderated]] by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs.<ref name="acn" /> +Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre.[78] -At Sydney's primary weather station at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]], extreme temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|45.8|C|1}} on 18 [[Angry Summer|January 2013]] to {{cvt|2.1|C|1}} on 22 June 1932.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill) |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Creagh |first=Sunanda |title=Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |work=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Media Group |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |url-status=live }}</ref> An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above {{cvt|30|C|0}} in the central business district (CBD).<ref name="acn">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.<ref>Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.</ref> The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] on 4 January 2020, where a high of {{cvt|48.9|C|F}} was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |title=Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|18.5|C|F}} in September to {{cvt|23.7|C|F}} in February.<ref>[https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm Sydney Sea Temperature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm |date=5 July 2017 }} – seatemperature.org</ref> Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and 109.5 clear days annually.<ref name="metdata">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991–2020 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the inland location, [[frost]] is recorded early in the morning in [[Western Sydney]] a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. ''Before King's Cross''</ref> +Late modern and contemporary +With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.[79][80] London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925, with a population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare).[81] In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as Harding, Howell & Co.—one of the first department stores—located on Pall Mall, the streets had scores of street sellers.[79] London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[82] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the London Underground, the world's first urban rail network.[83] The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.[84] -Sydney experiences an [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |title=Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=712 |year=2017 |first1=Mat |last1=Santamouris |first2=Shamila |last2=Haddad |first3=Francesco |last3=Fiorito |first4=Paul |last4=Osmond |first5=Lan |last5=Ding |first6=Deo |last6=Prasad |first7=Xiaoqiang |last7=Zhai |first8=Ruzhu |last8=Wang |doi=10.3390/su9050712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In late spring and summer, temperatures over {{cvt|35|C|0}} are not uncommon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=2 February 2013 |date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a [[southerly buster]],<ref>Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.</ref> a powerful southerly that brings [[gale]] winds and a rapid fall in temperature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582 |title="Southerly Buster" Relieves City. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 December 1953 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since Sydney is downwind of the [[Great Dividing Range]], it occasionally experiences dry, westerly [[Australian foehn winds|foehn winds]] typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).<ref>Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) ''Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology''.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) ''Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia''. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |title=BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through |work=ABC News |author=Bellinda Kontominas |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Westerly winds are intense when the [[Roaring Forties]] (or the [[Southern Annular Mode]]) shift towards southeastern Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |title=Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia |work=The Guardian |author=Helen Davidson |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> where they may damage homes and [[Flight cancellation and delay|affect flights]], in addition to [[apparent temperature|making the temperature]] seem [[wind chill|colder than it actually is]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|title=Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney|work=The Leader|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|title=BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home|work=ABC News|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|url-status=live}}</ref> +From the early years of the 20th century onwards, teashops were found on High Streets across London and the rest of Britain, with Lyons, who opened the first of their chain of teashops in Piccadilly in 1894, leading the way.[85] The tearooms, such as the Criterion in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement.[86] The city was the target of many attacks during the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral bombed.[87] -Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.<ref>[https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate |date=10 April 2021 }} by Bioregional Assessments from the [[Australian Government]]. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |title=Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones |website=ABC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney future: high temps, erratic rain |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,<ref name=bom2/> and lower in late winter to early spring.<ref name="ABC news"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196|title=The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited|first=Wasyl|last=Drosdowsky|date=2 August 2005|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=25|issue=10|pages=1291–1299|access-date=2 July 2022|doi=10.1002/joc.1196|bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1291D|s2cid=140198125|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="acn"/><ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson {{ISBN|0-207-18557-3}}</ref> In late autumn and winter, [[Australian east coast low|east coast lows]] may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.<ref name="BOMECL" >{{cite web |title=About East Coast Lows |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the warm season [[black nor'easter]]s are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of [[low-pressure area]]s, including remnants of [[Post-tropical cyclone|ex-cyclones]], may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763 |title=Black Nor-Easter. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 October 1911 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. ''Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.'' Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101</ref> Snowfall was last reported in 1836, though a fall of [[graupel]], or soft hail, in the [[North Shore (Sydney)|Upper North Shore]] was mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney winter not snow, just hail |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |quote=Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said. |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe [[2009 Australian dust storm|dust storm towards the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2009 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2010 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> -{{Sydney weatherbox|width=auto}} -==Regions== -{{main|Regions of Sydney}} -[[File:Satellite photo of the Greater Sydney Area at night.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney area at night, facing west. [[Wollongong]] is bottom left, and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] is at the far right.]] +British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I -The [[Greater Sydney Commission]] divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises ''Eastern Harbour City'', ''Central River City'' and ''Western Parkland City''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Cities Commission Act 2022 No 8|url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|access-date=29 June 2023|date=4 November 2022|website=legislation.nsw.gov.au|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |title=Greater Sydney GCCSA |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Data by Region |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> adding 330,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> +A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II +London was bombed by the Germans in the First World War, and during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.[88] The tomb of the Unknown Warrior, an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920.[89] The Cenotaph, located in Whitehall, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November.[90] -===Inner suburbs=== -[[File:Lord Nelson Hotel and Former Oswald Bond and Free Store on the corner of Kent Street and Argyle Place, Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Historical buildings in [[Millers Point]], an inner suburb north of the CBD]] -The CBD extends about {{cvt|3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} south from [[Sydney Cove]]. It is bordered by [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] within the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] to the east and [[Darling Harbour]] to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include [[Woolloomooloo]] and [[Potts Point]] to the east, [[Surry Hills]] and [[Darlinghurst]] to the south, [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] to the west, and [[Millers Point]] and [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney unprepared for terror attack |work=The Australian |date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2017 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98}}</ref> +The 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, while London was still recovering from the war.[91] From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[92] making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.[93] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke".[94] -Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]] and [[Circular Quay]] are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]], Darling Harbour, and [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. the [[Strand Arcade]], located between [[Pitt Street Mall]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], is a historical [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style]] shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322 |title=The Strand |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=16,858 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1892 |access-date=27 October 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Westfield Sydney]], located beneath the [[Sydney Tower]], is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=The largest shopping centres in Australia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |work=worldatlas.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> +Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street.[95] The role of trendsetter revived in the punk era.[96] In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.[97] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[98] These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with the Old Bailey bombing.[98] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.[99] -Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of [[gentrification]] amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of [[high density housing]], tourist accommodation, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority]]|date=2004 |url=http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |title=Ultimo and Pyrmont: a decade of renewal |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic [[Darlinghurst Gaol]], manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of [[prostitution]]. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |title=Business-friendly boost for Oxford St lane way |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dick |first=Tim |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |title=At the crossroads |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darlinghurst">{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=1970 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |title=Darlinghurst |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |url-status=live }}</ref> +Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.[100] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.[101] Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.[102] -[[Green Square, New South Wales|Green Square]] is a former industrial area of [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8&nbsp;billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |title=Green Square |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |date=2013 |url=http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |title=Discover Barangaroo |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] is known for its restored [[terraced house|terrace houses]], [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2012 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |title=Paddington |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |url-status=live }}</ref> +The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the Greater London Authority.[103] To mark the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed.[104] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, as the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times.[36] On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.[98] -=== Inner West === -[[File:Newtown NSW, Cnr King Street & Enmore Road, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]], one of the inner-most parts of the Inner West, is one of the most complete [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian era]] commercial precincts in Australia.]] -The [[Inner West]] generally includes the [[Inner West Council]], [[Municipality of Burwood]], [[Municipality of Strathfield]], and [[City of Canada Bay]]. These span up to about 11&nbsp;km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,<ref>Green, A, "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra Strathfield By-election – NSW Election 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''</ref> the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]] were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|title=Sydney's new prestige hotspot|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=10 June 2016|last1=McIntyre|first1=Tim|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).<ref name="top20">Sweeney, N., "[https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 |date=29 June 2023 }}", ''The Australian Financial Review''</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] is located in this area, as well as the [[University of Technology, Sydney]] and a campus of the [[Australian Catholic University]]. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects [[Rozelle]] to [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and the city, forming part of the [[Western Distributor (Sydney)|Western Distributor]]. +In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing them as the world's three most influential global cities.[105] In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939.[106] During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union, but most London constituencies voted for remaining.[107] However, Britain's exit from the EU in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre.[108] -The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,<ref>Boys, C., "[https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html Where is Sydney's new Little Italy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Good Food'', 22 April 2014</ref> "Little Portugal" in Petersham,<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html Tarting up Petersham with an ethnic flavour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 September 2002</ref> "Little Korea" in Strathfield<ref>Burke, K, [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html Little Korea ready to rise from "melting pot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 May 2012</ref> or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.<ref>West, A., "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html Business booms in 'little Shanghai'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html |date=18 July 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 18 June 2011</ref> Large-scale shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Burwood]], [[DFO Homebush]] and [[Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre]]. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on King Street in [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]]. +On 6 May 2023, the coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place at Westminster Abbey, London.[109] -The area is serviced by the [[North Shore & Western Line|T1]], [[Inner West & Leppington Line|T2]], and [[Bankstown Line|T3]] railway lines, including the [[Main Suburban railway line|Main Suburban Line]], which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. [[Strathfield railway station]] is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and [[Main North railway line, New South Wales|Northern]] lines. It was constructed in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|title=Strathfield Station|website=Nswrail.net|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|url-status=live}}</ref> The future [[Sydney Metro West]] will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the [[Parramatta River ferry services|Parramatta River services]] of [[Sydney Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |title=Rivercat Class – Transdev |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> numerous bus routes and cycleways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |title=Newtown |website=Marrickville.nsw.gov.au |language=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> +Administration +Local government +Main articles: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government -===Eastern suburbs=== -[[File:(1)Bellevue Hill from Point Piper.jpg|thumb|Residences in [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]]. Sydney's eastern suburbs are made up of some of the most expensive real estate in the country<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |url-status=live }}</ref>]] -The Eastern Suburbs encompass the [[Municipality of Woollahra]], the [[City of Randwick]], the [[Waverley Municipal Council]], and parts of the [[Bayside Council]]. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, [[Wolseley Road]], [[Point Piper]], had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |title=The 10 most expensive streets in the world |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |date=2011 |website=Business Insider |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the [[Division of Wentworth|Electoral District of Wentworth]] fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |title=Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage |date=6 April 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.<ref name="top20"/> +Arms of the Corporation of the City of London[110] +The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[111] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues.[112] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital.[113] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[114] -Major landmarks include [[Bondi Beach]], which was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2008;<ref>''Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 January 2009, p.18</ref> and [[Bondi Junction]], featuring a [[Westfield Bondi Junction|Westfield shopping centre]] and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |title=Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035 |publisher=NSW Department of Planning and Environment |date=August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as a [[Bondi Junction railway station|railway station]] on the [[Eastern Suburbs railway line|T4 Eastern Suburbs Line]]. The suburb of [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]] contains [[Randwick Racecourse]], the [[Royal Hospital for Women]], the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]], [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], and [[University of New South Wales|University of New South Wales Kensington Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |title=Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities |publisher=Greater Sydney Commission |date=March 2018 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> +The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[115] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, social services, local roads and refuse collection.[116] Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).[117] -Construction of the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] was completed in April 2020.<ref>[https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford |date=2 April 2020 }} Transport for NSW 3 April 2020</ref> The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East. +The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London, run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. It is the third largest fire service in the world.[118] National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world.[119] The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.[120] -Major shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Bondi Junction]] and [[Westfield Eastgardens]]. +National government -===Southern Sydney=== -[[File:Sydney aerial view - Kurnell, La Perouse, Cronulla and Botany Bay.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]], [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], and [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], along with various other suburbs, face Botany Bay.]] -The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government area]]s of the [[Georges River Council]] (collectively known as [[St George, New South Wales|St George]]) and the [[Sutherland Shire]] (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the [[Georges River]]. +10 Downing Street, official residence of the Prime Minister +London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall.[121] There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of December 2019, 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrats.[122] The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994 and as of 2020 is held by Paul Scully.[123] -The [[Cronulla dunes|Kurnell peninsula]], near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], a historic suburb named after the French navigator [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], is notable for its old military outpost at [[Bare Island (New South Wales)|Bare Island]] and the [[Botany Bay National Park]]. +Policing and crime +Main article: Crime in London +Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[124] The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police.[125] First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the custodian helmet has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement".[126] Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue police telephone box (basis for the TARDIS in Doctor Who) was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK.[127] -The suburb of [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]] in [[southern Sydney]] is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia {{ISBN|0-207-14495-8}}, page 149</ref> -===Northern Sydney=== -{{further|Northern Sydney}} -[[File:Aerial View Chatswood to Sydney CBD.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] is a major commercial district.]] -'[[Northern Sydney]]' may also include the suburbs in the [[Upper North Shore]], [[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]] and the [[Northern Beaches]]. +Headquarters of MI6, the UK's foreign intelligence service, at the SIS Building. Scenes featuring James Bond (the fictional MI6 agent) have been filmed here. +The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services.[128] The Ministry of Defence Police is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public.[129] The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service (MI5) is headquartered in Thames House on the north bank of the River Thames, and the foreign intelligence service (MI6) is headquartered in the SIS Building on the south bank.[130] -The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – [[Macquarie University]], [[Gladesville Bridge]], [[Ryde Bridge]], [[Macquarie Centre]] and Curzon Hall in [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. This area includes suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government areas]] of [[Hornsby Shire]], [[City of Ryde]], the [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill]] and parts of the [[City of Parramatta]]. +Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level.[131] In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.[132] Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved.[133] However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than other major cities around the world.[134] -The North Shore includes the commercial centres of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices. +Geography +Main article: Geography of London +Scope +London, also known as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined several ways.[135] -The Northern Beaches area includes [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also features [[Sydney Heads]], a series of [[headlands]] which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to [[Middle Harbour]] and north to the entrance of [[Broken Bay]]. The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most [[White people|white]] and [[mono-ethnic]] district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|title=National Regional Profile Northern Beaches Sydney|website=Rodis.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|url-status=live}}</ref> -As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling [[Hunters Hill]] and [[Woolwich, New South Wales|Woolwich]].<ref name="top20"/> +Satellite view of London in June 2018 +Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses.[136] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places.[137] -===Hills district=== -The [[Hills District, New South Wales|Hills district]] generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of [[The Hills Shire]], parts of the [[City of Parramatta Council]] and [[Hornsby Shire]]. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. [[Windsor Road|Windsor]] and [[Old Windsor Road]]s are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|title=Ozroads: Old Windsor Road & Windsor Road|website=Ozroads.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> +Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.[138] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London,[139] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W.[140] -===Western suburbs=== -{{further|Greater Western Sydney}} -[[File:Parramatta Skyline 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Parramatta]], a major commercial centre of [[Greater Western Sydney]], is often coined as Sydney's "second [[Central business district|CBD]]"]] -The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parramatta Chamber of Commerce |date=2014 |url=http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |title=Parramatta |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown]], Liverpool, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]], and [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]]. Covering {{cvt|5800|km2}} and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most [[minority majority|multicultural suburbs]] in the country. The population is predominantly of a [[working class]] background, with major employment in the [[heavy industries]] and [[vocational]] trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |title=Home – WSROC Region |publisher=Profile.id.com.au |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |url-status=live }}</ref> Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of [[Old Toongabbie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |title=Old Toongabbie and Toongabbie |last1=McClymont |first1=John |last2=Kass |first2=Terry |date=2010 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney Trust |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |url-status=live }}</ref> +Status +Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies.[141] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire.[142] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form.[note 5] -The western suburb of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]], in the [[City of Blacktown]], is home to [[Raging Waters Sydney|Raging Waters]], a [[water park]] operated by [[Parques Reunidos]].<ref name="ABC announcement">{{cite web |title=Water theme park planned for Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |work=ABC News |access-date=11 September 2010 |date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]], a botanical garden in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.<ref name="chahgovau">{{cite web |url=http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |title=Auburn Botanical Gardens |work=chah.gov.au |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The greater west also includes [[Sydney Olympic Park]], a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and [[Sydney Motorsport Park]], a [[Race track|circuit]] in [[Eastern Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |title=Visitor Information – How to Get Here |publisher=Sydney Motorsport Park | access-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere | archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> [[Prospect Hill (New South Wales)|Prospect Hill]], a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient [[volcanic activity]],<ref>Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 255–263.</ref> is also listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|title=State Heritage Inventory|date=22 October 2019|website=Heritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref> +Its status as a capital was established by constitutional convention, which means its status as de facto capital is a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation.[145] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.[146] -To the northwest, [[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], a zoo in [[Doonside]], near [[Blacktown]], is a major [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |title=Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award |date=23 November 2009 |author=O'Maley, Christine |work=Blacktown Advocate |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sydney Zoo]], opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in [[Bungaribee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |author=Boon, Maxim |title=New Sydney Zoo announces long-awaited opening date |work=TimeOut |location=Sydney, Australia |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1799, the [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]], a [[historic house museum]] and [[tourist spot]] in Parramatta, was included in the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 1 August 2007 and [[World Heritage List]] in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the [[Australian Convict Sites]]), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.<ref name="CourierMail01">{{cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |author1=Chalmers, Emma |author2=Martin, Saray |date=1 August 2010 |title=World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance |work=The Courier–Mail |location=Australia |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |title=National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta |first=Department of the Environment and |last=Energy |date=17 April 2018 |website=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> +Topography -Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. [[Macarthur Square]], a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.<ref>{{cite report |first=Peter |last=Degotardi |publisher=Herron Todd White Property Advisors |url=http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |title=The Month in Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 |date=1 February 2004}}</ref> The southwest also features [[Bankstown Reservoir]], the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in [[reinforced concrete]] that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|01316 |Bankstown Reservoir (Elevated) |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the [[Bland Oak]], which was planted in the 1840s by [[William Bland]] in [[Carramar, New South Wales|Carramar]].<ref name="mobbaymag">{{cite web |last=Boulous |first=Chris |title=Nothing Bland about our Oak tree |work=Fairfield City Champion |publisher=FAIRFAX REGIONAL MEDIA |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> +London from Primrose Hill +Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km2).[147] -==Urban structure== -{{wide image|Sydney City Panorama (20155327722).jpg|1100px|The [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] with the [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>|align-cap=center}} +Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a flood plain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.[148] -===Architecture=== -{{See also |Architecture of Sydney|List of heritage houses in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Sydney}} -The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |title=Australia's World Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |title=Australia's National Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |title=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |url-status=live }}</ref> -[[File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[York Street, Sydney|York Street]] is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.]] -In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named [[Francis Greenway]] to design [[Macquarie Lighthouse]].<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |title=Macquarie Lighthouse |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lighthouse's [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.<ref name="Macquarie Lightstation">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Harbour Federation Trust |date=2001 |url=http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-date=9 February 2006 |title=Macquarie Lightstation |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Greenway went on to design the [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in 1819 and the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style [[St James' Church, Sydney|St James's Church]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |year=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park Barracks |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Stephen |last2=Cable |first2=Kenneth |year=2000 |title=Sydney Anglicans – a history of the diocese |page=12}}</ref> [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-inspired architecture]] became more popular from the 1830s. [[John Verge]]'s [[Elizabeth Bay House]] and [[St Philip's Church, Sydney|St Philip's Church]] of 1856 were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style along with [[Edward Blore]]'s [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] of 1845.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Architecture |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |title=Chronology of styles in Australian architecture |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet |date=2014 |url=http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/ |title=Government House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes not music to purists' ears |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are rare examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic]] construction.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |title=Kirribilli House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |url-status=live }}</ref> -[[File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]]]] -From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. [[Mortimer Lewis]] designed the [[Australian Museum]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |publisher=Australia Museum |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/ |archive-date=22 August 2020 |date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]], completed in 1891 in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian Free Classical]] style, was designed by [[James Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |title=General Post Office |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse"/><ref name="Macquarie Lightstation"/> [[Customs House, Sydney|Customs House]] was built in 1844.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |title=Sydney Customs House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The neo-Classical and [[Second Empire architecture|French Second Empire]] style [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] was completed in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |title=Construction of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |title=Features of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] designs gained favour from the early 1890s. [[Sydney Technical College]] was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] approaches.<ref name="Sydney Technical College">{{cite web |last=Freyne |first=Catherine |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |title=Sydney Technical College |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Queen Victoria Building]] was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by [[George McRae]]; completed in 1898,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queen Victoria Building |date=2014 |url=http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |title=History of Queen Victoria Building |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |url-status=live }}</ref> it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |title=Queen Victoria Building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |url-status=live }}</ref> +Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[149] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of post-glacial rebound.[150] -As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at {{cvt|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |work=Sydney Architecture Images |title=Commercial Travellers Club |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.<ref name="Sydney architecture">{{cite book |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul}}</ref> +Climate +Main article: Climate of London +London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893.[151] The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm).[152] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600 mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City.[153] Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0 mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to climate change, and there is concern among hydrological experts that households may run out of water before 2050.[154] -The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the {{cvt|503|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} between Milsons Point and [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]].<ref name="Sydney Harbour Bridge">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |url-status=live }}</ref> -[[File:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]]]] -[[Modern architecture|Modern]] and [[International architecture]] came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. [[Jørn Utzon]] was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.<ref name="Sydney Opera House">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |title=Sydney Opera House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect [[Frank Gehry]], the [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]] (2015). An entrance from [[The Goods Line]]–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site. +Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.[155][156] Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020.[157] -Contemporary buildings in the CBD include [[Citigroup Centre, Sydney|Citigroup Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Citigroup Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Aurora Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Aurora Place |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Chifley Tower]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chifley Tower |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |title=Chifley Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] building,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |title=Reserve Bank |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Deutsche Bank Place |access-date=20 July 2004}}</ref> [[MLC Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=MLC Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Capita Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Castlereagh Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> The tallest structure is [[Sydney Tower]], designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |title=Centrepoint Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the proximity of [[Sydney Airport]], a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |date=25 February 2020 |website=Abc.net.au |language=en-AU |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green ban]]s and [[heritage overlay]]s have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocked: Demolished Sydney |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |work=SydneyLivingMuseums.com.au |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> +Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the 2003 European heat wave, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths.[158] A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths.[159] A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard.[160] Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.[161] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893.[162] -===Housing=== -[[File:Kirribilli housing.jpg|thumb|[[Terrace houses in Australia|Terraces]] in [[Kirribilli, New South Wales|Kirribilli]]]] -Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York |work=[[Business Insider]] (Australia) |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |title=How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities |work=[[Domain Group]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |title=Australia's house prices are now in free fall |date=15 August 2019 |author=C. Delmendo, Lalaine |website=globalpropertyguide.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |url-status=live }}</ref> It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |title=Sydney Housing Ratio 14 Times Annual Pre-Tax Salary |year=2017 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> +Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[163] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.[164] -There were 1.76&nbsp;million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats">{{Cite web |title=2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst [[terrace houses]] are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="Housing Sydney">{{cite web |last=Darcy |first=Michael |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |title=Housing Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Public housing in Sydney is managed by the [[Government of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Housing New South Wales |date=2012 |url=http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |title=Services offered |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include [[Claymore, New South Wales|Claymore]], [[Macquarie Fields, New South Wales|Macquarie Fields]], [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]], and [[Mount Druitt, New South Wales|Mount Druitt]]. +vte +Climate data for London (LHR),[a] elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1991–2020 normals +Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year +Record high °C (°F) 17.2 +(63.0) 21.2 +(70.2) 24.5 +(76.1) 29.4 +(84.9) 32.8 +(91.0) 35.6 +(96.1) 40.2 +(104.4) 38.1 +(100.6) 35.0 +(95.0) 29.5 +(85.1) 21.1 +(70.0) 17.4 +(63.3) 40.2 +(104.4) +Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4 +(47.1) 9.0 +(48.2) 11.7 +(53.1) 15.0 +(59.0) 18.4 +(65.1) 21.6 +(70.9) 23.9 +(75.0) 23.4 +(74.1) 20.2 +(68.4) 15.8 +(60.4) 11.5 +(52.7) 8.8 +(47.8) 15.7 +(60.3) +Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6 +(42.1) 5.8 +(42.4) 7.9 +(46.2) 10.5 +(50.9) 13.7 +(56.7) 16.8 +(62.2) 19.0 +(66.2) 18.7 +(65.7) 15.9 +(60.6) 12.3 +(54.1) 8.4 +(47.1) 5.9 +(42.6) 11.7 +(53.1) +Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7 +(36.9) 2.7 +(36.9) 4.1 +(39.4) 6.0 +(42.8) 9.1 +(48.4) 12.0 +(53.6) 14.2 +(57.6) 14.1 +(57.4) 11.6 +(52.9) 8.8 +(47.8) 5.3 +(41.5) 3.1 +(37.6) 7.8 +(46.0) +Record low °C (°F) −16.1 +(3.0) −13.9 +(7.0) −8.9 +(16.0) −5.6 +(21.9) −3.1 +(26.4) −0.6 +(30.9) 3.9 +(39.0) 2.1 +(35.8) 1.4 +(34.5) −5.5 +(22.1) −7.1 +(19.2) −17.4 +(0.7) −17.4 +(0.7) +Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.8 +(2.31) 45.0 +(1.77) 38.8 +(1.53) 42.3 +(1.67) 45.9 +(1.81) 47.3 +(1.86) 45.8 +(1.80) 52.8 +(2.08) 49.6 +(1.95) 65.1 +(2.56) 66.6 +(2.62) 57.1 +(2.25) 615.0 +(24.21) +Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 10.8 11.2 10.8 111.7 +Average snowy days 6.8 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.3 16 +Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 70 65 67 65 65 69 73 78 81 81 73 +Average dew point °C (°F) 3 +(37) 2 +(36) 2 +(36) 4 +(39) 7 +(45) 10 +(50) 12 +(54) 12 +(54) 10 +(50) 9 +(48) 6 +(43) 3 +(37) 7 +(44) +Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 78.8 124.5 176.7 207.5 208.4 217.8 202.1 157.1 115.2 70.7 55.0 1,674.8 +Percent possible sunshine 23 28 31 40 41 41 42 45 40 35 27 21 35 +Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3 +Source 1: Met Office[165][166][167] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[168][169] +Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)[170] CEDA Archive[171] TORRO[172] Time and Date[173] +See Climate of London for additional climate information. -A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain–many of which have been the subject of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Irving |first2=Terrence H. |last2=Irving |first3=Rowan J. |last3=Cahill |title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes |year=2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=9781742230931 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $2.2 million above reserve |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=10 December 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=This $13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=15 April 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Kimmorley |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> + Averages are taken from Heathrow, and extremes are taken from stations across London. -[[Federation architecture|Federation]] homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in suburbs such as [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]], [[Turramurra]], and in [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]]. Workers cottages are found in Surry Hills, [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], and Balmain. [[California bungalow]]s are common in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], and [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as [[Stanhope Gardens]], [[Kellyville Ridge]], [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]] to the northwest, [[Bossley Park]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], and [[Cecil Hills]] to the west, and [[Hoxton Park]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], and [[Oran Park, New South Wales|Oran Park]] to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Charles Sturt University |date=2014 |url=http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |title=Sydney's culture of place |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> +Areas +Main articles: List of areas of London and London boroughs +Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley, and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.[174] -===Parks and open spaces=== -{{Main|Parks in Sydney}}The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]]. -The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |website=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |title=Major parks |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks within the city centre include [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and Prince Alfred Park. -[[File:Centennial_Park_NSW_2021,_Australia_-_panoramio_(7).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CPMPT cp">{{cite web |title=Centennial Park |url=http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |work=Centennial Parklands |publisher=Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust }}</ref>]] -The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}. +The West End theatre district in 2016 +Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965, Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[175] The City of London is the main financial district,[176] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east. -The inner suburbs include [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]] and [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]] in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain [[Sydney Park]] and Royal National Park in the south, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] in the north, and [[Western Sydney Parklands]] in the west, which is [[List of urban parks by size|one of the largest urban parks]] in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with {{cvt|13200|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} is the second oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |title=Royal National Park |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |url-status=live }}</ref> -[[File:Sídney_08.jpg|thumb|The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<ref>"[http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html ANZAC Memorial, Sydney] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html|date=9 May 2015}}", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998.</ref>]] -Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.<ref name=MP>{{cite web |title=Hyde Park: Plan of Management and Masterplan |volume=1 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Sydney City Council |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |pages=7–11 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of {{cvt|15400|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park history |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park heritage |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> +The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[177] West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[178] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London.[179][180] -The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |title=Royal Botanic Gardens history |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history" /> The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |title=Royal Botanic Gardens |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |url-status=live }}</ref> The two parks have a total area of {{cvt|64|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5&nbsp;million annual visits.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |title=Royal Botanic Gardens fast facts |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> +The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.[181] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.[181] -To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures {{cvt|16.2|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2006 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |title=Hyde Park plan of management and masterplan |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location was used for both relaxation and [[grazing]] of animals from the earliest days of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]]. +Architecture +Main articles: Architecture of London, List of tallest buildings and structures in London, and List of demolished buildings and structures in London -==Economy== -{{Main|Economy of Sydney}} -[[File:Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]]. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centres of the World: Sydney, Australia |url=http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Ecdconference.org |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]] -Researchers from [[Loughborough University]] have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2012 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2014 |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |title=The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=CityLab |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index">{{cite web |publisher=AT Kearney |date=2014 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |title=2014 Global Cities Index |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial hubs.<ref name="Economic powerhouse">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |title=Economic powerhouse |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economic profile">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |title=Economic profile |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> +The Tower of London, a medieval castle, dating in part to 1078 +London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace.[182] -The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was [[mercantilism]], as it was throughout most of [[Western Europe]].<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |title=Economy |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created [[holey dollar|two coins]] from every [[Spanish dollar|Spanish silver dollar]] in circulation.<ref name="Economy"/> The economy was [[capitalism|capitalist]] in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the [[East India Company]] were curtailed.<ref name="Economy"/> +Part of the varied architectural heritage are the 17th-century churches by Christopher Wren, neoclassical financial institutions such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to the early 20th century Old Bailey courthouse and the 1960s Barbican Estate. The 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington.[183] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area and Canary Wharf, high residential densities in inner London, and lower densities in Outer London. -Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.<ref name="Economy"/> Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. [[Protectionism|Protectionist]] policies after [[federation of Australia|federation]] allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.<ref name="Economy"/> These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.<ref name="Economy"/> From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.<ref name="Economy"/> -Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9&nbsp;billion and AU$80,000 per capita<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |title=GDP report: Economic Performance of Australia's Cities and Regions |website=sgsep.com.au |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2015.<ref name="Australian cities accounts"/><ref name="Economic profile"/> Its gross domestic product was AU$337&nbsp;billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.<ref name="Australian cities accounts">{{cite web |publisher=SGS Economics and Planning |date=2014 |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |title=Australian cities accounts |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |title=Creative and digital |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |title=NSW dominates creative industries: report |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> +The east wing public façade of Buckingham Palace was built between 1847 and 1850; it was remodelled to its present form in 1913. -===Businesses=== -There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Regional Development Australia |date=2010 |url=http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |title=Economic profile |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Business Foundation |date=2009 |url=http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |title=Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |date=2000 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |title=Multinational companies regional headquarters |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |url-status=dead}}</ref> +Trafalgar Square and its fountains, with Nelson's Column on the right +The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column (built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson) is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick, commonly the yellow London stock brick.[184] -===Domestic economics=== -[[File:Pitt Street Mall, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pitt Street]], a major street in the [[Sydney central business district|CBD]], runs from [[Circular Quay]] in the north to [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.<ref>City of Sydney, [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp Street Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp |date=12 January 2013 }} 22 May 2009</ref>]] -Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.<ref name="Prices and earnings">{{cite web |publisher=UBS |date=2012 |url=http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |title=Prices and earnings |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> +In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe (dubbed "The Gherkin"), Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings.[185] This protective policy, known as 'St Paul's Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937.[185] Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London, including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom and Western Europe.[186] -The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |title=Employment status, Greater Sydney |work=ID: The Population Experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |title=Employment status |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=2011 Census Community Profiles |date=28 March 2013 |format=xls |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |title=Industry sector of employment |date=2016 |publisher=City of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> +Other notable modern buildings include The Scalpel, 20 Fenchurch Street (dubbed "The Walkie-Talkie"), the former City Hall in Southwark, the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. The BT Tower stands at 620 feet (189 m) and has a 360 degree coloured LED screen near the top. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena.[187] -In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |title=Individual income {{!}} Greater Sydney {{!}} profile.id |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> -Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.<ref name="Economic profile"/><ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |title=The daily exodus from western Sydney |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.<ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney"/> +The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the background; seen in September 2014 +Natural history +The London Natural History Society suggests that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 per cent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish.[188] They state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two national nature reserves and 76 local nature reserves.[189] -Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.<ref name="Housing Sydney"/> Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Peter |last2=Chung |first2=Demi |date=2004 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |title=Housing prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |publisher=Macquarie University |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2014 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |title=Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref> The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=RP Data |date=2014 |url=http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |title=Home value index results |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebecca |first=Thistleton |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |title=Housing land: so scarce so expensive |work=Australian Financial Review |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |url-status=live }}</ref> 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> +Amphibians are common in the capital, including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern, and common frogs, common toads, palmate newts and great crested newts. On the other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, barred grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London.[190] -===Financial services=== -[[File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Martin Place.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[State Savings Bank building|State Savings Bank]]]] -Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the [[Bank of New South Wales]].<ref name="Australia's banking history">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1998 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |title=Australia's banking history |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> -The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as [[Westpac]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |title=Bank of New South Wales |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], also based in Sydney.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6&nbsp;trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ASX |date=2014 |url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |title=History |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> +A fox on Ayres Street, Southwark, South London +Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 red foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (6 per square kilometre) of London. Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehog, brown rat, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and grey squirrel.[191] In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found, including European hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to red fox, grey squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.[192] Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, Nathusius' and common pipistrelles, common noctule, serotine, barbastelle, Daubenton's, brown long-eared, Natterer's and Leisler's.[193] -The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/> Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial centre.<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story"/><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Lisa |date=2005 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |title=Sydney's niche in global finance |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2017 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21 |date=March 2017 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> +Herds of red and fallow deer roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained.[194] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces.[195] -In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the [[People's Bank of China]], [[Bank of America]], [[Citigroup]], [[UBS]], [[Mizuho Bank]], [[Bank of China]], [[Banco Santander]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[Standard Chartered]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], [[HSBC]], [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Barclays]], [[Royal Bank of Canada]], [[Société Générale]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Mitsui]], [[ING Group]], [[BNP Paribas]], and [[Investec]].<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/><ref name="Australia's banking history"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Trade and Investment |date=2014 |url=http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |title=Financial services |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Prudential Regulation Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx |title=List of authorised deposit-taking institutions |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> +Demography +Main article: Demographics of London +2021 census - population of London by country of birth[196] +Country of birth Population Percent + United Kingdom 5,223,986 59.4 +Non-United Kingdom 3,575,739 40.6 + India 322,644 3.7 + Romania 175,991 2.0 + Poland 149,397 1.7 + Bangladesh 138,895 1.6 + Pakistan 129,774 1.5 + Italy 126,059 1.4 + Nigeria 117,145 1.3 + Ireland 96,566 1.1 + Sri Lanka 80,379 0.9 + France 77,715 0.9 +Others 2,161,174 24.6 +Total 8,799,725 100.0 -===Manufacturing=== -{{Main|Manufacturing in Australia}} -Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.<ref name="Sydney">{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |title=Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><ref name="Sydney"/> Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.<ref name="Sydney"/> Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a manufacturing output of $21.7&nbsp;billion in 2013.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high [[Australian dollar]] of the early 2010s.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne"/> The ''Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate'' in [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Sydney]] is the largest [[industrial estate]] in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.<ref>[https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99 Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone] by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015</ref> +Population density map +London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011,[31] while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 12–14 million, depending on the definition used.[197] According to Eurostat, London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000 immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001.[198] -===Tourism and international education=== -{{Main|Tourism in Sydney}} -[[File:2021-04-30 Darling Harbour panorama (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darling Harbour]] is a major entertainment and tourism precinct. ]] -Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |work=CEO World |title=These Are The World's Most Visited Cities Among International Travelers, 2019 |last=Ireland |first=Sophie |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has hosted over 2.8&nbsp;million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59&nbsp;million nights in the city and a total of $5.9&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Our global city"/> The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.<ref name="Travel to Sydney">{{cite web |publisher=Destination New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |title=Travel to Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> +The region covers 610 square miles (1,579 km2), giving a population density of 13,410 inhabitants per square mile (5,177/km2)[147] more than ten times that of any other British region.[199] In population terms, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region.[200] -The city also received 8.3&nbsp;million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Travel to Sydney" /> 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2013 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |title=Tourism |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.<ref name="Tourism" /> On average, the tourism industry contributes $36&nbsp;million to the city's economy per day.<ref name="Tourism" /> +In tenure, 23.1% socially rent within London, 46.8% either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30% privately rent at the 2021 census.[201] Many Londoner's work from home, 42.9% did so at the 2021 census while 20.6% drive a car to work. The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground, declining from 22.6% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2021.[202] In qualifications, 46.7% of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher, which is predominately university degrees. 16.2% had no qualifications at all.[203] -Popular destinations include the [[Sydney Opera House]], the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [[Watsons Bay]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], [[Sydney Tower]], [[Darling Harbour]], the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]], the [[Australian Museum]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium]], [[Taronga Zoo]], [[Bondi Beach]], [[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]] and [[Sydney Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Justine |last2=White |first2=Richard |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism |title=Tourism |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> +Age structure and median age +London's median age is one of the youngest regions in the UK. It was recorded in 2018 that London's residents were 36.5 years old, which was younger than the UK median of 40.3.[204] -Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a [[Crown Sydney|casino and hotel]] at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of [[Darling Harbour#Redevelopment|East Darling Harbour]], which involves a new [[International Convention Centre Sydney|exhibition and convention centre]], now Australia's largest.<ref>{{cite news |title=For the good of Sydney, back this plan |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barangaroo timeline |url=http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beabeats.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |title=BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> +Children younger than 14 constituted 20.6% of the population in Outer London in 2018, and 18% in Inner London. The 15–24 age group was 11.1% in Outer and 10.2% in Inner London, those aged 25–44 years 30.6% in Outer London and 39.7% in Inner London, those aged 45–64 years 24% and 20.7% in Outer and Inner London respectively. Those aged 65 and over are 13.6% in Outer London, but only 9.3% in Inner London.[204] -Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its [[TAFE NSW|vocational]] and English language schools.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html |title=Sydney named top destination in the world for international students |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> International education contributes $1.6&nbsp;billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |title=International education |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref> +Country of birth +The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were foreign-born,[205] making it among the cities with the largest immigrant population in terms of absolute numbers and a growth of roughly 3 million since 1971 when the foreign born population was 668,373.[206] 13% of the total population were Asian born (32.1% of the total foreign born population), 7.1% are African born (17.5%), 15.5% are Other European born (38.2%) and 4.2% were born in the Americas and Caribbean (10.3%).[207] The 5 largest single countries of origin were respectively India, Romania, Poland, Bangladesh and Pakistan.[207] -===Housing affordability=== -In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,<ref>http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf</ref> with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022 | title=Sydney median house price hits record | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html | title=The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis | date=January 2024 }}</ref> +About 56.8% of children born in London in 2021 were born to a mother who was born abroad.[208] This trend has been increasing in the past two decades when foreign born mothers made up 43.3% of births in 2001 in London, becoming the majority in the middle of the 2000s by 2006 comprising 52.5%.[208] -==Demographics== -{{Main|Demographics of Sydney}} -[[File:Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinese New Year]] celebrations in [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]]. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of [[Chinese Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Archived copy |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=20 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]] -The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |last=Jupp |first=James |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration |title=Immigration |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.<ref name="Australian historical population statistics">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2006 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2006 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.{{r|ABSGCCSA}} The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9&nbsp;million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0 |title=Population projections, Australia, 2012 to 2101 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Shane |last2=Sakkal |first2=Paul |date=27 March 2019 |title=Booming Melbourne to become nation's largest city by 2026 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12 |title=Regional population growth, Australia, 2011 to 2012 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Conal |title=The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed |url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> +A large degree of the foreign born population who were present at the 2021 census had arrived relatively recently. Of the total population, those that arrived between the years of 2011 and 2021 account for 16.6% of London.[209] Those who arrived between 2001 and 2010 are 10.4%, between 1991 and 2001, 5.7%, and prior to 1990, 7.3%.[209] -The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> +Ethnic groups +Main article: Ethnic groups in London +Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2021 Census +White +White (53.8%) +Asian +Asian (20.8%) +Black +Black (13.5%) +According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2021 census, 53.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 36.8% White British, 1.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 0.4 Roma and 14.7% classified as Other White.[210] Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descents and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 3.3% and 3.7% respectively. Chinese people accounted for 1.7%, and Arabs for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian".[210] 15.9% of London's population were of Black or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. Black Africans accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as Black Caribbean, and 1.7% as "Other Black". 5.7% were of mixed race.[210] This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[211][212] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[213] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[214] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[215] of since fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[214] -===Ancestry and immigration=== -{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" -|+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD|title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> -! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}}!! Population -|- -| [[Australia]] ||2,970,737 -|- -| [[Mainland China]] ||238,316 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --> -|- -| [[India]]||187,810 -|- -| [[England]] ||153,052 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --> -|- -| [[Vietnam]]||93,778 -|- -| [[Philippines]]||91,339 -|- -| New Zealand ||85,493 -|- -| Lebanon ||61,620 -|- -| Nepal ||59,055 -|- -| Iraq ||52,604 -|- -| South Korea ||50,702 -|- -| Hong Kong SAR ||46,182 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --> -|- -| South Africa ||39,564 -|- -| Italy ||38,762 -|- -| Indonesia ||35,413 -|- -| Malaysia ||35,002 -|- -| Fiji ||34,197 -|- -| Pakistan ||31,025 -|} -Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were [[British Australian|British]], [[Irish Australian|Irish]] or [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]]. At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:<ref name="auto"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. --> -{{columns-list|colwidth=12em| -* [[English Australians|English]] (21.8%) -* [[Australians|Australian]] (20.4%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au|date=January 1995}}</ref>}} -* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (11.6%) -* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.2%) -* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (5.6%) -* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (4.9%) -* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (4.3%) -* [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (3.5%) -* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (2.7%) -* [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (2.6%) -* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (2.5%) -* [[German Australians|German]] (2.2%) -* [[Korean Australians|Korean]] (1.4%) -* [[Nepalese Australians|Nepalese]] (1.4%) -* [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.4%){{refn|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}} -* [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.1%) -}} +As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[216] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[217] -At the 2021 census, 40.5%<!-- This is correct. Australian born minus total persons doesn't equal overseas born, as 5% didn't state their place of birth. --> of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are [[Mainland China]], [[India]], [[England]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="auto" /> +Languages +In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that more than 300 languages were spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities had populations of more than 10,000.[218] At the 2021 census, 78.4% spoke English as their first language.[219] The 5 biggest languages outside of English were Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Bengali and Portuguese.[219] -At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref> +Religion +Main article: Religion in London +See also: List of churches in London +Religion in London (2021)[220] -===Language=== -42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] (5%), [[Arabic]] (4.2%), [[Cantonese]] (2.8%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (2.2%) and [[Hindi]] (1.5%).<ref name="auto1"/> + Christianity (40.66%) + Not religious (27.05%) + Islam (14.99%) + Undeclared (7.00%) + Hinduism (5.15%) + Judaism (1.65%) + Sikhism (1.64%) + Buddhism (0.99%) + Other religion (0.88%) +According to the 2021 Census, the largest religious groupings were Christians (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), Muslims (15%), no response (8.5%), Hindus (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), Sikhs (1.64%), Buddhists (1.0%) and other (0.8%).[220][221] -===Religion=== -[[File:St Mary's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] is the [[cathedral]] church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney]].]] -In 2021, [[Christianity]] was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 23.1% and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (6.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.8%), [[Buddhism]] (3.8%), [[Sikhism]] (0.7%), and [[Judaism]] (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name="auto"/> +London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[222] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[223] -The [[Church of England]] was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.<ref name="O'Brien-2013">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp. 419–20</ref> Macquarie also ordered the construction of [[Church (building)|churches]] such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Hilary |date=2008 |title=Religion |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref> -===Crime=== -{{Main|Crime in Sydney}} -Crime in Sydney is low, with ''[[The Independent]]'' ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries |url=https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=UniSA |language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of [[Sydney lockout laws|lockout laws]] in February 2014,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |first=Barry |last=O'Farrell |author-link=Barry O'Farrell |date=5 February 2014 |title=Lockout to commence from 24 February |publisher=NSW Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296 |title=Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted |date=14 January 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> +St Paul's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London -==Culture== -{{Main|Culture of Sydney}} +The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the second-largest Hindu temple in England and Europe. +Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[224] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[225] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[226] -===Science, art, and history=== -[[File:Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], located in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]], is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia.]] -[[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] is rich in [[Indigenous Australian]] heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of [[Aboriginal rock art]] – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include [[petroglyph]]s, art sites, [[burial site]]s, [[cave]]s, marriage areas, birthing areas, [[midden]] sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the [[Kuringgai|Garigal]] people.<ref name="abhe">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Aboriginal heritage |work=Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> Other [[Sydney Rock Art|rock art sites]] exist in the Sydney region, such as in [[Terrey Hills]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.<ref>Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A." ''J. R. Anthropol. Inst.'', 44, 195–211.</ref> -[[File:Public Library of New South Wales (30670032690).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia.]] -The [[Australian Museum]] opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |title=Australian Museum |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the [[Museum of Sydney]] opened on the site of the first [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. It recounts the story of the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellmoos |first1=Laila |last2=Walden |first2=Inara |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney |title=Museum of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Powerhouse Museum]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Powerhouse Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |title=About the Powerhouse Museum |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |title=Our Museum: history and vision |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> +Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[227] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[228][229][230] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[231] -The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the [[Australian Subscription Library]] in 1826.<ref name="History1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html |title=History of the Library <nowiki>|</nowiki> State Library of New South Wales | access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> The [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in [[Darlington, New South Wales|Darlington]] owned by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyler |first=Peter |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales |title=Royal Society of New South Wales |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Observatory]] building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building |title=Sydney Observatory building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> +Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[232] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[233] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[234] -The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was opened in 1991 and occupies an [[Art Deco]] building in [[Circular Quay]]. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art |title=Museum of Contemporary Art |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's other significant art institution is the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] which coordinates the [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery [[Artspace Visual Arts Centre|Artspace]], housed in the historic [[The Gunnery, Woolloomooloo|Gunnery Building]] in [[Woolloomooloo]], fronting [[Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSW Department of Customer Service |first=Transport for NSW |date=2023-04-28 |title=Artspace Sydney {{!}} NSW Government |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.nsw.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> +The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe to have held regular services continually for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[235] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[236] -===Entertainment=== -[[File:Atrium of State Theatre IMG 4687a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] on [[Market Street, Sydney|Market Street]] was opened in 1929.]] +Accents -Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPherson |first=Ailsa |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre |title=Theatre |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Prominent theatres in the city today include [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], [[Sydney Theatre]], [[The Wharf Theatre]], and [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]]. [[Sydney Theatre Company]] maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as [[David Williamson]], [[Hugo Weaving]], and [[Geoffrey Rush]]. The city's other prominent theatre companies are [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre]], [[Belvoir (theatre company)|Belvoir]], and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. Sydney is also home to [[Event Cinemas]]' first theatre, which opened on [[George St, Sydney|George St]] in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations. +Traditionally, anyone born within earshot of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church was considered to be a true Cockney.[237] +Cockney is an accent heard across London, mainly spoken by working-class and lower-middle class Londoners. It is mainly attributed to the East End and wider East London, having originated there in the 18th century, although it has been suggested that the Cockney style of speech is much older.[238] Some features of Cockney include, Th-fronting (pronouncing "th" as "f"), "th" inside a word is pronounced with a "v", H-dropping, and, like most English accents, a Cockney accent drops the "r" after a vowel.[239] John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, makes reference to Cockney "use of a peculiar slang language" (Cockney rhyming slang) when describing the costermongers of the East End. Since the start of the 21st century the extreme form of the Cockney dialect is less common in parts of the East End itself, with modern strongholds including other parts of London and suburbs in the home counties.[240] This is particularly pronounced in areas like Romford (in the London Borough of Havering) and Southend (in Essex) which have received significant inflows of older East End residents in recent decades.[241] -The Sydney Opera House is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and [[Sydney Symphony]]. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100&nbsp;million visitors since opening in 1973.<ref name="Sydney Opera House"/> Two other important performance venues in Sydney are [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] and the [[City Recital Hall]]. The [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]] is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual [[Australian Music Examinations Board]] exams.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Conservatorium of Music |date=2014 |url=http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/ |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> +Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation.[242] It is widely spoken by people of all classes.[243] -[[File:Interior of Sydney Opera House Concert Hall during performance.jpg|thumb|A concert at the [[Sydney Opera House]]]] +Multicultural London English (MLE) is a multiethnolect becoming increasingly common in multicultural areas amongst young, working-class people from diverse backgrounds. It is a fusion of an array of ethnic accents, in particular Afro-Caribbean and South Asian, with a significant Cockney influence.[244] -Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the [[Sydney Writers Walk]] at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Victor |title=Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history |year=2003 |publisher=Rural Press |location=North Richmond |pages=3–5 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf}}</ref> Watkin Tench's ''A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay'' (1789) and ''A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales'' (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature |title=The Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably [[William Lane]]'s ''The Working Man's Paradise'' (1892), [[Christina Stead]]'s ''[[Seven Poor Men of Sydney]]'' (1934) and [[Ruth Park]]'s ''[[The Harp in the South]]'' (1948).<ref name="RuthPark">{{Cite news |last=Maunder |first=Patricia |title=Novelist shone a light on slums |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 December 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The first Australian-born female novelist, [[Louisa Atkinson]], set several novels in Sydney.<ref>Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35.</ref> Contemporary writers, such as [[Elizabeth Harrower (writer)|Elizabeth Harrower]], were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel ''[[Down in the City]]'' (1957) was mostly set in a [[King's Cross, New South Wales|King's Cross]] apartment.<ref name="Harrower">{{cite magazine |title=Rediscovering Elizabeth Harrower |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Text Publishing – Down in the City |url=https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |isbn=9781922147042 |last1=Harrower |first1=Elizabeth|publisher=Text Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Down in the City by Elizabeth Harrower |work=Readings.com.au |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |url=https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower}}</ref> Well known contemporary novels set in the city include [[Melina Marchetta]]'s ''[[Looking for Alibrandi (novel)|Looking for Alibrandi]]'' (1992), [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]'s ''30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account'' (1999), [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Diary of a Bad Year]]'' (2007) and [[Kate Grenville]]'s ''[[The Secret River]]'' (2010). The [[Sydney Writers' Festival]] is held annually between April and May.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/ |work=Sydney Writers' Festival (SWF) Official Site |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> +Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard for British English.[245] It has no specific geographical correlate,[246] although it is also traditionally defined as the standard speech used in London and south-eastern England.[247] It is mainly spoken by upper-class and upper-middle class Londoners.[248] -Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balint |first1=Ruth |last2=Dolgopolov |first2=Greg |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film |title=Film |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian New Wave]] saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as [[Bruce Beresford]], [[Peter Weir]] and [[Gillian Armstrong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian pride is its 'new wave' of films |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1981 |access-date=25 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html}}</ref> [[Fox Studios Australia]] commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'', ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'', ''[[Superman Returns]]'', and ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]''. The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Hugo Weaving]] and [[Jacqueline McKenzie|Jacqueline Mckenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Dramatic Art |date=2014 |url=http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> +Economy +Main article: Economy of London -Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jaskiran |date=2013 |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |title=Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve |website=International Business Times |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show|Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. [[Sydney Festival]] is Australia's largest arts festival.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Festival |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |archive-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> The travelling rock music festival [[Big Day Out]] originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are [[Sydney Film Festival]] and [[Tropfest]]. [[Vivid Sydney]] is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top [[fashion capital]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2016] – The [[Global Language Monitor]], 2016</ref> It hosts the [[Australian Fashion Week]] in autumn. [[Sydney Mardi Gras]] has commenced each February since 1979. +The City of London, one of the largest financial centres in the world[249] +London's gross regional product in 2019 was £503 billion, around a quarter of UK GDP.[250] London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.[251] -Sydney's [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]] has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown |title=Chinatown |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.<ref name="Economy"/> +City of London -Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD ([[Darling Harbour]], [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]]), [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Parramatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightlife Archives |url=https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Concrete Playground |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The best clubs in Sydney |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Time Out Sydney |language=en}}</ref> [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] was previously considered the red-light district. [[The Star, Sydney|The Star]] is the city's casino and is situated next to [[Darling Harbour]] while the new [[Crown Sydney]] resort is in nearby [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the best of Crown Sydney |url=http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Crown Sydney |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |url-status=dead}}</ref> +The London Stock Exchange at Paternoster Square and Temple Bar -===Media=== -{{Main|Media in Sydney}} -[[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Australia's national broadcaster, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], is headquartered in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]] -The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=2012 |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |title=Breaking: news and hearts at the Herald |work=[[The Global Mail]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Its competitor is ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', in print since 1879.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Laurie |date=2004 |title=The media and cinema |journal=Culture and Customs of Australia |page=126}}</ref> Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' respectively. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin |title=The Bulletin |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'', published until 1842. +The Royal Exchange in 1886 +London's finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf, the two major business districts. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance.[252] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. This caused many bankers established in Amsterdam (e.g. Hope, Baring I'm), to move to London. Also, London's market-centred system (as opposed to the bank-centred one in Amsterdam) grew more dominant in the 18th century.[74] The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.[78] This economic strength of the city was attributed to its diversity.[253][254] -Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. [[Nine Network|Nine's]] offices and news studios are in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], [[Network 10|Ten]] is based in [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and [[Seven Network|Seven]] is based in [[South Eveleigh]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 9 to move into North Sydney skyscraper | date=6 March 2017|last=Wilmot|first=Ben|url=https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.realcommercial.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Network 10]] |url=http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us |title=Contact us |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place |url=https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=27 June 2023 |title=In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] is located in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2014 |url=http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/ |title=ABC offices |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] is based in [[Artarmon]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |title=Contact |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. [[Foxtel]] is based in [[North Ryde]] and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Foxtel]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm |title=Contact Foxtel |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's first [[List of Sydney radio stations|radio stations]] commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.<ref name="Commercial radio">{{cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |author-link=Bridget Griffen-Foley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio |title=Commercial radio |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> [[2UE]] was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.<ref name="Commercial radio"/> Competing stations include the more popular [[2GB]], [[ABC Radio Sydney]], [[KIIS 106.5]], [[Triple M Sydney|Triple M]], [[Nova 96.9]] and [[2Day FM]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946 |title=Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010 |work=The Australian |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> -==Sport and outdoor activities== -{{Main|Sport in Sydney}} -Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]].<ref name="Sport">{{cite web |last=Cashman |first=Richard |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport |title=Sport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Horse racing remains popular and events such as the [[Golden Slipper Stakes]] attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name="Sport"/> Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] since 1878. The [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] compete in the [[Sheffield Shield]] league and the [[Sydney Sixers]] and [[Sydney Thunder]] contest the national [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]] Twenty20 competition. +The Bank of England, established in 1694, is the model on which most modern central banks are based. +By the mid-19th century, London was the leading financial centre, and at the end of the century over half the world's trade was financed in British currency.[255] Still, as of 2016 London tops the world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[256] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.[257] -First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.<ref name="Sport"/> Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The [[New South Wales Waratahs]] contest the [[Super Rugby]] competition, while the [[Sydney Rays]] represent the city in the [[National Rugby Championship]]. The national [[Wallabies (rugby union)|Wallabies]] rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the [[Bledisloe Cup]], [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], and [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]]. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] competition: [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks]], [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]], and [[Wests Tigers]]. [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]] contests the annual [[State of Origin series]] against [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]]. +London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Notwithstanding a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres of the world. It is the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.[258] Over 85 per cent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. However, by 2010 the city had recovered, put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.[259] Along with professional services headquarters, the City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.[260] -[[Sydney FC]] and the [[Western Sydney Wanderers]] compete in the [[A-League]] (men's) and [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]] (women's) soccer competitions and Sydney frequently hosts matches for the Australian national men's team, the [[Socceroos]]. The [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]] are local [[Australian rules football]] clubs that play in the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[AFL Women's]]. The [[Sydney Kings]] compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Uni Flames]] play in the [[Women's National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Blue Sox]] contest the [[Australian Baseball League]]. The [[NSW Pride]] are a member of the [[Hockey One|Hockey One League]]. The [[Sydney Bears]] and [[Sydney Ice Dogs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]. The [[New South Wales Swifts|Swifts]] are competitors in the national women's netball league. +Over half the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[261] In a 1992 report commissioned by the London Stock Exchange, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of his family's confectionery company Cadbury, produced the Cadbury Report, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.[262] -=== Major sporting venues === -<gallery widths="200"> -File:State of Origin Game II 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Stadium Australia]] -File:Sydney Cricket Ground (24509044622).jpg|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]] -File:View Inside Western Sydney Stadium on Opening Day (cropped).jpg|[[Western Sydney Stadium]] -File:SydneyFootballStadium Aug2022 Pre-open.jpg|[[Sydney Football Stadium (2022)|Sydney Football Stadium]] -</gallery>[[File:Sydney Harbour welcomes Jessica Watson.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sailing on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]]]] -Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at [[Woolloomooloo|Woolloomooloo Bay]] in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first [[surf lifesaving]] club was established at [[Bondi Beach]].<ref name="Sport"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenner |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Surf Life Saving Australia |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |pages=33–43}}</ref> [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests|Disputes about appropriate clothing]] for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]] is an annual {{cvt|14|km|mi|1|abbr=off|adj=on}} running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City2Surf |date=2014 |url=http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Timeline |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> +Media and technology +Main article: Media in London -Sailing races have been held on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] since 1827.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Montfort |first=Carlin |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing |title=Sailing |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the [[Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron]] was founded in 1862. The [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] is a {{cvt|1170|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=About.com |date=2014 |url=http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |title=Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm |title=Tough legacy of a Sydney classic |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race |title=Sydney to Hobart yacht race |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> -[[File:Sydney Olympic Park, NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Olympic Park]] was built for the [[Sydney Olympics|2000 Olympics]] and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.]] -The [[Royal Sydney Golf Club]] is based in [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]] on 13 occasions.<ref name="Sport"/> [[Royal Randwick Racecourse]] opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Randwick Racecourse |date=2014 |url=http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au |title=Randwick Race Course |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> +Broadcasting House, headquarters of the BBC +Media companies are concentrated in London, and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[263] The BBC, the world's oldest national broadcaster, is a significant employer, while other broadcasters, including ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and Sky, also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers, including The Times, founded in 1785, are edited in London; the term Fleet Street (where most national newspapers operated) remains a metonym for the British national press.[264] The communications company WPP is the world's largest advertising agency.[265] -Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity [[Stadium Australia]] used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney Football Stadium]] was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.<ref name="Sport"/> +A large number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In 2014 the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD.[266] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 list by fDi Intelligence.[267] A museum in Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing was based during World War II, is in Bletchley, 40 miles (64 km) north of central London, as is The National Museum of Computing.[268] -The [[Sydney International]] tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for [[Australian Open|the Grand Slam in Melbourne]]. Two of the most successful [[tennis]] players in history ([[Ken Rosewall]] and [[Todd Woodbridge]]) were born in and live in the city. +The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[269] and UK Power Networks.[270] -Sydney co-hosted the [[FIBA Oceania Championship]] in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011. +Tourism +Main article: Tourism in London -==Government== -{{See also|Local government areas of New South Wales}} +The British Museum -===Historical governance=== -[[File:Parliament house sydney nsw..jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] holds the [[Government of New South Wales]] and is the oldest public building in Australia.]]The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.<ref name="Kingston-2006b">Kingston (2006). pp. 1–2, 27–28</ref> The first Legislative Council met in 1826,<ref name="Kingston-2006c">Kingston (2006). p. 28</ref> and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.<ref name="Hirst-2014">Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51–54</ref> In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.<ref name="scc">{{cite web |title=History of Sydney City Council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=City of Sydney |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Golder-1995">{{cite book |author=Hilary Golder |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |title=A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992 |publisher=City of Sydney |year=1995 |isbn=0-909368-93-7 |format=PDF |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 }}</ref> The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.<ref name="uow">{{cite conference |author=Kelly, A. H. |date=4–8 July 2011 |title=The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |format=Paper |location=Perth |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |event=World Planning Schools Congress 2011}}</ref> Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of [[Woolloomooloo]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]], and [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]].<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/> As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> +The National Gallery +London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits.[271] It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015.[272] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy.[273] The city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK.[274] As of 2016 London was the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users.[275] -In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a nominated [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref name="Kingston-2006a">Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 36, 55–57, 61–62</ref> With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.<ref name="Kingston-2006a" /> +In 2015 the top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London. The top 10 most visited attractions were (with visits per venue):[276] -===Government in the present=== -[[File:Sydney Town Hall, 2022, 06.jpg|thumb|261x261px|The [[Sydney Town Hall]] is the seat of the [[City of Sydney]]; the oldest [[Local government areas of New South Wales|local government]] in the city]] -In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. [[Local government areas of New South Wales|Local government areas]] have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Three levels of government |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission}}</ref> There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.<ref name="AU Stats-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS maps |url=https://maps.abs.gov.au/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> +British Museum: 6,820,686 +National Gallery: 5,908,254 +Natural History Museum (South Kensington): 5,284,023 +Southbank Centre: 5,102,883 +Tate Modern: 4,712,581 +Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington): 3,432,325 +Science Museum: 3,356,212 +Somerset House: 3,235,104 +Tower of London: 2,785,249 +National Portrait Gallery: 2,145,486 +The number of hotel rooms in London in 2023 stood at 155,700 and is expected to grow to 183,600 rooms, the most of any city outside China.[277] Luxury hotels in London include the Savoy (opened in 1889), Claridge's (opened in 1812 and rebuilt in 1898), the Ritz (opened in 1906) and the Dorchester (opened in 1931), while budget hotel chains include Premier Inn and Travelodge.[278] -{{div col|colwidth=18em}} -* [[Bayside Council|Bayside]] -* [[City of Canterbury-Bankstown|Canterbury-Bankstown]] -* [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]] -* [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] -* [[Municipality of Burwood|Burwood]] -* [[Camden Council (New South Wales)|Camden]] -* [[City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)|Campbelltown]] -* [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]] -* [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] -* [[Cumberland Council (New South Wales)|Cumberland]] -* [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]] -* [[Georges River Council|Georges River]] -* [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] -* [[The Hills Shire|The Hills]] -* [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]] -* [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]] -* [[Inner West Council|Inner West]] -* [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]] -* [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]] -* [[City of Liverpool (New South Wales)|Liverpool]] -* [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]] -* [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]] -* [[Northern Beaches Council|Northern Beaches]] -* [[City of Parramatta Council|Parramatta]] -* [[City of Penrith|Penrith]] -* [[City of Randwick|Randwick]] -* [[City of Ryde|Ryde]] -* [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]] -* [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]] -* [[City of Sydney|Sydney]] -* [[Waverley Council|Waverley]] -* [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]] -* [[Wollondilly Shire Council|Wollondilly]] -* [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]] -{{div col end}} -[[File:Government House, Sydney, Australia.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Governor of New South Wales]]]] -Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] and [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] – [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] and [[Kirribilli House]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |title=Official Residences |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Parliament of New South Wales]] sits in [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] on [[Macquarie Street, Sydney|Macquarie Street]]. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.<ref name="Governor Lachlan Macquarie">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Governor Lachlan Macquarie |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales}}</ref> Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] façade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house |title=Parliament House |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Living Museums |date=2014 |url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |title=Behold a palace |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Australia]] also [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|meets]] in Sydney when needed. +Transport +Main articles: Transport in London and Infrastructure in London +Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[279] but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL).[112] -The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |title=Court locations |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate [[District Court of New South Wales]] and the lower [[Local Court of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New South Wales Courts |date=2014 |url=http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/ |title=Find a court |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> +The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.[280] -In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golder |first=Hilary |year=2004 |title=Sacked: removing and remaking the Sydney City Council}}</ref> Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2005 |url=http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2005 |title=History of Sydney City Council |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |title=About Council |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and [[Lord Mayor of Sydney|Lord Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=State Records |date=2014 |url=http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21 |title=Organisation detail |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> +Aviation +Main article: Airports of London -In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a [[History of the Australian Capital Territory#Search for a capital city location|possibility for Australia's capital city]]; the newly created city of [[Canberra]] ultimately filled this role.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Graeme |editor2-last=Hirst |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Macintyre |editor3-first=Stuart |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=464–465, 662–663 |isbn=9780195535976}}</ref> Seven Australian [[List of Australian Prime Ministers by state#Birth places|Prime Ministers have been born in]] Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister [[Edmund Barton]] and current Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]]. +Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic (Terminal 5C is pictured). +London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world.[24] Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights. -Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by: -* [[New South Wales Police Force]] -* [[New South Wales Ambulance]] -* [[Fire and Rescue NSW]] +Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, was for many years the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways.[281] In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[282] +Gatwick Airport, south of London in West Sussex, handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport and is the main base of easyJet, the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[283] +London Stansted Airport, north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of Ryanair, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[284] +Luton Airport, to the north of London in Bedfordshire, is used by several budget airlines (especially easyJet and Wizz Air) for short-haul flights.[285] +London City Airport, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[286] +London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of airlines.[287] In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport.[288] +Rail +Underground and DLR -==Infrastructure== +The London Underground, opened in January 1863, is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system -===Education=== -{{Main|Education in Sydney}} -[[File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]]]] -Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Craig |last2=Sherington |first2=Geoffrey |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education |title=Education |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats" /> Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |title=Educational qualifications |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> -[[File:112 N7A8606 UTS Central Andy Roberts hr.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[University of Technology Sydney]]]] -There are six public universities based in Sydney: The [[University of Sydney]], [[University of New South Wales]], [[University of Technology, Sydney|University of Technology Sydney]], [[Macquarie University]], [[Western Sydney University]], and [[Australian Catholic University]]. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], [[Central Queensland University]], [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]], [[University of Wollongong]], and [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]. [[Charles Sturt University]] and [[Southern Cross University]] operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programmes in Sydney through third-party providers: [[University of the Sunshine Coast]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Federation University Australia]] and [[Charles Darwin University]]. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.<ref name="Education institution attending">{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |title=Education institution attending |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,<ref name=":0" /> the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,<ref name=":0" /> while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021 |website=Top Universities |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=5 June 2019}}</ref> -Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the [[Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/? |title=School locator |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |title=List of selective and agricultural high schools |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> +The roundel symbol designed by Edward Johnston and trademarked in 1917 +Opened in 1863, the London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest metro system in the world.[289][290] The system serves 272 stations, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway, which opened in 1890.[291] -Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by [[TAFE NSW|TAFE New South Wales]] and began with the opening of the [[Sydney Technical College]] in 1878.<ref name="Sydney Technical College"/> The college became the [[Sydney Institute of TAFE|Sydney Institute]] in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE|Northern Sydney Institute]], the [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|Western Sydney Institute]], and the [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|South Western Sydney Institute]]. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> +Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.[292] An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the 2012 Summer Olympics.[293] The Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the Docklands, Greenwich and Lewisham.[294] -===Health=== -[[File:Sydney Hospital. - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816]] -The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at [[The Rocks, Sydney|The Rocks]]. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from [[dysentery]], smallpox, [[scurvy]], and [[typhoid]]. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] in the 1790s.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |last=Godden |first=Judith |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals |title=Hospitals |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> +Suburban +There are 368 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[295] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers—Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year.[296] Clapham Junction is one of Europe's busiest rail interchanges.[297] -Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816.<ref name="Hospitals"/> Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of [[Florence Nightingale]] in 1868.<ref name="ALadyDisplaced">Judith Godden, ''Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced'', Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2006</ref> +With the need for more rail capacity, the Elizabeth Line (also known as Crossrail) opened in May 2022.[298] It is a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[299] It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost.[300] -Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx |title=Local health districts |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]] was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |title=Prince of Wales Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney|St Vincent's Hospital]] was founded in 1857,<ref name="Darlinghurst"/> followed by [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Children's Hospital at Westmead |date=2014 |url=http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince Henry Hospital]] in 1881,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |title=Prince Henry Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |title=Royal Prince Alfred Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Northern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> the [[St George Hospital (Sydney)|St George Hospital]] in 1894,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Nepean Hospital]] in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us |title=About Nepean Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> [[Westmead Hospital]] in 1978 was the last major facility to open.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> +Inter-city and international -===Transport=== -{{Main|Transport in Sydney}} +St Pancras International is the main terminal for high-speed Eurostar and High Speed 1 services, as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city East Midlands Railway services. +London is the centre of the National Rail network, with 70 per cent of rail journeys starting or ending in London.[301] King's Cross station and Euston station, both in London, are the starting points of the East Coast Main Line and the West Coast Main Line – the two main railway lines in Britain. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns.[302] The Flying Scotsman is an express passenger train service that has operated between London and Edinburgh since 1862; the world famous steam locomotive named after this service, Flying Scotsman, was the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) in 1934.[303] -====Roads==== -[[File:Light Horse Interchange (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Light Horse Interchange]], the largest of its kind in Australia]] +Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Calais, Paris, Disneyland Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.[304] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[305] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.[306] -The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport |title=Transport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.<ref name="Transport"/> The most important roads in Sydney were the nine [[Metroad]]s, including the {{cvt|110|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends, July 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 April 2015 |first=Matt |last=Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Light Horse Interchange]] in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – Light Horse Interchange |publisher=Westlink Motorway Limited |date=May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> +Buses, coaches and trams -There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.<ref name="Transport"/> 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> [[Car dependency]] is an ongoing issue in Sydney–of people who travel to work, 58.4% use a car, 9.1% catch a train, 5.2% take a bus, and 4.1% walk.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> In contrast, only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |title=Method of travel to work |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> With a rate of 26.3%, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008 |title=Australian social trends |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The CBD features a [[Lanes and alleyways of Sydney|series of alleyways and lanes]] that provide [[alley|off-street]] vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473 |title=Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> -====Buses==== -{{Main|Buses in Sydney}} -Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to [[Transport for NSW]]. Integrated tickets called [[Opal card]]s operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225&nbsp;million boardings were recorded across the bus network.<ref>{{Cite report |author=Transport for NSW |author-link=Transport for NSW |date=2014 |title=TfNSW 2013–2014 Annual Report |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |pages=35, 36 |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> [[NightRide (bus service)|NightRide]] is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am. +The New Routemaster (left) replaced the AEC Routemaster (right) in 2012. First appearing in 1947, the red double-decker bus is an emblematic symbol of London. +London's bus network runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops.[307] In 2019 the network had over 2 billion commuter trips per year.[308] Since 2010 an average of £1.2 billion is taken in revenue each year.[309] London has one of the largest wheelchair-accessible networks in the world[310] and from the third quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.[311] -====Trams==== -{{Main|Light rail in Sydney}} -[[File:CBD light rail 001.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] connects Sydney's CBD with the South Eastern suburbs.]] -Sydney once had one of the [[Trams in Sydney|largest tram networks]] in the British Empire after London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |work=Sydney Living Museums |title=Shooting Through: Sydney by Tram |access-date=31 May 2019 |date=12 May 2014}}</ref> It served routes covering {{cvt|291|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}. The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.<ref name="Transport"/> From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90&nbsp;million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses |title=Buses |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> +An emblem of London, the red double-decker bus first appeared in the city in 1947 with the AEC Regent III RT (predecessor to the AEC Routemaster).[312] London's coach hub is Victoria Coach Station, opened in 1932. Nationalised in 1970 and then purchased by London Transport (now Transport for London), Victoria Coach Station has over 14 million passengers a year and provides services across the UK and continental Europe.[313] -In 1997, the [[Inner West Light Rail]] opened between Central station and [[Wentworth Park]]. It was extended to [[Lilyfield]] in 2000 and then [[Dulwich Hill]] in 2014. It links the [[Inner West]] and [[Darling Harbour]] with [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] and facilitated 9.1&nbsp;million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly |title=Light Rail Patronage – Monthly Comparison |date=8 June 2017 |website=[[Transport for NSW]]|language=en-AU |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A second, the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] {{cvt|12|km|1}} line serving the CBD and south-eastern suburbs opened in 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date |url=http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |website=Sydney Light Rail |publisher=Transport for NSW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |archive-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> A [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail line]] serving Western Sydney has also been announced, due to open in 2024. +London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013.[314] Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink.[315] -====Trains==== -{{Main|Sydney Trains}} -[[File:Central Station Concourse Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.]] -Established in 1906, [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's [[Railways in Sydney|rail network]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |title=Central Station |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> [[Sydney Trains]] is the suburban rail service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts |title=Facts and stats |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central railway station]] in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.<ref name="Transport"/> +Cable car +London's first and to date only cable car is the London Cable Car, which opened in June 2012. The cable car crosses the Thames and links Greenwich Peninsula with the Royal Docks in the east of the city. It is able to carry up to 2,500 passengers per hour in each direction at peak times.[316] -==== Metro ==== -''Main article: [[Sydney Metro]]'' +Cycling +Main article: Cycling in London -[[Sydney Metro]], a driverless [[rapid transit]] system separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and will be extended into the city and through the southwest by 2024 and through the inner west to Parramatta by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html |title=Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2015 |title=New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> It currently serves 13 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the [[Western Sydney Airport|second international airport]]. +Santander Cycle Hire, near Victoria in Central London +In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day,[317] meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8 million use a bike on an average day.[318] Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a bicycle hire scheme in July 2010 was successful and generally well received.[319] -====Ferries==== -{{Main|Sydney Ferries|List of Sydney Harbour ferries|Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries}} -At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's [[Sydney Ferries Limited|ferry service]] was the largest in the world.<ref name="Sydney Ferries">{{cite web |publisher=Transport for New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries |title=Sydney Ferries |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Patronage declined from 37&nbsp;million passengers in 1945 to 11&nbsp;million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.<ref name="Transport"/> From its hub at [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]], the [[Sydney Ferries|ferry network]] extends from [[Manly ferry wharf|Manly]] to [[Parramatta ferry wharf|Parramatta]].<ref name="Sydney Ferries"/> +Port and river boats +The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009.[320] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.[320] -====Airports==== -[[Sydney Airport]], officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]]. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9&nbsp;million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> -It has been announced that a new facility named [[Western Sydney Airport]] will be constructed at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] from 2016 at a cost of $2.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Lisa |last2=Massola |first2=James |date=2014 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html |title=Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport |newspaper=The Age |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown Airport]] is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |title=Movements at Australian Airports |date=17 February 2012 |website=Airservices Australia |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at [[Overseas Passenger Terminal|Sydney Cove]] and [[White Bay Cruise Terminal|White Bay]]. +London has river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services.[321] At major piers including Canary Wharf, London Bridge City, Battersea Power Station and London Eye (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times.[322] The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads.[323] -===Utilities=== -[[File:Warragamba Dam (January 2014).jpg|thumb|[[Warragamba Dam]] is Sydney's largest water supply dam.]] -Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the [[Tank Stream]] sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.<ref name="Water">{{cite web |last=North |first=MacLaren |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water |title=Water |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.<ref name="Water"/> +Roads +Although the majority of journeys in central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (just within the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, just outside the built-up area in most places) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 miles (188 km) long.[324] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.[325] -The [[Upper Nepean Scheme]] came into operation in 1886. It transports water {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Nepean River|Nepean]], [[Cataract River (Wollondilly)|Cataract]], and [[Cordeaux River|Cordeaux]] rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.<ref name="Water"/> Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.<ref name="Water"/> In 1977 the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]] brought several more dams into service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Water |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |title=Sydney Water timeline |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> -The state-owned corporation [[WaterNSW]] now manages eleven major dams: [[Warragamba Dam|Warragamba]], one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney's Largest Water Supply Dam |url=http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam |website=Water NSW |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Woronora Dam|Woronora]], [[Cataract Dam|Cataract]], [[Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux]], [[Nepean Dam|Nepean]], [[Avon Dam|Avon]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Fitzroy Falls Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Tallowa]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams]], and [[Prospect Reservoir]].<ref name="Dams and reservoirs">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Catchment Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |title=Dams and reservoirs |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Water is collected from five catchment areas covering {{cvt|16000|km2|mi2|0|abbr=off}} and total storage amounts to {{cvt|2.6|TL|mi3|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Dams and reservoirs"/> The [[Sydney Desalination Plant]] came into operation in 2010.<ref name="Water"/> WaterNSW supplies bulk water to [[Sydney Water]], a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services. +The hackney carriage (black cab) is a common sight on London streets. Although traditionally black, this is not a requirement with some painted in other colours or bearing advertising. +The Austin Motor Company began making hackney carriages (London taxis) in 1929, and models include Austin FX3 from 1948, Austin FX4 from 1958, with more recent models TXII and TX4 manufactured by London Taxis International. The BBC states, "ubiquitous black cabs and red double-decker buses all have long and tangled stories that are deeply embedded in London's traditions".[326] -Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by [[Ausgrid]] and [[Endeavour Energy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ausgrid |year=2014 |url=http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |title=About Ausgrid |access-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Endeavour Energy |year=2014 |url=http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |title=About us |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and {{cvt|83000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of cables. [[Submarine communications cable]] systems in Sydney include the [[Australia–Japan Cable]], [[Telstra Endeavour]] and the [[Southern Cross Cable]], which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq|title=FAQ|website=www.southerncrosscables.com|access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/ |title = Cable System Facts| website= Australia-Japan Cable| access-date= 2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables|title=Telstra hits 100G on key Asia-Pac submarine cables|website = [[Telstra]]|accessdate=2023-07-21}}</ref> +London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).[327] In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London.[328] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.[329] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000.[330] -==Environmental issues and pollution reduction== -{{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}} -{{Further|Climate change in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}} -===Air quality=== -[[File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg|thumb|[[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] and bushfire smoke in December 2019]] -As [[Climate change in Australia|climate change]], [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|greenhouse gas emissions]] and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining [[water quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html |title=Look who's polluting: Sydney Water's shame |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |title=Air Pollution in Sydney: An Update Briefing Paper |date=August 1998 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> +Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN) were widely introduced in London, but in 2023 the Department for Transport stopped funding them, even though the benefits outweighed the costs by approximately 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.[331] -The [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The [[air quality]] was 11 times the [[hazard]]ous level in some days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe |title=Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures |title=Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |last1=Hromas |first1=Jessica}}</ref> worse than [[New Delhi]]'s;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8 |title=Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the [[University of Technology Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6 |title=Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes' |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html |title=Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=11 January 2019}}</ref> bushfires can ring the region in a [[natural phenomena]] that is labelled "ring of fire".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110 |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[WION]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html |title=Ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598 |title=Teenagers arrested as ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=[[Irish Times]]|date=28 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires|title=Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red|work=[[Mashable]]|date=9 December 2019}}</ref> +Education +Main article: Education in London +Tertiary education +See also: List of universities and higher education colleges in London -The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as [[carbon-neutral]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html |title=Sydney Water to become carbon neutral |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html |title=Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body |work=treehugger.com |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |title=Achievements: City of Sydney |work=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |title=It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The ''Sustainable Sydney 2030'' program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan |title=Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan |date=25 February 2015 |website=climatecontrolnews.com.au |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30&nbsp;million a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line |title=Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line |work=The Guardian (UK) |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Solar panels]] have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330 |title=City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |work=RenewEconomy.com}}</ref> +University College London (UCL), established by Royal Charter in 1836, is one of the founding colleges of the University of London. -The city also has an "[[urban forest]] growth strategy", in which it aims to regular increase the [[shade tree|tree coverage]] in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and [[vegetation]] to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |title=Urban Forest Strategy |date=February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Sydney has also become a leader in the development of [[green building|green office buildings]] and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The [[Central Park, Sydney|One Central Park]] development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html |title='Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |title=One Central Park Gardens |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="OCP arc">{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/ |title=Central Park Sydney – Architecture |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN |title=Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living |work=[[The Australian Financial Review|Financial Review]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> +Imperial College London, a technical research university focusing on science, engineering, medicine and business, in South Kensington -===Car-dependency=== -[[File:Warringah Freeway2.jpg|thumb|[[Traffic congestion]] on the [[Warringah Freeway]], [[Milsons Point]]]] -Australian cities are some of the most [[car dependency|car-dependent]] cities in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |title=Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions |work=[[Flinders University]] study |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.<ref name="Charting Transport-2023">[https://chartingtransport.com/#mode Charting Transport], retrieved 27 October 2017</ref> Sydney also has the [[Modal share|highest usage of public transport]] in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant [[urban sprawl]], thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243 |title=CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows |work=[[The Australian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> +The London School of Economics (Centre Building pictured) was established in 1895 +London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe.[21] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world[332] and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world.[333] A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London the global capital of higher education.[334] A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2022 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked No. 6 in the world, University College London (UCL) is ranked 8th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 37th.[335] All are regularly ranked highly, with Imperial College being the UK's leading university in the Research Excellence Framework ranking 2021.[336] The London School of Economics (LSE) has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[337] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second-best in the world by the Financial Times.[338] The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings[339]): the Royal College of Music (ranking 2nd in the world), the Royal Academy of Music (ranking 4th) and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (ranking 6th).[340] -Strategies have been implemented to reduce private [[car pollution|vehicle pollution]] by encouraging [[mass transit|mass]] and [[public transport|public transit]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |title=Buses and the Environment |work=statetransit.info |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |url-status=dead}}</ref> initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new [[electric cars]], the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |title=City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet |publisher=City of Sydney |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, which contribute to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |title=Causes of Climate Change |work=epa.gov |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ipcc">{{cite book |date=2021 |author=IPCC|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter=Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US |chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 }}</ref> [[Cycling|Cycling trips]] have increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city since March 2010, with about 2,000 bikes passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /> Transport developments in the [[Sydney Metro Northwest|north-west]] and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system. +With students in London and around 48,000 in University of London Worldwide,[341] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.[342] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies.[343] -==See also== -{{Portal|New South Wales}} -* [[List of museums in Sydney]] -* [[List of people from Sydney]] -* [[List of public art in the City of Sydney]] -* [[List of songs about Sydney]] -* [[Outline of Sydney]] +Universities in London outside the University of London system include Brunel University, Imperial College London,[note 6] Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, University of East London, University of West London, University of Westminster, London South Bank University, Middlesex University, and University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).[344] In addition, there are three international universities – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University. -==Notes== -{{reflist|group=N}} -==References== -{{Reflist}} +King's College London's Guy's Campus, home to the university's Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute +London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has many affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).[345] Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in White City. Founded by pioneering nurse Florence Nightingale at St Thomas' Hospital in 1860, the first nursing school is now part of King's College London.[346] It was at King's in 1952 where a team led by Rosalind Franklin captured Photo 51, the critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.[347] There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School, the London Business School and the UCL School of Management. -==External links== -* [https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Official Sydney, NSW government site] -* [http://www.sydney.com/ Official Sydney tourism site] -* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/ Historical film clips of Sydney] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online''] -* {{YouTube|id=itQaxQMZfCk|title=Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747}} – includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20) -* {{OSM|n|13766899}} -* [http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }}) -* [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives Sydney Official History Archives] -* [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/ State Records New South Wales] -* [http://www.naa.gov.au/ National Archives of Australia] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/ Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library] -* [https://directory.archivists.org.au/ Directory of Archives in Australia] -{{Clear}} -{{Sydney}} -{{Navboxes -|list = -{{Sydney regions}} -{{Sydney landmarks}} -{{Theatres in Sydney}} -{{Sydney sports teams}} -{{New South Wales}} -{{Capital cities of Australia}} -{{Cities of Australia}} -{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} -{{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} -{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} -}} -{{Subject bar -|portal1 = New South Wales -|portal2 = Australia -|commons=yes |wikt=yes |n=yes |q=yes |s=yes |b=yes |voy=yes |v=yes |d=yes -|d-search = Q3130 -}} +Opened in 1906, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama is a member of Conservatoires UK and the Federation of Drama Schools. +London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), Central School of Ballet, London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, Sylvia Young Theatre School and Trinity Laban. The BRIT School in the London borough of Croydon provides training for the performing arts and technologies.[348] -{{Authority control}} +Primary and secondary education +See also: Centre for School Design +The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include Ashbourne College, Bethnal Green Academy, Brampton Manor Academy, City and Islington College, City of Westminster College, David Game College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, London Academy of Excellence, Tower Hamlets College, and Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School. -[[Category:Sydney| ]] -[[Category:1788 establishments in Australia]] -[[Category:Australian capital cities]] -[[Category:Former colonial capitals]] -[[Category:Port cities in New South Wales]] -[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia|Sydney]] -[[Category:Populated places established in 1788]] +Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies + +Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. +Founded in 1675, the Royal Observatory in Greenwich was established to address the problem of calculating longitude for navigational purposes. This pioneering work in solving longitude featured in astronomer royal Nevil Maskelyne's Nautical Almanac which made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point, and helped lead to the international adoption of Greenwich as the prime meridian (0° longitude) in 1884.[349] + +Important scientific learned societies based in London include the Royal Society—the UK's national academy of sciences and the oldest national scientific institution in the world—founded in 1660,[350] and the Royal Institution, founded in 1799. Since 1825, the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have presented scientific subjects to a general audience, and speakers have included physicist and inventor Michael Faraday, aerospace engineer Frank Whittle, naturalist David Attenborough and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.[351] + +Culture +Main article: Culture of London +Leisure and entertainment +See also: List of annual events in London and West End theatre +Leisure is a major part of the London economy. A 2003 report attributed a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London[352] at 25.6 events per 1000 people.[353] The city is one of the four fashion capitals of the world, and, according to official statistics, is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,[354] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.[355] + + +Harrods department store in Knightsbridge +Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements.[356] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century.[357] Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952.[358] The Laurence Olivier Awards–named after Laurence Olivier–are given annually by the Society of London Theatre. The Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.[359] + +Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.[360] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including Selfridges flagship store.[361] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west. One of the world's largest retail destinations, London frequently ranks at or near the top of retail sales of any city.[362][363] Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on Regent Street since 1881, Hamleys is the oldest toy store in the world.[364] Madame Tussauds wax museum opened in Baker Street in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began.[365] + + +Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, 2014 +London is home to designers John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo, among others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it one of the four international centres of fashion. Mary Quant designed the miniskirt in her King's Road boutique in Swinging Sixties London.[366] In 2017, London was ranked the top city for luxury store openings.[367] London Fashion Week takes place twice a year, in February and September; Londoners on the catwalk have included Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Cara Delevingne.[368] + +London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of Chinatown.[369] There are Chinese takeaways throughout London, as are Indian restaurants which provide Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine.[370] Around 1860, the first fish and chips shop in London was opened by Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, in Bow.[326] The full English breakfast dates from the Victorian era, and many cafes in London serve a full English throughout the day.[371] London has five 3-Michelin star restaurants, including Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea.[372] Many hotels in London provide a traditional afternoon tea service, such as the Oscar Wilde Lounge at the Hotel Café Royal in Piccadilly, and a themed tea service is also available, for example an Alice in Wonderland themed afternoon tea served at the Egerton House Hotel, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory themed afternoon tea at One Aldwych in Covent Garden.[373][374] The nation's most popular biscuit to dunk in tea, chocolate digestives have been manufactured by McVitie's at their Harlesden factory in north-west London since 1925.[375] + + +Shakespeare's Globe is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the Thames. +There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, a fireworks display at the London Eye; the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival, is held on the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the King's Official Birthday.[376] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by the British Bangladeshi community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors.[377] First held in 1862, the RHS Chelsea Flower Show (run by the Royal Horticultural Society) takes place in May every year.[378] + +LGBT scene +Main article: LGBT culture in London +The first gay bar in London in the modern sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf, established as a night club in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and "which developed a reputation for sexual freedom and tolerance of same-sex relations."[379] + + +Comptons of Soho during London Pride in 2010 +While London has been an LGBT tourism destination, after homosexuality was decriminalised in England in 1967 gay bar culture became more visible, and from the early 1970s Soho (and in particular Old Compton Street) became the centre of the London LGBT community.[380] G-A-Y, previously based at the Astoria, and now Heaven, is a long-running night club.[381] + +Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBT culture: for example, the emergence of glam rock in the UK in the early 1970s, via Marc Bolan and David Bowie, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical The Rocky Horror Show, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.[382] The Blitz Kids (which included Boy George) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, helping launch the New Romantic subcultural movement in the late 1970s.[383] Today, the annual London Pride Parade and the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival are held in the city.[380] + +Literature, film and television +Main articles: London in fiction, London in film, List of television shows set in London, and London Television Archive + +Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street, bearing the number 221B +London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work, most notably his play The Alchemist, was set in the city.[384] A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague.[384] + +The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire; Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has influenced people's vision of early Victorian London; and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.[384] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[384] Robert Louis Stevenson mixed in London literary circles, and in 1886 he wrote the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a gothic novella set in Victorian London.[385] In 1898, H. G. Wells' sci-fi novel The War of the Worlds sees London (and southern England) invaded by Martians.[386] Letitia Elizabeth Landon wrote Calendar of the London Seasons in 1834. Modern writers influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of London: The Biography, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. In the 1940s, George Orwell wrote essays in the London Evening Standard, including "A Nice Cup of Tea" (method for making tea) and "The Moon Under Water" (an ideal pub).[387] The WWII evacuation of children from London is depicted in C. S. Lewis' first Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950). On Christmas Eve 1925, Winnie-the-Pooh debuted in London's Evening News, with the character based on a stuffed toy A. A. Milne bought for his son Christopher Robin in Harrods.[388] In 1958, author Michael Bond created Paddington Bear, a refugee found in Paddington station. A screen adaptation, Paddington (2014), features the calypso song "London is the Place for Me".[389] + + +Wikisource has original text related to this article: +'Calendar of the London Seasons', by L. E. L. + +Opened in 1937, the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square hosts numerous European and world film premieres. +London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include Pinewood, Elstree, Ealing, Shepperton, Twickenham, and Leavesden, with the James Bond and Harry Potter series among many notable films produced here.[390][391] Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. A post-production community is centred in Soho, and London houses six of the world's largest visual effects companies, such as Framestore.[392] The Imaginarium, a digital performance-capture studio, was founded by Andy Serkis.[393] London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), A Clockwork Orange (1971), The Long Good Friday (1980), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V for Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Julie Andrews, Peter Sellers, David Lean, Julie Christie, Gary Oldman, Emma Thompson, Guy Ritchie, Christopher Nolan, Alan Rickman, Jude Law, Helena Bonham Carter, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, Daniel Radcliffe, Keira Knightley, Riz Ahmed, Dev Patel, Daniel Kaluuya, Tom Holland and Daniel Day-Lewis. Post-war Ealing comedies featured Alec Guinness, from the 1950s Hammer Horrors starred Christopher Lee, films by Michael Powell included the London-set early slasher Peeping Tom (1960), the 1970s comedy troupe Monty Python had film editing suites in Covent Garden, while since the 1990s Richard Curtis's rom-coms have featured Hugh Grant. The largest cinema chain in the country, Odeon Cinemas was founded in London in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch.[394] The British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) have been held in London since 1949, with the BAFTA Fellowship the Academy's highest accolade.[395] Founded in 1957, the BFI London Film Festival takes place over two weeks every October.[396] + +London is a major centre for television production, with studios including Television Centre, ITV Studios, Sky Campus and Fountain Studios; the latter hosted the original talent shows, Pop Idol, The X Factor, and Britain's Got Talent, before each format was exported around the world.[397][398] Formerly a franchise of ITV, Thames Television featured comedians such as Benny Hill and Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean was first screened by Thames), while Talkback produced Da Ali G Show which featured Sacha Baron Cohen as Ali G.[399] Many television shows have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders.[400] + +Museums, art galleries and libraries + +Aerial view of Albertopolis. The Albert Memorial, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Geographical Society, and Royal College of Art are visible near the top; Victoria and Albert Museum and Natural History Museum at the lower end; Imperial College, Royal College of Music, and Science Museum lying in between. +London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753.[401] Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824, the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.[402] + +The British Library is the second largest library in the world, and the national library of the United Kingdom.[403] There are many other research libraries, including the Wellcome Library and Dana Centre, as well as university libraries, including the British Library of Political and Economic Science at LSE, the Abdus Salam Library at Imperial, the Maughan Library at King's, and the Senate House Libraries at the University of London.[404] + +In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.[405] The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art. In 2000, this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the Millennium Bridge.[406] + +Music + +The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events, including The Proms which are held every summer, as well as cinema screenings of films accompanied with live orchestral music. +London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music Group, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), the Southbank Centre (London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms).[359] The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the Last Night of the Proms. London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum (home to the English National Opera).[359] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of St Clement Danes feature in the 1744 nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons".[407] Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban. The record label EMI was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, Alan Blumlein, created stereo sound that year.[408] + + +Abbey Road Studios in Abbey Road +London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest indoor venue, the O2 Arena,[409] and Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire.[359] Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, Lovebox and Hyde Park's British Summer Time, are held in London.[410] + +The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, Queen, Eric Clapton, the Who, Cliff Richard, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Deep Purple, T. Rex, the Police, Elvis Costello, Dire Straits, Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac, the Cure, Madness, Culture Club, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, Status Quo and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London.[411][412] + +London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, the Clash and fashion designer Vivienne Westwood all based in the city.[413][414] Other artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, the Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Dido, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran, Leona Lewis, Ellie Goulding, Dua Lipa and Florence and the Machine.[415] Artists from London played a prominent role in the development of synth-pop, including Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys and Eurythmics; the latter's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" was recorded in the attic of their north London home, heralding a trend for home recording methods.[416] Artists from London with a Caribbean influence include Hot Chocolate, Billy Ocean, Soul II Soul and Eddy Grant, with the latter fusing reggae, soul and samba with rock and pop.[417] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of house, hip hop, and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Urban acts from London include Stormzy, M.I.A., Jay Sean and Rita Ora. Music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom. The British Phonographic Industry's annual popular music awards, the Brit Awards, are held in London.[418] + +Recreation +Parks and open spaces +Main articles: Parks and open spaces in London and Royal Parks of London +See also: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London and List of local nature reserves in Greater London + +Hyde Park (with Kensington Gardens in the foreground) has been a popular public space since it opened in 1637. +A 2013 report by the City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.[419] The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north.[420] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near Madame Tussauds wax museum.[421] Primrose Hill is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline.[422] + +Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park.[423] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[424] + +Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens, which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.[425] There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including Hampstead Heath and Epping Forest,[426] both controlled by the City of London Corporation.[427] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake.[428] Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.[426] Three of the UK's most-visited theme parks, Thorpe Park near Staines-upon-Thames, Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington and Legoland Windsor, are located within 20 miles (32 km) of London.[429] + +Walking + +The Horse Ride is a tree tunnel (route overhung by trees) on the western side of Wimbledon Common. +Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks.[430] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail along the River Wandle.[431] + +Other long-distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.[430] + +Sport +Main article: Sport in London +See also: Football in London and Rugby union in London + +Wembley Stadium, home of the England men and women's football team and the FA Cup Final, has a seating capacity of 90,000. It is the UK's biggest stadium.[432] + +Centre Court at Wimbledon. Held every June and July, Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and the only major played on grass. + +Twickenham, home of the England national rugby union team, has a capacity of 82,000 seats. +London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948, and 2012, making it the first city to host the modern Games three times.[36] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934.[433] In 2017, London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time.[434] + +London's most popular sport is football, and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season: Arsenal, Brentford, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United.[435] Other professional men's teams in London are AFC Wimbledon, Barnet, Bromley, Charlton Athletic, Dagenham & Redbridge, Leyton Orient, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United. Four London-based teams are in the Women's Super League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham and West Ham United. + +Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London: Harlequins and Saracens.[436] Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship; other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond, Rosslyn Park, Westcombe Park and Blackheath. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team.[437] While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, the sport has one professional club in London – the London Broncos who play in the Super League. + +One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon since 1877.[438] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious.[439][440] + +London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.). Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket.[441] In golf, the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water, Surrey on the south-west fringes of London, while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship, the oldest major and tournament in golf, is Royal St George's in Sandwich, Kent.[442] Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament. Other key annual events are the mass-participation London Marathon[443] and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge.[444] + +Notable people +Main article: List of people from London +See also +icon London portal + Cities portal +flag England portal +flag United Kingdom portal +Outline of England +Outline of London +Notes + London region (Greater London administrative area) + London is not a city in the usual UK sense of having city status granted by the Crown. + See also: Independent city § National capitals + The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished from the Lord Mayor of London, who heads the City of London Corporation running the City of London. + According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London had the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition. + According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[143] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town' and many other authorities.[144] + Imperial College London was a constituent college of the University of London between 1908 and 2007. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university; however, the college now issues its own degrees. +References + "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 October 2022. + Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York. + "London weather map". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018. + "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 15 October 2022. + "Major agglomerations of the world". CityPopulation.de. Retrieved 20 April 2023. + Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021". ons.gov.uk. + "The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22" (PDF). London.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2023. + Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. + "Major Agglomerations". Retrieved 16 October 2023. + "Roman London". Museum of London. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. + Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News. + "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021. + "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021. + Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8. + "Global Power City Index 2020". Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Adewunmi, Bim (10 March 2013). "London: The Everything Capital of the World". The Guardian. London.; "What's The Capital of the World?". More Intelligent Life. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013. + "These are the world's top cities. Which one ranked highest for the 10th year running?". World Economic Forum. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024. + "Leading 200 science cities". Nature. Retrieved 10 June 2022. + "The World's Most Influential Cities 2014". Forbes. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Dearden, Lizzie (8 October 2014). "London is 'the most desirable city in the world to work in', study finds". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Alexandra Muller and Bloomberg News (31 October 2023). "UK's stock market is in a 'doom loop' that's undermining London's status as a global financial capital, investment bank says". Fortune. New York. Retrieved 20 February 2024. + "London is Europe's leading economic powerhouse, says new report". London.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2024. + "Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. + "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". 19 September 2018.; "Top Universities: Imperial College London".; "Top Universities: LSE". Retrieved 21 September 2019. + "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022. + "Revealed: The most crowded skies on the planet". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2023. London: Our capital's collective airport system is the busiest in the whole world. A total of 170,980,680 passengers. + "London Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 6 May 2022. + "Languages spoken in the UK population". National Centre for Language. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008."CILT, the National Centre for Languages". Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2007. + "London, UK Metro Area Population 1950-2023". Macrotrends. Retrieved 24 October 2023. + "Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2008. + "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2012. + "Demographia World Urban Areas, 15th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016. + "2011 Census – Built-up areas". nomisweb.co.uk. ONS. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021. + "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. + "The London Plan (March 2015)". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021. + "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 November 2008. + Blackman, Bob (25 January 2008). "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report". What's on Stage. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010. + "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2006. + Mills, Anthony David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. + Bynon, Theodora (2016). "London's Name". Transactions of the Philological Society. 114 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12064. + Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. + "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2023. + "London's Oldest Prehistoric Structure". BAJR. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018. + Milne, Gustav. "London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011. + Perring, Dominic (1991). Roman London. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-23133-3. + "British History Timeline - Roman Britain". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008. + Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-63278-2. + "The last days of Londinium". Museum of London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2013. + "The early years of Lundenwic". The Museum of London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. + Wheeler, Kip. "Viking Attacks". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. + Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1. + Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. + Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011). "History – 1066 – King William". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. + Tinniswood, Adrian. "A History of British Architecture — White Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008. + "UK Parliament — Parliament: The building". UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8264-6002-8. + Ibeji, Mike (10 March 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. + "Richard II (1367–1400)". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008. + Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "England". Jewish Encyclopedia. + Mundill, Robin R. (2010), "The King's Jews", Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-1-84725-186-2, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M + Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1962). London – The Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 48. ASIN B0000CLHU5. + Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steelyard, Merchants of the" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. + Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163552. ISBN 9781139163552. + Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands (The End of the Antwerp Mart, Vol 2). Manchester University Press. pp. 1 & 62–63. ISBN 9780719018497. + Burgon, John William (1839). The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange: Including Notices of Many of His Contemporaries. With Illustrations, Volume 2. London: R. Jennings. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1277223903. + "From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022. + "London's 10 oldest theatres". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. + Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-07779-8. + Doolittle, Ian (2014). "'The Great Refusal': Why Does the City of London Corporation Only Govern the Square Mile?". The London Journal. 39 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1179/0305803413Z.00000000038. S2CID 159791907. + Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + Harrington, Peter (2003). English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51, Volume 9 of Fortress, 9, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-604-6. p. 57 + Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.Razzell, Peter; Razzell, Edward, eds. (1 January 1996). The English Civil War: A contemporary account (v. 1). Wencelaus Hollar (Illustrator), Christopher Hill (Introduction). Caliban Books. ISBN 978-1850660316.Gardiner, Samuel R. (18 December 2016). History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. Vol. 3. Forgotten Books (published 16 July 2017). p. 218. ISBN 978-1334658464. + "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urban Rim. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010. + Pepys, Samuel (2 September 1666) [1893]. Mynors Bright (decipherer); Henry B. Wheatley (eds.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 45: August/September 1666. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22167-3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. + Schofield, John (17 February 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: London After the Great Fire". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. + "Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 July 2022. + Hell on Earth, or the Town in an Uproar (anon., London 1729). Jarndyce Autumn Miscellany catalogue, London: 2021. + "PBS – Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street". PBS. 2001. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + Harris, Rhian (5 October 2012). "History – The Foundling Hospital". BBC. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + Coispeau, Olivier (2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-310-884-4. + White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022. + Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409. + "London: The greatest city". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Brown, Robert W. "London in the Nineteenth Century". University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. + "A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024. + Pennybacker, Susan D. (2005). Vision for London, 1889–1914. Routledge. p. 18. + "Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2022. + "Taking Tea and Talking Politics: The Role of Tearooms". Historic England. Retrieved 27 June 2022. + "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021. + "Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation". nationalgeographic.com.au. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. + "Buried Among Kings: The Story of the Unknown Warrior". Nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. Retrieved 15 April 2023. + Vaughan-Barratt, Nick (4 November 2009). "Remembrance". BBC Blogs. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2023. + Ronk, Liz (27 July 2013). "LIFE at the 1948 London Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017. + Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). The London Encyclopaedia. Photographs by Matthew Weinreb (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 428. ISBN 9781405049252. + "1951: King George opens Festival of Britain". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2017. + Breen, Matt (13 January 2017). "Most Googled: why is London called the 'Big Smoke'?". Time Out London. Retrieved 29 November 2022. + Rycroft, Simon (2016). "Mapping Swinging London". Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317047346. + Bracken, Gregory B. (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city's architectural treasures... Journey Through London's Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish International. p. 10. ISBN 9789814435369. + Webber, Esther (31 March 2016). "The rise and fall of the GLC". BBC Newsmaccess-date=18 June 2017. + >Godoy, Maria (7 July 2005). "Timeline: London's Explosive History". NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + John, Cindi (5 April 2006). "The legacy of the Brixton riots". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2017. + "London's population hits 8.6m record high". BBC News. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017. + Zolfagharifard, Ellie (14 February 2014). "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2017. + Kendrick, Mary (1988). "The Thames Barrier". Landscape and Urban Planning. 16 (1–2): 57–68. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(88)90034-5. + "1986: Greater London Council abolished". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2017. + Ijeh, Ike (25 June 2010). "Millennium projects: 10 years of good luck". building.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2017. + Derudder, Ben; Hoyler, Michael; Taylor, Peter J.; Witlox, Frank, eds. (2015). International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 422. ISBN 9781785360688. + "Population Growth in London, 1939–2015". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Alt URL + Chandler, Mark (24 June 2016). "'Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey". Boston University Global Development Policy Center. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. + "The Coronation Weekend". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. + Vinycomb, John (1909). "The Heraldic Dragon". Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2015. + "Who runs London – Find Out Who Runs London and How". London Councils. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + "The essential guide to London local government". London Councils. Retrieved 19 June 2023. + "London Elections 2016: Results". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2016. + "The London Plan". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. + "London Government Directory – London Borough Councils". London Councils. Retrieved 29 March 2017. + "London Government". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2023. + "Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011)" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Who we are". London Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. + "About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. + "Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 29 March 2021. + "Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street". uk.gov. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Constituencies A-Z – Election 2019". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020. + "Minister for London". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020. + "MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013. + "Policing". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009. + "Just how practical is a traditional Bobby's helmet?". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2023. + "Police lose fight to ground Tardis". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2023. + "About Us". British Transport Police. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + "Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose". Ministry of Defence Police. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + Andrew, Christopher (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. Allen Lane. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-713-99885-6. + "Recorded Crime: Geographic Breakdown – Metropolitan Police Service". Greater London Authority. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + "London murder rate up 14% over the past year". ITV News. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016. + Crerar, Pippa; Gayle, Damien (10 April 2018). "Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Met Police: London homicide figures fall in 2022". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2024. + Beavan, Charles; Bickersteth, Harry (1865). Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court. Saunders and Benning. + Stationery Office (1980). The Inner London Letter Post. H.M.S.O. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-10-251580-0. + "The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order". Office of Public Sector Information. 1993. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "London in its Regional Setting" (PDF). London Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + London Government Act 1963. Office of Public Sector Information. 1996. ISBN 978-0-16-053895-7. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2008. + "London — Features — Where is the Centre of London?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "Lieutenancies Act 1997". OPSI. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2008. + Barlow, I.M. (1991). Metropolitan Government. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 9780415020992. + Sinclair, J.M. (1994). Collins English dictionary (3rd updated ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0004706788. + Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill, eds. (2002). The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd, rev ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198606529. + Schofield, John (June 1999). "When London became a European capital". British Archaeology (45). Council for British Archaeology. ISSN 1357-4442. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008. + "Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. + "Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010. + Sheppard, Francis (2000). London: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-285369-1. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006. + ""Sea Levels" – UK Environment Agency". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "Weather April". trevorharley.com. + "Niederschlagsmonatssummen KEW GARDENS 1697–1987". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020. + "Average Annual Precipitation by City in the US – Current Results". currentresults.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2022. + "Minimum Temperatures observed on 13th Dec 1981 at 06Z (SYNOP)/09Z (MIDAS/BUFR) UTC (529 reports)". Retrieved 30 April 2023. + "Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019. + Amos, Jonathan (20 January 2020). "London breaks a high-pressure record". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2020. + Johnson, H; Kovats, RS; McGregor, G; Stedman, J; Gibbs, M; Walton, H (1 July 2005). "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates". Eurosurveillance. 10 (7): 15–16. doi:10.2807/esm.10.07.00558-en. PMID 16088043. + Taylor, Brian (2002). "1976. The Incredible Heatwave". TheWeatherOutlook. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office" (PDF). Wyman and Sons, Ltd. 1911. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "UK Droughts: SPI". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Philip Eden: Longest drought for 2 years – weatheronline.co.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2019. + "London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers" (PDF). Greater London Authority. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015. + Eden, Philip (9 June 2004). "Ever Warmer as Temperatures Rival France". London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2021. + "Station Data". Met Office. Retrieved 8 May 2020. + "UK Climate Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 3 July 2021. + "Heathrow Airport Extreme Values". KNMI. Retrieved 29 November 2015. + "Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values". KNMI. Retrieved 28 December 2017. + "London, United Kingdom – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 11 March 2020. + "MIDAS Open: UK daily temperature data, v202007". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2021. + "Maximum temperature date records". TORRO. Retrieved 3 July 2021. + "Climate & Weather Averages in London, England, United Kingdom". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022. + "London's Boroughs". History Today. Retrieved 19 April 2023. + "London boroughs — London Life, GLA". London Government. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008. + "London as a financial centre". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. + "West End still drawing crowds". BBC News. 22 October 2001. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + Meek, James (17 April 2006). "Super Rich". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008. + "Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. + Jones, Rupert (8 August 2014). "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2014. + Flynn, Emily (6 July 2005). "Tomorrow's East End". Newsweek. New York. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. + Summerson, John (1969). Great Palaces (Hampton Court. pp. 12–23). Hamlyn. ISBN 9780600016823. + "Paddington Station". Great Buildings. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + Lonsdale, Sarah (27 March 2008). "Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2008. + "Protected views and tall buildings". City of London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022. + "Take a tour of The Shard's viewing platform". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2023. + White, Dominic (15 April 2008). "The Lemon Dome That Was Transformed into O2's Concert Crown". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2022. + "Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page". lnhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. + "London Natural History Society – Home". lnhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Tuffrey, Laurie (27 July 2012). "London's Amphibians and Reptile Populations Mapped". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Mammals". The Royal Parks. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Law, Peter. "London's first wild otter found". This Is Local London. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. + "Mammals". cityoflondon.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014. + Bishop, Rachael (5 November 2012). "Richmond Park Deer Cull Begins". Sutton & Croydon Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "In Pictures: London's Urban Deer". Evening Standard. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Census 2021 Bulk Data Download - TS012 Country of birth (detailed)". Durham University. + "The Principal Agglomerations of the World". City Population. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2009. + Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration Rise Increases Segregation in British Cities". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Population density of London: by London borough, 2006" (PDF). UK Statistics Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2008. + "'Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires". BBC News. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014. + "TS054 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "TS061 - Method used to travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "TS067 - Highest level of qualification - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "The Age Distribution of the Population". Trust for London. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "International migration, England and Wales: Census 2021". ONS. Retrieved 3 December 2022. + UK Data Service, Jisc (21 March 2013). "Casweb". casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "Countries of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "Year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2022. + Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X. + Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773. + "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024 + "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015. + Benedictus, Leo (21 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008. + "Main language - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. + "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 December 2022. + "2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013. + "About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Lambeth Palace Library". Lambeth Palace Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "Westminster Abbey". Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "Westminster Cathedral". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "Church of England Statistics" (PDF). Church of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "London Central Mosque Trust Ltd". London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. & The Islamic Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010. + Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Bill, Peter (30 May 2008). "The $300 Billion Arabs Are Coming". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006. + "Hindu London". BBC London. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006. + "£17 m Sikh temple opens". BBC News. 30 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2008. + "Stanmore". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008. + Paul, Jonny (10 December 2006). "Livingstone apologizes to UK's Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. + "London noise 'mutes Bow Bells to endanger Cockneys'". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2023. + "Cockney". Oxford English Dictionary. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2021. + McArthur, Thomas (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. + "'Extreme' form of Cockney dialect in decline, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2023. + Mount, Harry (10 April 2012). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 February 2024. + "Estuary English Q and A – JCW". University College London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010. + "Estuary English". University College London. Retrieved 16 April 2021. + "What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, University of York". University of York. Retrieved 16 April 2021. + Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. p. xix, para 2.1. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. + "English language - Varieties of English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021. + "English language – Characteristics of Modern English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021. + "Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. + "London tops 2015 global financial centre rankings and knocks New York into second place". cityam.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015. + Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. + Lowe, Felix (18 February 2008). "Highgate Trumps Chelsea as Priciest Postcode". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "The City of London's tumble – After the fall". The Economist. London. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2009. + Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. "Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English". Bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved 22 July 2017. + "The Origin of Religious Tolerance: Voltaire". Independent Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2023. + "London - Finance". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2022. + "The Global Financial Centres Index 20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2019. + Hales, Mike; Mendoza Peña, Andrés; Peterson, Erik R.; Dessibourg, Nicole. "2018 Global Cities Report – Learning from the East: Insights from China's Urban Success". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. + "London's core role in euros under spotlight after Brexit vote". Reuters. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + Gardiner, Beth (20 January 2010). "The London Banking Center Is Beginning to Feel Like Itself Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + Mantle, Jonathan (1992). For Whom the Bell Tolls. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 9781856191524. + "London Stock Exchange". London Stock Exchange. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + Gittelson, Steven (4 September 2015). "Adrian Cadbury, a leader in corporate governance, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2022. + "London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6" (PDF). Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. November 2005. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006. + Solesbury, William (2018). World Cities, City Worlds. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. + "The world's biggest ad agency is going all in on AI with Nvidia's help". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2024. + "London gets go ahead for new '.london' internet domain" (Press release). London & Partners. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + McReynolds, Cathy (17 February 2014). "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15". fDiIntelligence.com. London. Retrieved 28 March 2021. + "UK computer history gets new home". BBC. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2022. + "Gas distributors". Ofgem. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016. + "Electricity distributor". National Grid. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015. + "MasterCard Intelligence | MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index Report 2015". 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Hedrick-Wong, Yuwa; Choong, Desmond (2015). "MasterCard – 2015 Global Destination Cities Index" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "A Tourism Vision for London" (PDF). London and Partners. 2017. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "VisitBritain". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "London named No.1 city destination on TripAdvisor". BBC News. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "British Museum tops UK visitor attractions list". BBC News. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017. + "London Poised to Take Hotel Crown From Las Vegas". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2024. + "London's Most Historic Hotels". Londonist. Retrieved 7 April 2024. + "Transport for London". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "How do I find out about transport in London?". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2008. + "Heathrow Airport Travel Report 2019" (PDF). Heathrow Airport. LHR Airports Limited. 2020. p. 38. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Heathrow Airport Terminal 5". TMC Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "Airline Data Annual Reports 2017". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Facts and Figures – Stansted Airport". stanstedairport.com. + London Luton Airport. London Luton Airport. 1969. ISBN 978-0-11-510256-1. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "London City Airport — Corporate Information". London City Airport Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + Cornell, Adam (18 May 2018). "Londoners love our airport". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. + "Airport data 2017 – UK Civil Aviation Authority". Civil Aviation Authority. 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013. + "What is the largest metro system in the world?". City Metric. London. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018. + "A brief history of the Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 January 2023. + "Tube breaks record for passenger numbers" (Press release). Transport for London. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. + "The London 2012 legacy". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013. + "London's transport - a history: Docklands Light Railway (DLR)". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2023. + "First Capital Connect". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + "Rail Station Usage". Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009. + "Council looks at extension of London Underground's Northern line to Clapham Junction". Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 April 2023. + "Crossrail opening date finally announced". 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. + "Regional Map". Crossrail. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + Lister, Richard (2 January 2012). "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "Rail". London First. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. + Smithers, Andrew (8 December 2020). "Great Britain National Rail Train Operators" (PDF). National Rail. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "The Flying Scotsman: How the first 100mph locomotive became the most famous train in the world". Country Life. Retrieved 22 April 2023. + "Eurostar arrives in Paris on time". BBC News. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "Highspeed". Southeastern. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. + "Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north". gov.uk. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022. + "What we do – Buses". Transport for London. Retrieved 5 April 2014. + "Annual bus statistics: England 2019/20" (PDF). Department for Transport. 28 October 2020. p. 2. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Government support for the bus industry and concessionary travel (England) (BUS05)". GOV.UK (BUS0501: Operating revenue for local bus services by revenue type, by metropolitan area status: England (ODS, 34.7KB)). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Most Accessible Cities Around The World". Sunrise Medical. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Leading the way – Travelling with a sensory impairment in London" (PDF). Greater London Authority. 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + Blake, Jim (2022). London Transport Buses in the 1960s. Pen & Sword Books. p. 9. + "Victoria Coach Station to remain major coach hub" (Press release). Transport for London. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2022. + "Tram-endous boost for travellers" (Press release). Transport for London. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Statement of Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2008" (PDF). Transport for London. 25 June 2008. p. 67. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Thames cable car opens for passengers". BBC News. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2023. + "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Transport for London. 2016. p. 143. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "United Kingdom: Greater London: Boroughs – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Travel in London. 2016. pp. 146–147. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "Provisional Port Statistics 2009". Department for Transport. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. + Steves, Rick (17 March 2020). Rick Steves England. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-64171-237-8. + "Commute Through London – Uber Boat by Thames Clippers". thamesclippers.com. 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Woolwich Ferries celebrate 50 years of service". Transport of London. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "M25". Highways Agency. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018. + "SABRE - Road Lists - The First 99 - A1". Sabre-roads.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2023. + "Chipping away at the history of fish and chips". BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2022. + Mulholland, Hélène (16 March 2009). "Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London". The Guardian. London. + Badstuber, Nicole (2 March 2018). "London congestion charge: what worked, what didn't, what next". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 April 2020. + "Central London Congestion Charging, England". Verdict Traffic. Retrieved 28 April 2020. + Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "London Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234. + Walker, Peter (8 March 2024). "Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2024. + "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Top Universities. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + Malthouse, Kit (1 January 1990). "Capital offer". timeshighereducation.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "Pricewaterhousecoopers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2015. + "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022. + "REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment". Times Higher Education. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. + Hipwell, Deirdre (23 September 2007). "London School of Economics and Political Science". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "FT Global MBA Rankings". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010. + "Performing Arts". Top Universities. 25 February 2020. + "2022 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Performing Arts". Top Universities.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022. + "Financial Statements 2018–19" (PDF). University of London. p. 8. Retrieved 1 March 2020. + "Table 0a – All Students by Institution, Mode of Study, Level of Study, Gender and Domicile 2005/06". HESA. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "Member institutions". University of London. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "University of the Arts London". The Guardian. London. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010. + Carvel, John (7 August 2008). "NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010. + Karimi, H.; Masoudi Alavi, N. (2015). "Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing". National Institutes of Health. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. e29475. PMC 4557413. PMID 26339672. + Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023. + Truelove, Sam (13 October 2016). "11 of the most famous people who studied at Croydon's BRIT School". Croydon Advertiser. Retrieved 17 July 2022. + Ridpath, Ian (2012). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 198. + Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2022. + "History of the Christmas Lectures". The Royal Institution. Retrieved 22 April 2015. + "Mayor of London – Spending Time: Londons Leisure Economy". london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2015. + Chadha, Aayush. "UK Event Data – In Review". tickx.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017. + "20 facts about London's culture | London City Hall". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. + Pickford, James (30 July 2014). "Study puts London ahead of New York as centre for theatre". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015. + "Piccadilly Lights". Land Securities. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. + Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical The New York Times referred to Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the most commercially successful composer in history" + "The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2022. + "Theatres and concert halls". Your London. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "2001: Public houses". BBC History. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2008. + "Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team". The Londoner. September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007. + Potter, Mark (17 February 2011). "London tops world cities spending league". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. + "London is world's shopping capital with £62billion sales". Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 November 2023. + Peter Matthews, Michelle Dunkley McCarthy (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1994. Facts on File. p. 134. + Smith, Andrew; Graham, Anne (2019). Destination London. The Expansion of the Visitor Economy. University of Westminster Press. p. 6. + "Royal Mail's British design classic stamps". The Guardian. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2022. + "London crowned top city for luxury store openings". Fashion Network. Retrieved 17 November 2023. + "London Fashion Week: Cara Delevingne, Naomi Campbell And Kate Moss Make The Burberry FROW". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2024. + "Chinatown — Official website". Chinatown London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. + Sukhadwala, Sejal (12 April 2017). "How Long Have Londoners Been Eating Chinese Food For?". Londonist. Retrieved 14 June 2020. + "History Of The Traditional English Breakfast". English Breakfast Society. Retrieved 23 July 2022. + "Gordon Ramsay celebrates having three Michelin stars for 21 years". Daily Record. Retrieved 22 July 2022. + "Afternoon Tea At Oscar Wilde's Favorite Bar". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2022. + "17 themed afternoon teas perfect for Mother's Day". You. Retrieved 14 July 2022. + "Inside the Factory: BBC documentary goes behind the scenes of west London factory churning out 80 million biscuits a day". My London. Retrieved 20 August 2022. + "One Queen, Two Birthdays". Royal Government. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. + Andreou, Roza (25 May 2018). "Celebrate the Bengali New Year this summer in Tower Hamlets". East London Lines. + "RHS Chelsea Flower Show" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2022. + Matt Cook (6 November 2008). London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture). Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0521089807. + Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley & Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67. + "Forty years of sheer Heaven at the London superclub". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022. + "We Live in the World 'Rocky Horror' Created". Flavorwire. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017. + "Boy George". The Blitz Kids. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022. + "London in Literature". Bryn Mawr College. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. + "Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde". British Library. Retrieved 15 June 2023. + "The War of the Worlds". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 August 2022. + "Orwell in the Evening Standard". Orwell Society. Retrieved 27 June 2022. + "Winnie-the-Pooh goes to Harrods in new authorised AA Milne prequel". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2023. + "About". Paddington.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. + "The Harry Potter economy". The Economist. Retrieved 8 July 2022. + "Film London – studio contacts". Filmlondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. + "The UK's VFX Industry: In Profile". UK Screen Alliance. Retrieved 7 July 2022. + "Who We Are". The Imaginarium Studios. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012. + "Feature: The legacy of Oscar Deutsch's cinemas". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2022. + "The Fellowship: BAFTA's top prize". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2023. + "Saoirse Ronan, Kate Winslet Drama 'Ammonite' to Close BFI London Film Festival". Variety. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2022. + "The scribbled note that changed TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2019. + "ITV: Simon Cowell Talks Strong Ties With Brit Broadcaster". Variety. 7 April 2015. + "Da Ali G Show (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 8 July 2022. + "EastEnders Episode 1, 19/02/1985". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2023. + "The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane". The British Library. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + Liscombe, R. W. (1980), William Wilkins, 1778–1839, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–82 + Sen Nag, Oishimaya (5 March 2018). "The Largest Libraries In The World". World Atlas. Retrieved 30 March 2021. + Bayley, Sian (21 February 2019). "Best libraries in London: The V&A, British Library, Wellcome Trust, BFI and more". Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + Cullinan (Director), Nicholas. "Organisation – National Portrait Gallery". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Millennium Bridge". Visit London. Retrieved 27 July 2022. + The Layman's Magazine of the Living Church, Issues 1-20. Morehouse-Gorham. 1940. p. 5. + "Early stereo recordings restored". BBC. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2023. + "2015 Year End Worldwide Ticket Sales – Top 200 Area Venues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + Keens, Oliver; Levine, Nick (11 March 2021). "The best music festivals in London 2021". Time Out London. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + Tow, Stephen (2020). London, Reign Over Me How England's Capital Built Classic Rock. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. + London's top 40 artists. BBC. 6 April 2006. ISBN 978-0-89820-135-2. Retrieved 9 September 2008. + "PUNK – Paris Photo Special Feature". Michael Hoppen Gallery. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + Whatley, Jack (14 March 2019). "In Pictures: The 'Anarchy In The U.K. Tour' of 1976, the infamous tour that never really toured". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2021. + "History of music in London". The London Music Scene. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2009. + Bell, Adam Patrick (2018). Dawn of the DAW: The Studio as Musical Instrument. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780190296629. + Himes, Geoffrey (2 August 1983). "Eddy Grant's Electric Rock". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2021. + "Brit Awards History". Brit Awards. Retrieved 28 December 2019. + McGlone, Conor (9 July 2013). "London 'greenest city' in Europe". edie.net. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "Kensington Gardens". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008. + "Madame Tussauds, London". Madame Tussauds. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. + "Green Park". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Park details – Hampton Court". London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. + "Kew, History & Heritage" (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2013. + "Epping Forest You & Your Dog" (PDF). brochure. City of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2010. + Ramblers. "Corporation of London Open Spaces". Ramblers. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011. + "Kenwood House". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008. + "The best theme parks near London". Time Out. Retrieved 5 January 2024. + Marson, Phil. "Inner London Ramblers – Walk Ideas". innerlondonramblers.org.uk. + "Wandle Trail – Map". Sustrans. + "About Wembley Stadium – What we do at Wembley Stadium". Wembley Stadium connected by EE. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021. + "England – Introduction". Commonwealth Games Federation. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. + Livingstone, Robert (11 November 2011). "London Defeats Doha to host 2017 International Athletics Championships". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. + "Barclays Premier League Clubs". Premier League. Retrieved 29 March 2021. + "Premiership Rugby: Clubs". Premier Rugby. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010. + "RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007" (Press release). Twickenham Rugby Stadium. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. + "Wimbledon — official website". The All England Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC). Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. + Clarey, Christopher (7 May 2008). "Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2008. Federer said[:] 'I love playing with him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.' + Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, ed. (2005). "Tennis". Britain and the Americas. Vol. 1 : Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 958. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8. this first tennis championship, which later evolved into the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the world's most prestigious event. + "Lord's (Cricket Grounds)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2021. + "Royal St George's". The Open. Retrieved 16 October 2023. + "Flora London Marathon 2008". London Marathon Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. + "The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race — Official Website". The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2008. +Bibliography +Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7. +Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7. OCLC 45406491. +External links +London +at Wikipedia's sister projects +Media from Commons +News from Wikinews +Quotations from Wikiquote +Textbooks from Wikibooks +Travel information from Wikivoyage +London.gov.uk – Greater London Authority +VisitLondon.com – official tourism site +Museum of London +London in British History Online, with links to numerous authoritative online sources +"London", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000) + Geographic data related to London at OpenStreetMap +Old maps of London, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, National Library of Israel +vte +History of London +vte +London landmarks +vte +Areas of London +Other articles related to London +London at Wikipedia's sister projects: + +Definitions from Wiktionary + +Media from Commons + +News from Wikinews + +Quotations from Wikiquote + +Texts from Wikisource + +Resources from Wikiversity + +Travel guides from Wikivoyage + +Data from Wikidata +Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata +Categories: LondonBritish capitalsCapitals in EuropeGreater LondonPort cities and towns in Southern EnglandStaple portsSouthern England1st-century establishments in Roman BritainPopulated places established in the 1st centuryCapital cities in the United Kingdom +This page was last edited on 21 April 2024, at 12:02 (UTC). +Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. +Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaCode of ConductDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki '
New page size (new_size)
165765
Old page size (old_size)
286619
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
-120854
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => 'Sydney is a not a cool city dude', 1 => 'Main menu', 2 => 'WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia', 3 => 'Search Wikipedia', 4 => 'Search', 5 => 'Create account', 6 => 'Log in', 7 => 'Personal tools', 8 => 'Contents hide', 9 => '(Top)', 10 => 'Toponymy', 11 => 'History', 12 => 'Toggle History subsection', 13 => 'Administration', 14 => 'Toggle Administration subsection', 15 => 'Geography', 16 => 'Toggle Geography subsection', 17 => 'Demography', 18 => 'Toggle Demography subsection', 19 => 'Economy', 20 => 'Toggle Economy subsection', 21 => 'Transport', 22 => 'Toggle Transport subsection', 23 => 'Education', 24 => 'Toggle Education subsection', 25 => 'Culture', 26 => 'Toggle Culture subsection', 27 => 'Recreation', 28 => 'Toggle Recreation subsection', 29 => 'Sport', 30 => 'Notable people', 31 => 'See also', 32 => 'Notes', 33 => 'References', 34 => 'Toggle References subsection', 35 => 'External links', 36 => 'London', 37 => 'Article', 38 => 'Talk', 39 => 'Read', 40 => 'View source', 41 => 'View history', 42 => 'Tools', 43 => 'Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W', 44 => 'This is a good article. Click here for more information.', 45 => 'Page semi-protected', 46 => 'From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia', 47 => 'This article is about the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. For other uses, see London (disambiguation).', 48 => 'London', 49 => 'Capital city', 50 => 'River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), Tower of London and City of London (right)', 51 => 'London Eye', 52 => 'Nelson's Column', 53 => 'St Paul's', 54 => 'Piccadilly Circus', 55 => 'Canary Wharf', 56 => 'Palace of Westminster with Big Ben (right)', 57 => 'MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap', 58 => 'London is located in the United KingdomLondonLondon', 59 => 'Location within the United Kingdom', 60 => 'Show map of the United Kingdom', 61 => 'Show map of England', 62 => 'Show map of Europe', 63 => 'Show map of Earth', 64 => 'Show all', 65 => 'Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W', 66 => 'Sovereign state United Kingdom', 67 => 'Country England', 68 => 'Region London (Greater London)', 69 => 'Ceremonial counties Greater London (ceremonial county)', 70 => 'City of London', 71 => 'Local government districts 32 London boroughs', 72 => 'and the City of London', 73 => 'Settled by Romans AD 47; 1977 years ago[2]', 74 => 'as Londinium', 75 => 'Government', 76 => ' • Type Executive mayoralty and deliberative assembly', 77 => ' • Body Greater London Authority', 78 => '• Mayor Sadiq Khan (L)', 79 => '• London Assembly', 80 => ' • London Assembly 14 constituencies', 81 => ' • UK Parliament 73 constituencies', 82 => 'Area', 83 => ' • Total[A] 606.96 sq mi (1,572.03 km2)', 84 => ' • Urban 671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2)', 85 => ' • Metro 3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2)', 86 => ' • City of London 1.12 sq mi (2.89 km2)', 87 => ' • 32 London boroughs (total) 605.85 sq mi (1,569.14 km2)', 88 => 'Elevation[3] 36 ft (11 m)', 89 => 'Population (2021 except where stated)', 90 => ' • Total[A] 8,799,800[1]', 91 => ' • Rank 3rd in Europe', 92 => '1st in the United Kingdom', 93 => ' • Density 14,500/sq mi (5,598/km2)', 94 => ' • Urban (2011)[4] 9,787,426', 95 => ' • Metro (2023)[5] 14,800,000 (London metropolitan area)', 96 => ' • City of London 8,600[1]', 97 => 'Demonyms Londoner', 98 => 'GVA (2021)[6]', 99 => ' • Total £487 billion', 100 => ' • Per capita £55,412', 101 => 'Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean Time)', 102 => ' • Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time)', 103 => 'Postcode areas ', 104 => '22 areas', 105 => 'Budget £19.376 billion', 106 => '($25 billion)[7]', 107 => 'International airports Inside London:', 108 => 'Heathrow (LHR)', 109 => 'City (LCY)', 110 => 'Outside London:', 111 => 'Gatwick (LGW)', 112 => 'Stansted (STN)', 113 => 'Luton (LTN)', 114 => 'Southend (SEN)', 115 => 'Rapid transit system London Underground', 116 => 'Police Metropolitan (county of Greater London)', 117 => 'City of London (City of London square mile)', 118 => 'Ambulance London', 119 => 'Fire London', 120 => 'GeoTLD .london', 121 => 'Website london.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata', 122 => 'London is the capital and largest city of England, and the United Kingdom, with a population of around 8.8 million,[1] and its metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.8 million.[9][note 1] It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia.[10] The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.[note 2][11] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. In the 19th century, London grew rapidly, becoming the world's largest city at the time, as it expanded and absorbed the neighbouring county of Middlesex, and parts of Surrey and Kent. In 1965 it was combined with parts of Essex and Hertfordshire[12] to create the administrative area of Greater London,[13] which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[note 3][14]', 123 => 'As one of the world's major global cities,[15][16] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications.[17][18] Despite a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still Europe's most economically powerful city,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres in the world. With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[21] it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world—Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London.[22][23] London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world.[24] The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.[25]', 124 => 'London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[26] The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million[27] made it Europe's third-most populous city,[28] accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom[29] and over 16% of the population of England. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census.[30][31] The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016,[note 4][32][33] granting London the status of a megacity.', 125 => 'London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[34] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square. London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres.[35] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.[36]', 126 => 'Toponymy', 127 => 'Main article: Etymology of London', 128 => 'London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium.[37] Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *Londonjon or something similar. This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English.[38]', 129 => 'Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London.[39]', 130 => 'History', 131 => 'Main article: History of London', 132 => 'For a chronological guide, see Timeline of London.', 133 => 'Prehistory', 134 => 'In 1993, remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the south foreshore upstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[40] Two of the timbers were radiocarbon dated to 1750–1285 BC.[40] In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC,[41] were found on the Thames's south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[42] Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground River Effra flows into the Thames.[42]', 135 => 'Roman London', 136 => 'Main article: Londinium', 137 => 'Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD,[2] about four years after their invasion of 43 AD.[43] This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground.[44]', 138 => 'The next planned incarnation of Londinium prospered, superseding Colchester as the principal city of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000.[45]', 139 => 'Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London', 140 => 'Reconstruction drawing of Londinium in 120 AD', 141 => 'With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450.[46] From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of the old Roman city.[47] By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed.[48]', 142 => 'The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950.[49]', 143 => 'By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."[50]', 144 => 'Middle Ages', 145 => 'Westminster Abbey, as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings.', 146 => 'After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[51] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.[52] In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.[53]', 147 => 'In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster, although the royal treasury came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[54] With the Black Death in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population.[55] London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[56]', 148 => 'London was a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.[57] In 1264 during the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.[58]', 149 => 'Early modern', 150 => 'The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally.', 151 => 'During the Tudor period, the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism. Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.[59] In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up a main trading base (kontor) of England in London, called the Stalhof or Steelyard. It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway.[60] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries.[61]', 152 => 'Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean was normally through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity.[62] The Royal Exchange was founded.[63] Mercantilism grew and monopoly traders such as the East India Company were founded as trade expanded to the New World. London became the main North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[59]', 153 => 'Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.', 154 => 'In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark. Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down the theatres in the 1640s.[64] The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane, opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district.[65]', 155 => 'By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.[66] In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the City.[67]', 156 => 'In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.[68] The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[69] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.[70]', 157 => 'The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666.', 158 => 'London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[71] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[71]', 159 => 'The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings.[72] Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by polymath Robert Hooke.[73] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed. During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London. In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century.[74]', 160 => 'In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House, which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,[75] and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[76] Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday.[77]', 161 => 'Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre.[78]', 162 => 'Late modern and contemporary', 163 => 'With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.[79][80] London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925, with a population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare).[81] In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as Harding, Howell & Co.—one of the first department stores—located on Pall Mall, the streets had scores of street sellers.[79] London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[82] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the London Underground, the world's first urban rail network.[83] The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.[84]', 164 => 'From the early years of the 20th century onwards, teashops were found on High Streets across London and the rest of Britain, with Lyons, who opened the first of their chain of teashops in Piccadilly in 1894, leading the way.[85] The tearooms, such as the Criterion in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement.[86] The city was the target of many attacks during the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral bombed.[87]', 165 => 'British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I', 166 => 'A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II', 167 => 'London was bombed by the Germans in the First World War, and during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.[88] The tomb of the Unknown Warrior, an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920.[89] The Cenotaph, located in Whitehall, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November.[90]', 168 => 'The 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, while London was still recovering from the war.[91] From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[92] making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.[93] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke".[94]', 169 => 'Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street.[95] The role of trendsetter revived in the punk era.[96] In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.[97] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[98] These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with the Old Bailey bombing.[98] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.[99]', 170 => 'Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.[100] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.[101] Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.[102]', 171 => 'The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the Greater London Authority.[103] To mark the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed.[104] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, as the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times.[36] On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.[98]', 172 => 'In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing them as the world's three most influential global cities.[105] In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939.[106] During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union, but most London constituencies voted for remaining.[107] However, Britain's exit from the EU in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre.[108]', 173 => 'On 6 May 2023, the coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place at Westminster Abbey, London.[109]', 174 => 'Administration', 175 => 'Local government', 176 => 'Main articles: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government', 177 => 'Arms of the Corporation of the City of London[110]', 178 => 'The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[111] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues.[112] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital.[113] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[114]', 179 => 'The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[115] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, social services, local roads and refuse collection.[116] Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).[117]', 180 => 'The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London, run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. It is the third largest fire service in the world.[118] National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world.[119] The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.[120]', 181 => 'National government', 182 => '10 Downing Street, official residence of the Prime Minister', 183 => 'London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall.[121] There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of December 2019, 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrats.[122] The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994 and as of 2020 is held by Paul Scully.[123]', 184 => 'Policing and crime', 185 => 'Main article: Crime in London', 186 => 'Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[124] The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police.[125] First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the custodian helmet has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement".[126] Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue police telephone box (basis for the TARDIS in Doctor Who) was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK.[127]', 187 => 'Headquarters of MI6, the UK's foreign intelligence service, at the SIS Building. Scenes featuring James Bond (the fictional MI6 agent) have been filmed here.', 188 => 'The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services.[128] The Ministry of Defence Police is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public.[129] The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service (MI5) is headquartered in Thames House on the north bank of the River Thames, and the foreign intelligence service (MI6) is headquartered in the SIS Building on the south bank.[130]', 189 => 'Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level.[131] In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.[132] Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved.[133] However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than other major cities around the world.[134]', 190 => 'Geography', 191 => 'Main article: Geography of London', 192 => 'Scope', 193 => 'London, also known as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined several ways.[135]', 194 => 'Satellite view of London in June 2018', 195 => 'Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses.[136] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places.[137]', 196 => 'Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.[138] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London,[139] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W.[140]', 197 => 'Status', 198 => 'Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies.[141] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire.[142] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form.[note 5]', 199 => 'Its status as a capital was established by constitutional convention, which means its status as de facto capital is a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation.[145] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.[146]', 200 => 'Topography', 201 => 'London from Primrose Hill', 202 => 'Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km2).[147]', 203 => 'Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a flood plain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.[148]', 204 => 'Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[149] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of post-glacial rebound.[150]', 205 => 'Climate', 206 => 'Main article: Climate of London', 207 => 'London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893.[151] The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm).[152] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600 mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City.[153] Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0 mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to climate change, and there is concern among hydrological experts that households may run out of water before 2050.[154]', 208 => 'Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.[155][156] Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020.[157]', 209 => 'Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the 2003 European heat wave, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths.[158] A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths.[159] A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard.[160] Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.[161] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893.[162]', 210 => 'Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[163] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.[164]', 211 => 'vte', 212 => 'Climate data for London (LHR),[a] elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1991–2020 normals', 213 => 'Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year', 214 => 'Record high °C (°F) 17.2', 215 => '(63.0) 21.2', 216 => '(70.2) 24.5', 217 => '(76.1) 29.4', 218 => '(84.9) 32.8', 219 => '(91.0) 35.6', 220 => '(96.1) 40.2', 221 => '(104.4) 38.1', 222 => '(100.6) 35.0', 223 => '(95.0) 29.5', 224 => '(85.1) 21.1', 225 => '(70.0) 17.4', 226 => '(63.3) 40.2', 227 => '(104.4)', 228 => 'Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4', 229 => '(47.1) 9.0', 230 => '(48.2) 11.7', 231 => '(53.1) 15.0', 232 => '(59.0) 18.4', 233 => '(65.1) 21.6', 234 => '(70.9) 23.9', 235 => '(75.0) 23.4', 236 => '(74.1) 20.2', 237 => '(68.4) 15.8', 238 => '(60.4) 11.5', 239 => '(52.7) 8.8', 240 => '(47.8) 15.7', 241 => '(60.3)', 242 => 'Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6', 243 => '(42.1) 5.8', 244 => '(42.4) 7.9', 245 => '(46.2) 10.5', 246 => '(50.9) 13.7', 247 => '(56.7) 16.8', 248 => '(62.2) 19.0', 249 => '(66.2) 18.7', 250 => '(65.7) 15.9', 251 => '(60.6) 12.3', 252 => '(54.1) 8.4', 253 => '(47.1) 5.9', 254 => '(42.6) 11.7', 255 => '(53.1)', 256 => 'Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7', 257 => '(36.9) 2.7', 258 => '(36.9) 4.1', 259 => '(39.4) 6.0', 260 => '(42.8) 9.1', 261 => '(48.4) 12.0', 262 => '(53.6) 14.2', 263 => '(57.6) 14.1', 264 => '(57.4) 11.6', 265 => '(52.9) 8.8', 266 => '(47.8) 5.3', 267 => '(41.5) 3.1', 268 => '(37.6) 7.8', 269 => '(46.0)', 270 => 'Record low °C (°F) −16.1', 271 => '(3.0) −13.9', 272 => '(7.0) −8.9', 273 => '(16.0) −5.6', 274 => '(21.9) −3.1', 275 => '(26.4) −0.6', 276 => '(30.9) 3.9', 277 => '(39.0) 2.1', 278 => '(35.8) 1.4', 279 => '(34.5) −5.5', 280 => '(22.1) −7.1', 281 => '(19.2) −17.4', 282 => '(0.7) −17.4', 283 => '(0.7)', 284 => 'Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.8', 285 => '(2.31) 45.0', 286 => '(1.77) 38.8', 287 => '(1.53) 42.3', 288 => '(1.67) 45.9', 289 => '(1.81) 47.3', 290 => '(1.86) 45.8', 291 => '(1.80) 52.8', 292 => '(2.08) 49.6', 293 => '(1.95) 65.1', 294 => '(2.56) 66.6', 295 => '(2.62) 57.1', 296 => '(2.25) 615.0', 297 => '(24.21)', 298 => 'Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 10.8 11.2 10.8 111.7', 299 => 'Average snowy days 6.8 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.3 16', 300 => 'Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 70 65 67 65 65 69 73 78 81 81 73', 301 => 'Average dew point °C (°F) 3', 302 => '(37) 2', 303 => '(36) 2', 304 => '(36) 4', 305 => '(39) 7', 306 => '(45) 10', 307 => '(50) 12', 308 => '(54) 12', 309 => '(54) 10', 310 => '(50) 9', 311 => '(48) 6', 312 => '(43) 3', 313 => '(37) 7', 314 => '(44)', 315 => 'Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 78.8 124.5 176.7 207.5 208.4 217.8 202.1 157.1 115.2 70.7 55.0 1,674.8', 316 => 'Percent possible sunshine 23 28 31 40 41 41 42 45 40 35 27 21 35', 317 => 'Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3', 318 => 'Source 1: Met Office[165][166][167] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[168][169]', 319 => 'Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)[170] CEDA Archive[171] TORRO[172] Time and Date[173]', 320 => 'See Climate of London for additional climate information.', 321 => ' Averages are taken from Heathrow, and extremes are taken from stations across London.', 322 => 'Areas', 323 => 'Main articles: List of areas of London and London boroughs', 324 => 'Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley, and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.[174]', 325 => 'The West End theatre district in 2016', 326 => 'Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965, Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[175] The City of London is the main financial district,[176] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east.', 327 => 'The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[177] West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[178] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London.[179][180]', 328 => 'The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.[181] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.[181]', 329 => 'Architecture', 330 => 'Main articles: Architecture of London, List of tallest buildings and structures in London, and List of demolished buildings and structures in London', 331 => 'The Tower of London, a medieval castle, dating in part to 1078', 332 => 'London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace.[182]', 333 => 'Part of the varied architectural heritage are the 17th-century churches by Christopher Wren, neoclassical financial institutions such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to the early 20th century Old Bailey courthouse and the 1960s Barbican Estate. The 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington.[183] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area and Canary Wharf, high residential densities in inner London, and lower densities in Outer London.', 334 => 'The east wing public façade of Buckingham Palace was built between 1847 and 1850; it was remodelled to its present form in 1913.', 335 => 'Trafalgar Square and its fountains, with Nelson's Column on the right', 336 => 'The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column (built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson) is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick, commonly the yellow London stock brick.[184]', 337 => 'In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe (dubbed "The Gherkin"), Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings.[185] This protective policy, known as 'St Paul's Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937.[185] Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London, including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom and Western Europe.[186]', 338 => 'Other notable modern buildings include The Scalpel, 20 Fenchurch Street (dubbed "The Walkie-Talkie"), the former City Hall in Southwark, the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. The BT Tower stands at 620 feet (189 m) and has a 360 degree coloured LED screen near the top. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena.[187]', 339 => 'The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the background; seen in September 2014', 340 => 'Natural history', 341 => 'The London Natural History Society suggests that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 per cent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish.[188] They state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two national nature reserves and 76 local nature reserves.[189]', 342 => 'Amphibians are common in the capital, including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern, and common frogs, common toads, palmate newts and great crested newts. On the other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, barred grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London.[190]', 343 => 'A fox on Ayres Street, Southwark, South London', 344 => 'Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 red foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (6 per square kilometre) of London. Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehog, brown rat, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and grey squirrel.[191] In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found, including European hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to red fox, grey squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.[192] Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, Nathusius' and common pipistrelles, common noctule, serotine, barbastelle, Daubenton's, brown long-eared, Natterer's and Leisler's.[193]', 345 => 'Herds of red and fallow deer roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained.[194] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces.[195]', 346 => 'Demography', 347 => 'Main article: Demographics of London', 348 => '2021 census - population of London by country of birth[196]', 349 => 'Country of birth Population Percent', 350 => ' United Kingdom 5,223,986 59.4', 351 => 'Non-United Kingdom 3,575,739 40.6', 352 => ' India 322,644 3.7', 353 => ' Romania 175,991 2.0', 354 => ' Poland 149,397 1.7', 355 => ' Bangladesh 138,895 1.6', 356 => ' Pakistan 129,774 1.5', 357 => ' Italy 126,059 1.4', 358 => ' Nigeria 117,145 1.3', 359 => ' Ireland 96,566 1.1', 360 => ' Sri Lanka 80,379 0.9', 361 => ' France 77,715 0.9', 362 => 'Others 2,161,174 24.6', 363 => 'Total 8,799,725 100.0', 364 => 'Population density map', 365 => 'London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011,[31] while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 12–14 million, depending on the definition used.[197] According to Eurostat, London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000 immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001.[198]', 366 => 'The region covers 610 square miles (1,579 km2), giving a population density of 13,410 inhabitants per square mile (5,177/km2)[147] more than ten times that of any other British region.[199] In population terms, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region.[200]', 367 => 'In tenure, 23.1% socially rent within London, 46.8% either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30% privately rent at the 2021 census.[201] Many Londoner's work from home, 42.9% did so at the 2021 census while 20.6% drive a car to work. The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground, declining from 22.6% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2021.[202] In qualifications, 46.7% of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher, which is predominately university degrees. 16.2% had no qualifications at all.[203]', 368 => 'Age structure and median age', 369 => 'London's median age is one of the youngest regions in the UK. It was recorded in 2018 that London's residents were 36.5 years old, which was younger than the UK median of 40.3.[204]', 370 => 'Children younger than 14 constituted 20.6% of the population in Outer London in 2018, and 18% in Inner London. The 15–24 age group was 11.1% in Outer and 10.2% in Inner London, those aged 25–44 years 30.6% in Outer London and 39.7% in Inner London, those aged 45–64 years 24% and 20.7% in Outer and Inner London respectively. Those aged 65 and over are 13.6% in Outer London, but only 9.3% in Inner London.[204]', 371 => 'Country of birth', 372 => 'The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were foreign-born,[205] making it among the cities with the largest immigrant population in terms of absolute numbers and a growth of roughly 3 million since 1971 when the foreign born population was 668,373.[206] 13% of the total population were Asian born (32.1% of the total foreign born population), 7.1% are African born (17.5%), 15.5% are Other European born (38.2%) and 4.2% were born in the Americas and Caribbean (10.3%).[207] The 5 largest single countries of origin were respectively India, Romania, Poland, Bangladesh and Pakistan.[207]', 373 => 'About 56.8% of children born in London in 2021 were born to a mother who was born abroad.[208] This trend has been increasing in the past two decades when foreign born mothers made up 43.3% of births in 2001 in London, becoming the majority in the middle of the 2000s by 2006 comprising 52.5%.[208]', 374 => 'A large degree of the foreign born population who were present at the 2021 census had arrived relatively recently. Of the total population, those that arrived between the years of 2011 and 2021 account for 16.6% of London.[209] Those who arrived between 2001 and 2010 are 10.4%, between 1991 and 2001, 5.7%, and prior to 1990, 7.3%.[209]', 375 => 'Ethnic groups', 376 => 'Main article: Ethnic groups in London', 377 => 'Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2021 Census', 378 => 'White', 379 => 'White (53.8%)', 380 => 'Asian', 381 => 'Asian (20.8%)', 382 => 'Black', 383 => 'Black (13.5%)', 384 => 'According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2021 census, 53.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 36.8% White British, 1.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 0.4 Roma and 14.7% classified as Other White.[210] Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descents and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 3.3% and 3.7% respectively. Chinese people accounted for 1.7%, and Arabs for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian".[210] 15.9% of London's population were of Black or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. Black Africans accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as Black Caribbean, and 1.7% as "Other Black". 5.7% were of mixed race.[210] This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[211][212] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[213] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[214] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[215] of since fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[214]', 385 => 'As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[216] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[217]', 386 => 'Languages', 387 => 'In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that more than 300 languages were spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities had populations of more than 10,000.[218] At the 2021 census, 78.4% spoke English as their first language.[219] The 5 biggest languages outside of English were Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Bengali and Portuguese.[219]', 388 => 'Religion', 389 => 'Main article: Religion in London', 390 => 'See also: List of churches in London', 391 => 'Religion in London (2021)[220]', 392 => ' Christianity (40.66%)', 393 => ' Not religious (27.05%)', 394 => ' Islam (14.99%)', 395 => ' Undeclared (7.00%)', 396 => ' Hinduism (5.15%)', 397 => ' Judaism (1.65%)', 398 => ' Sikhism (1.64%)', 399 => ' Buddhism (0.99%)', 400 => ' Other religion (0.88%)', 401 => 'According to the 2021 Census, the largest religious groupings were Christians (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), Muslims (15%), no response (8.5%), Hindus (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), Sikhs (1.64%), Buddhists (1.0%) and other (0.8%).[220][221]', 402 => 'London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[222] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[223]', 403 => 'St Paul's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London', 404 => 'The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the second-largest Hindu temple in England and Europe.', 405 => 'Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[224] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[225] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[226]', 406 => 'Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[227] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[228][229][230] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[231]', 407 => 'Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[232] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[233] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[234]', 408 => 'The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe to have held regular services continually for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[235] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[236]', 409 => 'Accents', 410 => 'Traditionally, anyone born within earshot of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church was considered to be a true Cockney.[237]', 411 => 'Cockney is an accent heard across London, mainly spoken by working-class and lower-middle class Londoners. It is mainly attributed to the East End and wider East London, having originated there in the 18th century, although it has been suggested that the Cockney style of speech is much older.[238] Some features of Cockney include, Th-fronting (pronouncing "th" as "f"), "th" inside a word is pronounced with a "v", H-dropping, and, like most English accents, a Cockney accent drops the "r" after a vowel.[239] John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, makes reference to Cockney "use of a peculiar slang language" (Cockney rhyming slang) when describing the costermongers of the East End. Since the start of the 21st century the extreme form of the Cockney dialect is less common in parts of the East End itself, with modern strongholds including other parts of London and suburbs in the home counties.[240] This is particularly pronounced in areas like Romford (in the London Borough of Havering) and Southend (in Essex) which have received significant inflows of older East End residents in recent decades.[241]', 412 => 'Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation.[242] It is widely spoken by people of all classes.[243]', 413 => 'Multicultural London English (MLE) is a multiethnolect becoming increasingly common in multicultural areas amongst young, working-class people from diverse backgrounds. It is a fusion of an array of ethnic accents, in particular Afro-Caribbean and South Asian, with a significant Cockney influence.[244]', 414 => 'Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard for British English.[245] It has no specific geographical correlate,[246] although it is also traditionally defined as the standard speech used in London and south-eastern England.[247] It is mainly spoken by upper-class and upper-middle class Londoners.[248]', 415 => 'Economy', 416 => 'Main article: Economy of London', 417 => 'The City of London, one of the largest financial centres in the world[249]', 418 => 'London's gross regional product in 2019 was £503 billion, around a quarter of UK GDP.[250] London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.[251]', 419 => 'City of London', 420 => 'The London Stock Exchange at Paternoster Square and Temple Bar', 421 => 'The Royal Exchange in 1886', 422 => 'London's finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf, the two major business districts. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance.[252] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. This caused many bankers established in Amsterdam (e.g. Hope, Baring I'm), to move to London. Also, London's market-centred system (as opposed to the bank-centred one in Amsterdam) grew more dominant in the 18th century.[74] The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.[78] This economic strength of the city was attributed to its diversity.[253][254]', 423 => 'The Bank of England, established in 1694, is the model on which most modern central banks are based.', 424 => 'By the mid-19th century, London was the leading financial centre, and at the end of the century over half the world's trade was financed in British currency.[255] Still, as of 2016 London tops the world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[256] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.[257]', 425 => 'London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Notwithstanding a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres of the world. It is the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.[258] Over 85 per cent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. However, by 2010 the city had recovered, put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.[259] Along with professional services headquarters, the City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.[260]', 426 => 'Over half the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[261] In a 1992 report commissioned by the London Stock Exchange, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of his family's confectionery company Cadbury, produced the Cadbury Report, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.[262]', 427 => 'Media and technology', 428 => 'Main article: Media in London', 429 => 'Broadcasting House, headquarters of the BBC', 430 => 'Media companies are concentrated in London, and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[263] The BBC, the world's oldest national broadcaster, is a significant employer, while other broadcasters, including ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and Sky, also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers, including The Times, founded in 1785, are edited in London; the term Fleet Street (where most national newspapers operated) remains a metonym for the British national press.[264] The communications company WPP is the world's largest advertising agency.[265]', 431 => 'A large number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In 2014 the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD.[266] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 list by fDi Intelligence.[267] A museum in Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing was based during World War II, is in Bletchley, 40 miles (64 km) north of central London, as is The National Museum of Computing.[268]', 432 => 'The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[269] and UK Power Networks.[270]', 433 => 'Tourism', 434 => 'Main article: Tourism in London', 435 => 'The British Museum', 436 => 'The National Gallery', 437 => 'London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits.[271] It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015.[272] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy.[273] The city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK.[274] As of 2016 London was the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users.[275]', 438 => 'In 2015 the top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London. The top 10 most visited attractions were (with visits per venue):[276]', 439 => 'British Museum: 6,820,686', 440 => 'National Gallery: 5,908,254', 441 => 'Natural History Museum (South Kensington): 5,284,023', 442 => 'Southbank Centre: 5,102,883', 443 => 'Tate Modern: 4,712,581', 444 => 'Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington): 3,432,325', 445 => 'Science Museum: 3,356,212', 446 => 'Somerset House: 3,235,104', 447 => 'Tower of London: 2,785,249', 448 => 'National Portrait Gallery: 2,145,486', 449 => 'The number of hotel rooms in London in 2023 stood at 155,700 and is expected to grow to 183,600 rooms, the most of any city outside China.[277] Luxury hotels in London include the Savoy (opened in 1889), Claridge's (opened in 1812 and rebuilt in 1898), the Ritz (opened in 1906) and the Dorchester (opened in 1931), while budget hotel chains include Premier Inn and Travelodge.[278]', 450 => 'Transport', 451 => 'Main articles: Transport in London and Infrastructure in London', 452 => 'Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[279] but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL).[112]', 453 => 'The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.[280]', 454 => 'Aviation', 455 => 'Main article: Airports of London', 456 => 'Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic (Terminal 5C is pictured).', 457 => 'London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world.[24] Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights.', 458 => 'Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, was for many years the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways.[281] In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[282]', 459 => 'Gatwick Airport, south of London in West Sussex, handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport and is the main base of easyJet, the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[283]', 460 => 'London Stansted Airport, north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of Ryanair, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[284]', 461 => 'Luton Airport, to the north of London in Bedfordshire, is used by several budget airlines (especially easyJet and Wizz Air) for short-haul flights.[285]', 462 => 'London City Airport, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[286]', 463 => 'London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of airlines.[287] In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport.[288]', 464 => 'Rail', 465 => 'Underground and DLR', 466 => 'The London Underground, opened in January 1863, is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system', 467 => 'The roundel symbol designed by Edward Johnston and trademarked in 1917', 468 => 'Opened in 1863, the London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest metro system in the world.[289][290] The system serves 272 stations, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway, which opened in 1890.[291]', 469 => 'Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.[292] An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the 2012 Summer Olympics.[293] The Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the Docklands, Greenwich and Lewisham.[294]', 470 => 'Suburban', 471 => 'There are 368 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[295] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers—Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year.[296] Clapham Junction is one of Europe's busiest rail interchanges.[297]', 472 => 'With the need for more rail capacity, the Elizabeth Line (also known as Crossrail) opened in May 2022.[298] It is a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[299] It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost.[300]', 473 => 'Inter-city and international', 474 => 'St Pancras International is the main terminal for high-speed Eurostar and High Speed 1 services, as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city East Midlands Railway services.', 475 => 'London is the centre of the National Rail network, with 70 per cent of rail journeys starting or ending in London.[301] King's Cross station and Euston station, both in London, are the starting points of the East Coast Main Line and the West Coast Main Line – the two main railway lines in Britain. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns.[302] The Flying Scotsman is an express passenger train service that has operated between London and Edinburgh since 1862; the world famous steam locomotive named after this service, Flying Scotsman, was the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) in 1934.[303]', 476 => 'Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Calais, Paris, Disneyland Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.[304] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[305] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.[306]', 477 => 'Buses, coaches and trams', 478 => 'The New Routemaster (left) replaced the AEC Routemaster (right) in 2012. First appearing in 1947, the red double-decker bus is an emblematic symbol of London.', 479 => 'London's bus network runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops.[307] In 2019 the network had over 2 billion commuter trips per year.[308] Since 2010 an average of £1.2 billion is taken in revenue each year.[309] London has one of the largest wheelchair-accessible networks in the world[310] and from the third quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.[311]', 480 => 'An emblem of London, the red double-decker bus first appeared in the city in 1947 with the AEC Regent III RT (predecessor to the AEC Routemaster).[312] London's coach hub is Victoria Coach Station, opened in 1932. Nationalised in 1970 and then purchased by London Transport (now Transport for London), Victoria Coach Station has over 14 million passengers a year and provides services across the UK and continental Europe.[313]', 481 => 'London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013.[314] Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink.[315]', 482 => 'Cable car', 483 => 'London's first and to date only cable car is the London Cable Car, which opened in June 2012. The cable car crosses the Thames and links Greenwich Peninsula with the Royal Docks in the east of the city. It is able to carry up to 2,500 passengers per hour in each direction at peak times.[316]', 484 => 'Cycling', 485 => 'Main article: Cycling in London', 486 => 'Santander Cycle Hire, near Victoria in Central London', 487 => 'In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day,[317] meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8 million use a bike on an average day.[318] Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a bicycle hire scheme in July 2010 was successful and generally well received.[319]', 488 => 'Port and river boats', 489 => 'The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009.[320] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.[320]', 490 => 'London has river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services.[321] At major piers including Canary Wharf, London Bridge City, Battersea Power Station and London Eye (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times.[322] The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads.[323]', 491 => 'Roads', 492 => 'Although the majority of journeys in central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (just within the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, just outside the built-up area in most places) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 miles (188 km) long.[324] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.[325]', 493 => 'The hackney carriage (black cab) is a common sight on London streets. Although traditionally black, this is not a requirement with some painted in other colours or bearing advertising.', 494 => 'The Austin Motor Company began making hackney carriages (London taxis) in 1929, and models include Austin FX3 from 1948, Austin FX4 from 1958, with more recent models TXII and TX4 manufactured by London Taxis International. The BBC states, "ubiquitous black cabs and red double-decker buses all have long and tangled stories that are deeply embedded in London's traditions".[326]', 495 => 'London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).[327] In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London.[328] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.[329] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000.[330]', 496 => 'Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN) were widely introduced in London, but in 2023 the Department for Transport stopped funding them, even though the benefits outweighed the costs by approximately 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.[331]', 497 => 'Education', 498 => 'Main article: Education in London', 499 => 'Tertiary education', 500 => 'See also: List of universities and higher education colleges in London', 501 => 'University College London (UCL), established by Royal Charter in 1836, is one of the founding colleges of the University of London.', 502 => 'Imperial College London, a technical research university focusing on science, engineering, medicine and business, in South Kensington', 503 => 'The London School of Economics (Centre Building pictured) was established in 1895', 504 => 'London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe.[21] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world[332] and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world.[333] A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London the global capital of higher education.[334] A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2022 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked No. 6 in the world, University College London (UCL) is ranked 8th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 37th.[335] All are regularly ranked highly, with Imperial College being the UK's leading university in the Research Excellence Framework ranking 2021.[336] The London School of Economics (LSE) has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[337] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second-best in the world by the Financial Times.[338] The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings[339]): the Royal College of Music (ranking 2nd in the world), the Royal Academy of Music (ranking 4th) and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (ranking 6th).[340]', 505 => 'With students in London and around 48,000 in University of London Worldwide,[341] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.[342] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies.[343]', 506 => 'Universities in London outside the University of London system include Brunel University, Imperial College London,[note 6] Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, University of East London, University of West London, University of Westminster, London South Bank University, Middlesex University, and University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).[344] In addition, there are three international universities – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.', 507 => 'King's College London's Guy's Campus, home to the university's Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute', 508 => 'London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has many affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).[345] Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in White City. Founded by pioneering nurse Florence Nightingale at St Thomas' Hospital in 1860, the first nursing school is now part of King's College London.[346] It was at King's in 1952 where a team led by Rosalind Franklin captured Photo 51, the critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.[347] There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School, the London Business School and the UCL School of Management.', 509 => 'Opened in 1906, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama is a member of Conservatoires UK and the Federation of Drama Schools.', 510 => 'London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), Central School of Ballet, London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, Sylvia Young Theatre School and Trinity Laban. The BRIT School in the London borough of Croydon provides training for the performing arts and technologies.[348]', 511 => 'Primary and secondary education', 512 => 'See also: Centre for School Design', 513 => 'The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include Ashbourne College, Bethnal Green Academy, Brampton Manor Academy, City and Islington College, City of Westminster College, David Game College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, London Academy of Excellence, Tower Hamlets College, and Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School.', 514 => 'Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies', 515 => '', 516 => 'Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.', 517 => 'Founded in 1675, the Royal Observatory in Greenwich was established to address the problem of calculating longitude for navigational purposes. This pioneering work in solving longitude featured in astronomer royal Nevil Maskelyne's Nautical Almanac which made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point, and helped lead to the international adoption of Greenwich as the prime meridian (0° longitude) in 1884.[349]', 518 => '', 519 => 'Important scientific learned societies based in London include the Royal Society—the UK's national academy of sciences and the oldest national scientific institution in the world—founded in 1660,[350] and the Royal Institution, founded in 1799. Since 1825, the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have presented scientific subjects to a general audience, and speakers have included physicist and inventor Michael Faraday, aerospace engineer Frank Whittle, naturalist David Attenborough and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.[351]', 520 => '', 521 => 'Culture', 522 => 'Main article: Culture of London', 523 => 'Leisure and entertainment', 524 => 'See also: List of annual events in London and West End theatre', 525 => 'Leisure is a major part of the London economy. A 2003 report attributed a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London[352] at 25.6 events per 1000 people.[353] The city is one of the four fashion capitals of the world, and, according to official statistics, is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,[354] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.[355]', 526 => '', 527 => '', 528 => 'Harrods department store in Knightsbridge', 529 => 'Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements.[356] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century.[357] Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952.[358] The Laurence Olivier Awards–named after Laurence Olivier–are given annually by the Society of London Theatre. The Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.[359]', 530 => '', 531 => 'Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.[360] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including Selfridges flagship store.[361] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west. One of the world's largest retail destinations, London frequently ranks at or near the top of retail sales of any city.[362][363] Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on Regent Street since 1881, Hamleys is the oldest toy store in the world.[364] Madame Tussauds wax museum opened in Baker Street in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began.[365]', 532 => '', 533 => '', 534 => 'Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, 2014', 535 => 'London is home to designers John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo, among others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it one of the four international centres of fashion. Mary Quant designed the miniskirt in her King's Road boutique in Swinging Sixties London.[366] In 2017, London was ranked the top city for luxury store openings.[367] London Fashion Week takes place twice a year, in February and September; Londoners on the catwalk have included Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Cara Delevingne.[368]', 536 => '', 537 => 'London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of Chinatown.[369] There are Chinese takeaways throughout London, as are Indian restaurants which provide Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine.[370] Around 1860, the first fish and chips shop in London was opened by Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, in Bow.[326] The full English breakfast dates from the Victorian era, and many cafes in London serve a full English throughout the day.[371] London has five 3-Michelin star restaurants, including Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea.[372] Many hotels in London provide a traditional afternoon tea service, such as the Oscar Wilde Lounge at the Hotel Café Royal in Piccadilly, and a themed tea service is also available, for example an Alice in Wonderland themed afternoon tea served at the Egerton House Hotel, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory themed afternoon tea at One Aldwych in Covent Garden.[373][374] The nation's most popular biscuit to dunk in tea, chocolate digestives have been manufactured by McVitie's at their Harlesden factory in north-west London since 1925.[375]', 538 => '', 539 => '', 540 => 'Shakespeare's Globe is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the Thames.', 541 => 'There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, a fireworks display at the London Eye; the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival, is held on the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the King's Official Birthday.[376] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by the British Bangladeshi community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors.[377] First held in 1862, the RHS Chelsea Flower Show (run by the Royal Horticultural Society) takes place in May every year.[378]', 542 => '', 543 => 'LGBT scene', 544 => 'Main article: LGBT culture in London', 545 => 'The first gay bar in London in the modern sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf, established as a night club in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and "which developed a reputation for sexual freedom and tolerance of same-sex relations."[379]', 546 => '', 547 => '', 548 => 'Comptons of Soho during London Pride in 2010', 549 => 'While London has been an LGBT tourism destination, after homosexuality was decriminalised in England in 1967 gay bar culture became more visible, and from the early 1970s Soho (and in particular Old Compton Street) became the centre of the London LGBT community.[380] G-A-Y, previously based at the Astoria, and now Heaven, is a long-running night club.[381]', 550 => '', 551 => 'Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBT culture: for example, the emergence of glam rock in the UK in the early 1970s, via Marc Bolan and David Bowie, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical The Rocky Horror Show, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.[382] The Blitz Kids (which included Boy George) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, helping launch the New Romantic subcultural movement in the late 1970s.[383] Today, the annual London Pride Parade and the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival are held in the city.[380]', 552 => '', 553 => 'Literature, film and television', 554 => 'Main articles: London in fiction, London in film, List of television shows set in London, and London Television Archive', 555 => '', 556 => 'Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street, bearing the number 221B', 557 => 'London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work, most notably his play The Alchemist, was set in the city.[384] A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague.[384]', 558 => '', 559 => 'The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire; Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has influenced people's vision of early Victorian London; and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.[384] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[384] Robert Louis Stevenson mixed in London literary circles, and in 1886 he wrote the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a gothic novella set in Victorian London.[385] In 1898, H. G. Wells' sci-fi novel The War of the Worlds sees London (and southern England) invaded by Martians.[386] Letitia Elizabeth Landon wrote Calendar of the London Seasons in 1834. Modern writers influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of London: The Biography, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. In the 1940s, George Orwell wrote essays in the London Evening Standard, including "A Nice Cup of Tea" (method for making tea) and "The Moon Under Water" (an ideal pub).[387] The WWII evacuation of children from London is depicted in C. S. Lewis' first Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950). On Christmas Eve 1925, Winnie-the-Pooh debuted in London's Evening News, with the character based on a stuffed toy A. A. Milne bought for his son Christopher Robin in Harrods.[388] In 1958, author Michael Bond created Paddington Bear, a refugee found in Paddington station. A screen adaptation, Paddington (2014), features the calypso song "London is the Place for Me".[389]', 560 => '', 561 => '', 562 => 'Wikisource has original text related to this article:', 563 => ''Calendar of the London Seasons', by L. E. L.', 564 => '', 565 => 'Opened in 1937, the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square hosts numerous European and world film premieres.', 566 => 'London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include Pinewood, Elstree, Ealing, Shepperton, Twickenham, and Leavesden, with the James Bond and Harry Potter series among many notable films produced here.[390][391] Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. A post-production community is centred in Soho, and London houses six of the world's largest visual effects companies, such as Framestore.[392] The Imaginarium, a digital performance-capture studio, was founded by Andy Serkis.[393] London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), A Clockwork Orange (1971), The Long Good Friday (1980), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V for Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Julie Andrews, Peter Sellers, David Lean, Julie Christie, Gary Oldman, Emma Thompson, Guy Ritchie, Christopher Nolan, Alan Rickman, Jude Law, Helena Bonham Carter, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, Daniel Radcliffe, Keira Knightley, Riz Ahmed, Dev Patel, Daniel Kaluuya, Tom Holland and Daniel Day-Lewis. Post-war Ealing comedies featured Alec Guinness, from the 1950s Hammer Horrors starred Christopher Lee, films by Michael Powell included the London-set early slasher Peeping Tom (1960), the 1970s comedy troupe Monty Python had film editing suites in Covent Garden, while since the 1990s Richard Curtis's rom-coms have featured Hugh Grant. The largest cinema chain in the country, Odeon Cinemas was founded in London in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch.[394] The British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) have been held in London since 1949, with the BAFTA Fellowship the Academy's highest accolade.[395] Founded in 1957, the BFI London Film Festival takes place over two weeks every October.[396]', 567 => '', 568 => 'London is a major centre for television production, with studios including Television Centre, ITV Studios, Sky Campus and Fountain Studios; the latter hosted the original talent shows, Pop Idol, The X Factor, and Britain's Got Talent, before each format was exported around the world.[397][398] Formerly a franchise of ITV, Thames Television featured comedians such as Benny Hill and Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean was first screened by Thames), while Talkback produced Da Ali G Show which featured Sacha Baron Cohen as Ali G.[399] Many television shows have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders.[400]', 569 => '', 570 => 'Museums, art galleries and libraries', 571 => '', 572 => 'Aerial view of Albertopolis. The Albert Memorial, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Geographical Society, and Royal College of Art are visible near the top; Victoria and Albert Museum and Natural History Museum at the lower end; Imperial College, Royal College of Music, and Science Museum lying in between.', 573 => 'London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753.[401] Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824, the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.[402]', 574 => '', 575 => 'The British Library is the second largest library in the world, and the national library of the United Kingdom.[403] There are many other research libraries, including the Wellcome Library and Dana Centre, as well as university libraries, including the British Library of Political and Economic Science at LSE, the Abdus Salam Library at Imperial, the Maughan Library at King's, and the Senate House Libraries at the University of London.[404]', 576 => '', 577 => 'In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.[405] The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art. In 2000, this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the Millennium Bridge.[406]', 578 => '', 579 => 'Music', 580 => '', 581 => 'The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events, including The Proms which are held every summer, as well as cinema screenings of films accompanied with live orchestral music.', 582 => 'London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music Group, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), the Southbank Centre (London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms).[359] The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the Last Night of the Proms. London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum (home to the English National Opera).[359] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of St Clement Danes feature in the 1744 nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons".[407] Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban. The record label EMI was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, Alan Blumlein, created stereo sound that year.[408]', 583 => '', 584 => '', 585 => 'Abbey Road Studios in Abbey Road', 586 => 'London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest indoor venue, the O2 Arena,[409] and Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire.[359] Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, Lovebox and Hyde Park's British Summer Time, are held in London.[410]', 587 => '', 588 => 'The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, Queen, Eric Clapton, the Who, Cliff Richard, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Deep Purple, T. Rex, the Police, Elvis Costello, Dire Straits, Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac, the Cure, Madness, Culture Club, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, Status Quo and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London.[411][412]', 589 => '', 590 => 'London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, the Clash and fashion designer Vivienne Westwood all based in the city.[413][414] Other artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, the Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Dido, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran, Leona Lewis, Ellie Goulding, Dua Lipa and Florence and the Machine.[415] Artists from London played a prominent role in the development of synth-pop, including Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys and Eurythmics; the latter's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" was recorded in the attic of their north London home, heralding a trend for home recording methods.[416] Artists from London with a Caribbean influence include Hot Chocolate, Billy Ocean, Soul II Soul and Eddy Grant, with the latter fusing reggae, soul and samba with rock and pop.[417] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of house, hip hop, and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Urban acts from London include Stormzy, M.I.A., Jay Sean and Rita Ora. Music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom. The British Phonographic Industry's annual popular music awards, the Brit Awards, are held in London.[418]', 591 => '', 592 => 'Recreation', 593 => 'Parks and open spaces', 594 => 'Main articles: Parks and open spaces in London and Royal Parks of London', 595 => 'See also: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London and List of local nature reserves in Greater London', 596 => '', 597 => 'Hyde Park (with Kensington Gardens in the foreground) has been a popular public space since it opened in 1637.', 598 => 'A 2013 report by the City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.[419] The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north.[420] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near Madame Tussauds wax museum.[421] Primrose Hill is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline.[422]', 599 => '', 600 => 'Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park.[423] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[424]', 601 => '', 602 => 'Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens, which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.[425] There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including Hampstead Heath and Epping Forest,[426] both controlled by the City of London Corporation.[427] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake.[428] Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.[426] Three of the UK's most-visited theme parks, Thorpe Park near Staines-upon-Thames, Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington and Legoland Windsor, are located within 20 miles (32 km) of London.[429]', 603 => '', 604 => 'Walking', 605 => '', 606 => 'The Horse Ride is a tree tunnel (route overhung by trees) on the western side of Wimbledon Common.', 607 => 'Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks.[430] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail along the River Wandle.[431]', 608 => '', 609 => 'Other long-distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.[430]', 610 => '', 611 => 'Sport', 612 => 'Main article: Sport in London', 613 => 'See also: Football in London and Rugby union in London', 614 => '', 615 => 'Wembley Stadium, home of the England men and women's football team and the FA Cup Final, has a seating capacity of 90,000. It is the UK's biggest stadium.[432]', 616 => '', 617 => 'Centre Court at Wimbledon. Held every June and July, Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and the only major played on grass.', 618 => '', 619 => 'Twickenham, home of the England national rugby union team, has a capacity of 82,000 seats.', 620 => 'London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948, and 2012, making it the first city to host the modern Games three times.[36] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934.[433] In 2017, London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time.[434]', 621 => '', 622 => 'London's most popular sport is football, and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season: Arsenal, Brentford, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United.[435] Other professional men's teams in London are AFC Wimbledon, Barnet, Bromley, Charlton Athletic, Dagenham & Redbridge, Leyton Orient, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United. Four London-based teams are in the Women's Super League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham and West Ham United.', 623 => '', 624 => 'Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London: Harlequins and Saracens.[436] Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship; other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond, Rosslyn Park, Westcombe Park and Blackheath. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team.[437] While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, the sport has one professional club in London – the London Broncos who play in the Super League.', 625 => '', 626 => 'One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon since 1877.[438] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious.[439][440]', 627 => '', 628 => 'London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.). Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket.[441] In golf, the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water, Surrey on the south-west fringes of London, while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship, the oldest major and tournament in golf, is Royal St George's in Sandwich, Kent.[442] Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament. Other key annual events are the mass-participation London Marathon[443] and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge.[444]', 629 => '', 630 => 'Notable people', 631 => 'Main article: List of people from London', 632 => 'See also', 633 => 'icon London portal', 634 => ' Cities portal', 635 => 'flag England portal', 636 => 'flag United Kingdom portal', 637 => 'Outline of England', 638 => 'Outline of London', 639 => 'Notes', 640 => ' London region (Greater London administrative area)', 641 => ' London is not a city in the usual UK sense of having city status granted by the Crown.', 642 => ' See also: Independent city § National capitals', 643 => ' The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished from the Lord Mayor of London, who heads the City of London Corporation running the City of London.', 644 => ' According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London had the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition.', 645 => ' According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[143] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town' and many other authorities.[144]', 646 => ' Imperial College London was a constituent college of the University of London between 1908 and 2007. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university; however, the college now issues its own degrees.', 647 => 'References', 648 => ' "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 October 2022.', 649 => ' Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.', 650 => ' "London weather map". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.', 651 => ' "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 15 October 2022.', 652 => ' "Major agglomerations of the world". CityPopulation.de. Retrieved 20 April 2023.', 653 => ' Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021". ons.gov.uk.', 654 => ' "The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22" (PDF). London.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2023.', 655 => ' Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.', 656 => ' "Major Agglomerations". Retrieved 16 October 2023.', 657 => ' "Roman London". Museum of London. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008.', 658 => ' Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News.', 659 => ' "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021.', 660 => ' "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021.', 661 => ' Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8.', 662 => ' "Global Power City Index 2020". Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Adewunmi, Bim (10 March 2013). "London: The Everything Capital of the World". The Guardian. London.; "What's The Capital of the World?". More Intelligent Life. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.', 663 => ' "These are the world's top cities. Which one ranked highest for the 10th year running?". World Economic Forum. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024.', 664 => ' "Leading 200 science cities". Nature. Retrieved 10 June 2022.', 665 => ' "The World's Most Influential Cities 2014". Forbes. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Dearden, Lizzie (8 October 2014). "London is 'the most desirable city in the world to work in', study finds". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 666 => ' Alexandra Muller and Bloomberg News (31 October 2023). "UK's stock market is in a 'doom loop' that's undermining London's status as a global financial capital, investment bank says". Fortune. New York. Retrieved 20 February 2024.', 667 => ' "London is Europe's leading economic powerhouse, says new report". London.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2024.', 668 => ' "Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010.', 669 => ' "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". 19 September 2018.; "Top Universities: Imperial College London".; "Top Universities: LSE". Retrieved 21 September 2019.', 670 => ' "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022.', 671 => ' "Revealed: The most crowded skies on the planet". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2023. London: Our capital's collective airport system is the busiest in the whole world. A total of 170,980,680 passengers.', 672 => ' "London Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 6 May 2022.', 673 => ' "Languages spoken in the UK population". National Centre for Language. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008."CILT, the National Centre for Languages". Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2007.', 674 => ' "London, UK Metro Area Population 1950-2023". Macrotrends. Retrieved 24 October 2023.', 675 => ' "Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2008.', 676 => ' "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2012.', 677 => ' "Demographia World Urban Areas, 15th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016.', 678 => ' "2011 Census – Built-up areas". nomisweb.co.uk. ONS. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021.', 679 => ' "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.', 680 => ' "The London Plan (March 2015)". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021.', 681 => ' "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 November 2008.', 682 => ' Blackman, Bob (25 January 2008). "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report". What's on Stage. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010.', 683 => ' "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2006.', 684 => ' Mills, Anthony David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.', 685 => ' Bynon, Theodora (2016). "London's Name". Transactions of the Philological Society. 114 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12064.', 686 => ' Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.', 687 => ' "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2023.', 688 => ' "London's Oldest Prehistoric Structure". BAJR. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.', 689 => ' Milne, Gustav. "London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.', 690 => ' Perring, Dominic (1991). Roman London. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-23133-3.', 691 => ' "British History Timeline - Roman Britain". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008.', 692 => ' Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-63278-2.', 693 => ' "The last days of Londinium". Museum of London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2013.', 694 => ' "The early years of Lundenwic". The Museum of London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008.', 695 => ' Wheeler, Kip. "Viking Attacks". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.', 696 => ' Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.', 697 => ' Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.', 698 => ' Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011). "History – 1066 – King William". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021.', 699 => ' Tinniswood, Adrian. "A History of British Architecture — White Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008.', 700 => ' "UK Parliament — Parliament: The building". UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 701 => ' Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8264-6002-8.', 702 => ' Ibeji, Mike (10 March 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.', 703 => ' "Richard II (1367–1400)". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.', 704 => ' Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "England". Jewish Encyclopedia.', 705 => ' Mundill, Robin R. (2010), "The King's Jews", Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-1-84725-186-2, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M', 706 => ' Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1962). London – The Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 48. ASIN B0000CLHU5.', 707 => ' Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steelyard, Merchants of the" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.', 708 => ' Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163552. ISBN 9781139163552.', 709 => ' Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands (The End of the Antwerp Mart, Vol 2). Manchester University Press. pp. 1 & 62–63. ISBN 9780719018497.', 710 => ' Burgon, John William (1839). The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange: Including Notices of Many of His Contemporaries. With Illustrations, Volume 2. London: R. Jennings. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1277223903.', 711 => ' "From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022.', 712 => ' "London's 10 oldest theatres". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.', 713 => ' Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-07779-8.', 714 => ' Doolittle, Ian (2014). "'The Great Refusal': Why Does the City of London Corporation Only Govern the Square Mile?". The London Journal. 39 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1179/0305803413Z.00000000038. S2CID 159791907.', 715 => ' Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 716 => ' Harrington, Peter (2003). English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51, Volume 9 of Fortress, 9, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-604-6. p. 57', 717 => ' Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.Razzell, Peter; Razzell, Edward, eds. (1 January 1996). The English Civil War: A contemporary account (v. 1). Wencelaus Hollar (Illustrator), Christopher Hill (Introduction). Caliban Books. ISBN 978-1850660316.Gardiner, Samuel R. (18 December 2016). History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. Vol. 3. Forgotten Books (published 16 July 2017). p. 218. ISBN 978-1334658464.', 718 => ' "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urban Rim. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.', 719 => ' Pepys, Samuel (2 September 1666) [1893]. Mynors Bright (decipherer); Henry B. Wheatley (eds.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 45: August/September 1666. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22167-3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013.', 720 => ' Schofield, John (17 February 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: London After the Great Fire". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021.', 721 => ' "Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 July 2022.', 722 => ' Hell on Earth, or the Town in an Uproar (anon., London 1729). Jarndyce Autumn Miscellany catalogue, London: 2021.', 723 => ' "PBS – Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street". PBS. 2001. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 724 => ' Harris, Rhian (5 October 2012). "History – The Foundling Hospital". BBC. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 725 => ' Coispeau, Olivier (2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-310-884-4.', 726 => ' White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.', 727 => ' Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409.', 728 => ' "London: The greatest city". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 729 => ' Brown, Robert W. "London in the Nineteenth Century". University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.', 730 => ' "A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024.', 731 => ' Pennybacker, Susan D. (2005). Vision for London, 1889–1914. Routledge. p. 18.', 732 => ' "Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2022.', 733 => ' "Taking Tea and Talking Politics: The Role of Tearooms". Historic England. Retrieved 27 June 2022.', 734 => ' "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.', 735 => ' "Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation". nationalgeographic.com.au. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.', 736 => ' "Buried Among Kings: The Story of the Unknown Warrior". Nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. Retrieved 15 April 2023.', 737 => ' Vaughan-Barratt, Nick (4 November 2009). "Remembrance". BBC Blogs. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2023.', 738 => ' Ronk, Liz (27 July 2013). "LIFE at the 1948 London Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017.', 739 => ' Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). The London Encyclopaedia. Photographs by Matthew Weinreb (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 428. ISBN 9781405049252.', 740 => ' "1951: King George opens Festival of Britain". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2017.', 741 => ' Breen, Matt (13 January 2017). "Most Googled: why is London called the 'Big Smoke'?". Time Out London. Retrieved 29 November 2022.', 742 => ' Rycroft, Simon (2016). "Mapping Swinging London". Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317047346.', 743 => ' Bracken, Gregory B. (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city's architectural treasures... Journey Through London's Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish International. p. 10. ISBN 9789814435369.', 744 => ' Webber, Esther (31 March 2016). "The rise and fall of the GLC". BBC Newsmaccess-date=18 June 2017.', 745 => ' >Godoy, Maria (7 July 2005). "Timeline: London's Explosive History". NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 746 => ' John, Cindi (5 April 2006). "The legacy of the Brixton riots". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2017.', 747 => ' "London's population hits 8.6m record high". BBC News. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017.', 748 => ' Zolfagharifard, Ellie (14 February 2014). "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2017.', 749 => ' Kendrick, Mary (1988). "The Thames Barrier". Landscape and Urban Planning. 16 (1–2): 57–68. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(88)90034-5.', 750 => ' "1986: Greater London Council abolished". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2017.', 751 => ' Ijeh, Ike (25 June 2010). "Millennium projects: 10 years of good luck". building.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2017.', 752 => ' Derudder, Ben; Hoyler, Michael; Taylor, Peter J.; Witlox, Frank, eds. (2015). International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 422. ISBN 9781785360688.', 753 => ' "Population Growth in London, 1939–2015". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Alt URL', 754 => ' Chandler, Mark (24 June 2016). "'Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 755 => ' "London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey". Boston University Global Development Policy Center. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023.', 756 => ' "The Coronation Weekend". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024.', 757 => ' Vinycomb, John (1909). "The Heraldic Dragon". Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2015.', 758 => ' "Who runs London – Find Out Who Runs London and How". London Councils. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 759 => ' "The essential guide to London local government". London Councils. Retrieved 19 June 2023.', 760 => ' "London Elections 2016: Results". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2016.', 761 => ' "The London Plan". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.', 762 => ' "London Government Directory – London Borough Councils". London Councils. Retrieved 29 March 2017.', 763 => ' "London Government". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2023.', 764 => ' "Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011)" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 765 => ' "Who we are". London Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009.', 766 => ' "About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009.', 767 => ' "Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 29 March 2021.', 768 => ' "Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street". uk.gov. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 769 => ' "Constituencies A-Z – Election 2019". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020.', 770 => ' "Minister for London". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020.', 771 => ' "MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013.', 772 => ' "Policing". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009.', 773 => ' "Just how practical is a traditional Bobby's helmet?". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2023.', 774 => ' "Police lose fight to ground Tardis". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2023.', 775 => ' "About Us". British Transport Police. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 776 => ' "Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose". Ministry of Defence Police. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 777 => ' Andrew, Christopher (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. Allen Lane. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-713-99885-6.', 778 => ' "Recorded Crime: Geographic Breakdown – Metropolitan Police Service". Greater London Authority. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 779 => ' "London murder rate up 14% over the past year". ITV News. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.', 780 => ' Crerar, Pippa; Gayle, Damien (10 April 2018). "Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 781 => ' "Met Police: London homicide figures fall in 2022". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2024.', 782 => ' Beavan, Charles; Bickersteth, Harry (1865). Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court. Saunders and Benning.', 783 => ' Stationery Office (1980). The Inner London Letter Post. H.M.S.O. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-10-251580-0.', 784 => ' "The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order". Office of Public Sector Information. 1993. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 785 => ' "London in its Regional Setting" (PDF). London Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 786 => ' London Government Act 1963. Office of Public Sector Information. 1996. ISBN 978-0-16-053895-7. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2008.', 787 => ' "London — Features — Where is the Centre of London?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 788 => ' "Lieutenancies Act 1997". OPSI. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2008.', 789 => ' Barlow, I.M. (1991). Metropolitan Government. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 9780415020992.', 790 => ' Sinclair, J.M. (1994). Collins English dictionary (3rd updated ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0004706788.', 791 => ' Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill, eds. (2002). The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd, rev ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198606529.', 792 => ' Schofield, John (June 1999). "When London became a European capital". British Archaeology (45). Council for British Archaeology. ISSN 1357-4442. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008.', 793 => ' "Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.', 794 => ' "Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010.', 795 => ' Sheppard, Francis (2000). London: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-285369-1. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 796 => ' "Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006.', 797 => ' ""Sea Levels" – UK Environment Agency". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 798 => ' "Weather April". trevorharley.com.', 799 => ' "Niederschlagsmonatssummen KEW GARDENS 1697–1987". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020.', 800 => ' "Average Annual Precipitation by City in the US – Current Results". currentresults.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 801 => ' Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2022.', 802 => ' "Minimum Temperatures observed on 13th Dec 1981 at 06Z (SYNOP)/09Z (MIDAS/BUFR) UTC (529 reports)". Retrieved 30 April 2023.', 803 => ' "Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.', 804 => ' Amos, Jonathan (20 January 2020). "London breaks a high-pressure record". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2020.', 805 => ' Johnson, H; Kovats, RS; McGregor, G; Stedman, J; Gibbs, M; Walton, H (1 July 2005). "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates". Eurosurveillance. 10 (7): 15–16. doi:10.2807/esm.10.07.00558-en. PMID 16088043.', 806 => ' Taylor, Brian (2002). "1976. The Incredible Heatwave". TheWeatherOutlook. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 807 => ' "Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office" (PDF). Wyman and Sons, Ltd. 1911. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 808 => ' "UK Droughts: SPI". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 809 => ' "Philip Eden: Longest drought for 2 years – weatheronline.co.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2019.', 810 => ' "London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers" (PDF). Greater London Authority. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015.', 811 => ' Eden, Philip (9 June 2004). "Ever Warmer as Temperatures Rival France". London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 812 => ' "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2021.', 813 => ' "Station Data". Met Office. Retrieved 8 May 2020.', 814 => ' "UK Climate Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 3 July 2021.', 815 => ' "Heathrow Airport Extreme Values". KNMI. Retrieved 29 November 2015.', 816 => ' "Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values". KNMI. Retrieved 28 December 2017.', 817 => ' "London, United Kingdom – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 11 March 2020.', 818 => ' "MIDAS Open: UK daily temperature data, v202007". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2021.', 819 => ' "Maximum temperature date records". TORRO. Retrieved 3 July 2021.', 820 => ' "Climate & Weather Averages in London, England, United Kingdom". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022.', 821 => ' "London's Boroughs". History Today. Retrieved 19 April 2023.', 822 => ' "London boroughs — London Life, GLA". London Government. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008.', 823 => ' "London as a financial centre". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008.', 824 => ' "West End still drawing crowds". BBC News. 22 October 2001. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 825 => ' Meek, James (17 April 2006). "Super Rich". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008.', 826 => ' "Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016.', 827 => ' Jones, Rupert (8 August 2014). "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2014.', 828 => ' Flynn, Emily (6 July 2005). "Tomorrow's East End". Newsweek. New York. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006.', 829 => ' Summerson, John (1969). Great Palaces (Hampton Court. pp. 12–23). Hamlyn. ISBN 9780600016823.', 830 => ' "Paddington Station". Great Buildings. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 831 => ' Lonsdale, Sarah (27 March 2008). "Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2008.', 832 => ' "Protected views and tall buildings". City of London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.', 833 => ' "Take a tour of The Shard's viewing platform". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2023.', 834 => ' White, Dominic (15 April 2008). "The Lemon Dome That Was Transformed into O2's Concert Crown". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2022.', 835 => ' "Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page". lnhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007.', 836 => ' "London Natural History Society – Home". lnhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 837 => ' Tuffrey, Laurie (27 July 2012). "London's Amphibians and Reptile Populations Mapped". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 838 => ' "Mammals". The Royal Parks. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 839 => ' Law, Peter. "London's first wild otter found". This Is Local London. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010.', 840 => ' "Mammals". cityoflondon.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.', 841 => ' Bishop, Rachael (5 November 2012). "Richmond Park Deer Cull Begins". Sutton & Croydon Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 842 => ' "In Pictures: London's Urban Deer". Evening Standard. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 843 => ' "Census 2021 Bulk Data Download - TS012 Country of birth (detailed)". Durham University.', 844 => ' "The Principal Agglomerations of the World". City Population. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2009.', 845 => ' Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration Rise Increases Segregation in British Cities". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 846 => ' "Population density of London: by London borough, 2006" (PDF). UK Statistics Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2008.', 847 => ' "'Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires". BBC News. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.', 848 => ' "TS054 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 849 => ' "TS061 - Method used to travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 850 => ' "TS067 - Highest level of qualification - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 851 => ' "The Age Distribution of the Population". Trust for London. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 852 => ' "International migration, England and Wales: Census 2021". ONS. Retrieved 3 December 2022.', 853 => ' UK Data Service, Jisc (21 March 2013). "Casweb". casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 854 => ' "Countries of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 855 => ' "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 856 => ' "Year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 857 => ' "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2022.', 858 => ' Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X.', 859 => ' Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773.', 860 => ' "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 861 => ' "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 862 => ' Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024', 863 => ' "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 864 => ' ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015.', 865 => ' Benedictus, Leo (21 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008.', 866 => ' "Main language - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.', 867 => ' "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 December 2022.', 868 => ' "2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013.', 869 => ' "About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 870 => ' "Lambeth Palace Library". Lambeth Palace Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 871 => ' "Westminster Abbey". Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 872 => ' "Westminster Cathedral". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 873 => ' "Church of England Statistics" (PDF). Church of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 874 => ' "London Central Mosque Trust Ltd". London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. & The Islamic Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 875 => ' "Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010.', 876 => ' Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 877 => ' Bill, Peter (30 May 2008). "The $300 Billion Arabs Are Coming". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 878 => ' "Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 879 => ' "Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.', 880 => ' "Hindu London". BBC London. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006.', 881 => ' "£17 m Sikh temple opens". BBC News. 30 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2008.', 882 => ' "Stanmore". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.', 883 => ' Paul, Jonny (10 December 2006). "Livingstone apologizes to UK's Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.', 884 => ' "London noise 'mutes Bow Bells to endanger Cockneys'". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2023.', 885 => ' "Cockney". Oxford English Dictionary. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2021.', 886 => ' McArthur, Thomas (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press.', 887 => ' "'Extreme' form of Cockney dialect in decline, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2023.', 888 => ' Mount, Harry (10 April 2012). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 February 2024.', 889 => ' "Estuary English Q and A – JCW". University College London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.', 890 => ' "Estuary English". University College London. Retrieved 16 April 2021.', 891 => ' "What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, University of York". University of York. Retrieved 16 April 2021.', 892 => ' Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. p. xix, para 2.1. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.', 893 => ' "English language - Varieties of English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021.', 894 => ' "English language – Characteristics of Modern English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021.', 895 => ' "Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.', 896 => ' "London tops 2015 global financial centre rankings and knocks New York into second place". cityam.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.', 897 => ' Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk.', 898 => ' Lowe, Felix (18 February 2008). "Highgate Trumps Chelsea as Priciest Postcode". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 899 => ' "The City of London's tumble – After the fall". The Economist. London. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2009.', 900 => ' Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. "Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English". Bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved 22 July 2017.', 901 => ' "The Origin of Religious Tolerance: Voltaire". Independent Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2023.', 902 => ' "London - Finance". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2022.', 903 => ' "The Global Financial Centres Index 20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2019.', 904 => ' Hales, Mike; Mendoza Peña, Andrés; Peterson, Erik R.; Dessibourg, Nicole. "2018 Global Cities Report – Learning from the East: Insights from China's Urban Success". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.', 905 => ' "London's core role in euros under spotlight after Brexit vote". Reuters. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 906 => ' Gardiner, Beth (20 January 2010). "The London Banking Center Is Beginning to Feel Like Itself Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 907 => ' Mantle, Jonathan (1992). For Whom the Bell Tolls. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 9781856191524.', 908 => ' "London Stock Exchange". London Stock Exchange. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 909 => ' Gittelson, Steven (4 September 2015). "Adrian Cadbury, a leader in corporate governance, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2022.', 910 => ' "London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6" (PDF). Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. November 2005. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006.', 911 => ' Solesbury, William (2018). World Cities, City Worlds. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5.', 912 => ' "The world's biggest ad agency is going all in on AI with Nvidia's help". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2024.', 913 => ' "London gets go ahead for new '.london' internet domain" (Press release). London & Partners. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 914 => ' McReynolds, Cathy (17 February 2014). "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15". fDiIntelligence.com. London. Retrieved 28 March 2021.', 915 => ' "UK computer history gets new home". BBC. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2022.', 916 => ' "Gas distributors". Ofgem. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016.', 917 => ' "Electricity distributor". National Grid. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015.', 918 => ' "MasterCard Intelligence | MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index Report 2015". 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 919 => ' Hedrick-Wong, Yuwa; Choong, Desmond (2015). "MasterCard – 2015 Global Destination Cities Index" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 920 => ' "A Tourism Vision for London" (PDF). London and Partners. 2017. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 921 => ' "VisitBritain". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 922 => ' "London named No.1 city destination on TripAdvisor". BBC News. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 923 => ' "British Museum tops UK visitor attractions list". BBC News. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017.', 924 => ' "London Poised to Take Hotel Crown From Las Vegas". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2024.', 925 => ' "London's Most Historic Hotels". Londonist. Retrieved 7 April 2024.', 926 => ' "Transport for London". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 927 => ' "How do I find out about transport in London?". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2008.', 928 => ' "Heathrow Airport Travel Report 2019" (PDF). Heathrow Airport. LHR Airports Limited. 2020. p. 38. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 929 => ' "Heathrow Airport Terminal 5". TMC Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 930 => ' "Airline Data Annual Reports 2017". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 931 => ' "Facts and Figures – Stansted Airport". stanstedairport.com.', 932 => ' London Luton Airport. London Luton Airport. 1969. ISBN 978-0-11-510256-1. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 933 => ' "London City Airport — Corporate Information". London City Airport Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 934 => ' Cornell, Adam (18 May 2018). "Londoners love our airport". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.', 935 => ' "Airport data 2017 – UK Civil Aviation Authority". Civil Aviation Authority. 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 936 => ' "Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.', 937 => ' "What is the largest metro system in the world?". City Metric. London. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018.', 938 => ' "A brief history of the Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 January 2023.', 939 => ' "Tube breaks record for passenger numbers" (Press release). Transport for London. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.', 940 => ' "The London 2012 legacy". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013.', 941 => ' "London's transport - a history: Docklands Light Railway (DLR)". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2023.', 942 => ' "First Capital Connect". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 943 => ' "Rail Station Usage". Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009.', 944 => ' "Council looks at extension of London Underground's Northern line to Clapham Junction". Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 April 2023.', 945 => ' "Crossrail opening date finally announced". 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.', 946 => ' "Regional Map". Crossrail. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 947 => ' Lister, Richard (2 January 2012). "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 948 => ' "Rail". London First. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.', 949 => ' Smithers, Andrew (8 December 2020). "Great Britain National Rail Train Operators" (PDF). National Rail. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 950 => ' "The Flying Scotsman: How the first 100mph locomotive became the most famous train in the world". Country Life. Retrieved 22 April 2023.', 951 => ' "Eurostar arrives in Paris on time". BBC News. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 952 => ' "Highspeed". Southeastern. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.', 953 => ' "Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north". gov.uk. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022.', 954 => ' "What we do – Buses". Transport for London. Retrieved 5 April 2014.', 955 => ' "Annual bus statistics: England 2019/20" (PDF). Department for Transport. 28 October 2020. p. 2. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 956 => ' "Government support for the bus industry and concessionary travel (England) (BUS05)". GOV.UK (BUS0501: Operating revenue for local bus services by revenue type, by metropolitan area status: England (ODS, 34.7KB)). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 957 => ' "Most Accessible Cities Around The World". Sunrise Medical. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 958 => ' "Leading the way – Travelling with a sensory impairment in London" (PDF). Greater London Authority. 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 959 => ' Blake, Jim (2022). London Transport Buses in the 1960s. Pen & Sword Books. p. 9.', 960 => ' "Victoria Coach Station to remain major coach hub" (Press release). Transport for London. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2022.', 961 => ' "Tram-endous boost for travellers" (Press release). Transport for London. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 962 => ' "Statement of Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2008" (PDF). Transport for London. 25 June 2008. p. 67. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 963 => ' "Thames cable car opens for passengers". BBC News. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2023.', 964 => ' "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Transport for London. 2016. p. 143. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 965 => ' "United Kingdom: Greater London: Boroughs – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 966 => ' "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Travel in London. 2016. pp. 146–147. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 967 => ' "Provisional Port Statistics 2009". Department for Transport. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.', 968 => ' Steves, Rick (17 March 2020). Rick Steves England. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-64171-237-8.', 969 => ' "Commute Through London – Uber Boat by Thames Clippers". thamesclippers.com. 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 970 => ' "Woolwich Ferries celebrate 50 years of service". Transport of London. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 971 => ' "M25". Highways Agency. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.', 972 => ' "SABRE - Road Lists - The First 99 - A1". Sabre-roads.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2023.', 973 => ' "Chipping away at the history of fish and chips". BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2022.', 974 => ' Mulholland, Hélène (16 March 2009). "Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London". The Guardian. London.', 975 => ' Badstuber, Nicole (2 March 2018). "London congestion charge: what worked, what didn't, what next". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 April 2020.', 976 => ' "Central London Congestion Charging, England". Verdict Traffic. Retrieved 28 April 2020.', 977 => ' Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "London Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.', 978 => ' Walker, Peter (8 March 2024). "Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2024.', 979 => ' "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Top Universities. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 980 => ' Malthouse, Kit (1 January 1990). "Capital offer". timeshighereducation.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 981 => ' "Pricewaterhousecoopers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2015.', 982 => ' "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022.', 983 => ' "REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment". Times Higher Education. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.', 984 => ' Hipwell, Deirdre (23 September 2007). "London School of Economics and Political Science". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 985 => ' "FT Global MBA Rankings". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.', 986 => ' "Performing Arts". Top Universities. 25 February 2020.', 987 => ' "2022 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Performing Arts". Top Universities.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022.', 988 => ' "Financial Statements 2018–19" (PDF). University of London. p. 8. Retrieved 1 March 2020.', 989 => ' "Table 0a – All Students by Institution, Mode of Study, Level of Study, Gender and Domicile 2005/06". HESA. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 990 => ' "Member institutions". University of London. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 991 => ' "University of the Arts London". The Guardian. London. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.', 992 => ' Carvel, John (7 August 2008). "NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.', 993 => ' Karimi, H.; Masoudi Alavi, N. (2015). "Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing". National Institutes of Health. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. e29475. PMC 4557413. PMID 26339672.', 994 => ' Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023.', 995 => ' Truelove, Sam (13 October 2016). "11 of the most famous people who studied at Croydon's BRIT School". Croydon Advertiser. Retrieved 17 July 2022.', 996 => ' Ridpath, Ian (2012). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 198.', 997 => ' Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2022.', 998 => ' "History of the Christmas Lectures". The Royal Institution. Retrieved 22 April 2015.', 999 => ' "Mayor of London – Spending Time: Londons Leisure Economy". london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2015.', 1000 => ' Chadha, Aayush. "UK Event Data – In Review". tickx.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.', 1001 => ' "20 facts about London's culture | London City Hall". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.', 1002 => ' Pickford, James (30 July 2014). "Study puts London ahead of New York as centre for theatre". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015.', 1003 => ' "Piccadilly Lights". Land Securities. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.', 1004 => ' Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical The New York Times referred to Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the most commercially successful composer in history"', 1005 => ' "The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2022.', 1006 => ' "Theatres and concert halls". Your London. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 1007 => ' "2001: Public houses". BBC History. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2008.', 1008 => ' "Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team". The Londoner. September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.', 1009 => ' Potter, Mark (17 February 2011). "London tops world cities spending league". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.', 1010 => ' "London is world's shopping capital with £62billion sales". Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 November 2023.', 1011 => ' Peter Matthews, Michelle Dunkley McCarthy (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1994. Facts on File. p. 134.', 1012 => ' Smith, Andrew; Graham, Anne (2019). Destination London. The Expansion of the Visitor Economy. University of Westminster Press. p. 6.', 1013 => ' "Royal Mail's British design classic stamps". The Guardian. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2022.', 1014 => ' "London crowned top city for luxury store openings". Fashion Network. Retrieved 17 November 2023.', 1015 => ' "London Fashion Week: Cara Delevingne, Naomi Campbell And Kate Moss Make The Burberry FROW". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2024.', 1016 => ' "Chinatown — Official website". Chinatown London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.', 1017 => ' Sukhadwala, Sejal (12 April 2017). "How Long Have Londoners Been Eating Chinese Food For?". Londonist. Retrieved 14 June 2020.', 1018 => ' "History Of The Traditional English Breakfast". English Breakfast Society. Retrieved 23 July 2022.', 1019 => ' "Gordon Ramsay celebrates having three Michelin stars for 21 years". Daily Record. Retrieved 22 July 2022.', 1020 => ' "Afternoon Tea At Oscar Wilde's Favorite Bar". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2022.', 1021 => ' "17 themed afternoon teas perfect for Mother's Day". You. Retrieved 14 July 2022.', 1022 => ' "Inside the Factory: BBC documentary goes behind the scenes of west London factory churning out 80 million biscuits a day". My London. Retrieved 20 August 2022.', 1023 => ' "One Queen, Two Birthdays". Royal Government. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.', 1024 => ' Andreou, Roza (25 May 2018). "Celebrate the Bengali New Year this summer in Tower Hamlets". East London Lines.', 1025 => ' "RHS Chelsea Flower Show" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2022.', 1026 => ' Matt Cook (6 November 2008). London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture). Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0521089807.', 1027 => ' Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley & Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67.', 1028 => ' "Forty years of sheer Heaven at the London superclub". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022.', 1029 => ' "We Live in the World 'Rocky Horror' Created". Flavorwire. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.', 1030 => ' "Boy George". The Blitz Kids. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022.', 1031 => ' "London in Literature". Bryn Mawr College. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.', 1032 => ' "Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde". British Library. Retrieved 15 June 2023.', 1033 => ' "The War of the Worlds". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 August 2022.', 1034 => ' "Orwell in the Evening Standard". Orwell Society. Retrieved 27 June 2022.', 1035 => ' "Winnie-the-Pooh goes to Harrods in new authorised AA Milne prequel". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2023.', 1036 => ' "About". Paddington.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016.', 1037 => ' "The Harry Potter economy". The Economist. Retrieved 8 July 2022.', 1038 => ' "Film London – studio contacts". Filmlondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.', 1039 => ' "The UK's VFX Industry: In Profile". UK Screen Alliance. Retrieved 7 July 2022.', 1040 => ' "Who We Are". The Imaginarium Studios. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.', 1041 => ' "Feature: The legacy of Oscar Deutsch's cinemas". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2022.', 1042 => ' "The Fellowship: BAFTA's top prize". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2023.', 1043 => ' "Saoirse Ronan, Kate Winslet Drama 'Ammonite' to Close BFI London Film Festival". Variety. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2022.', 1044 => ' "The scribbled note that changed TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2019.', 1045 => ' "ITV: Simon Cowell Talks Strong Ties With Brit Broadcaster". Variety. 7 April 2015.', 1046 => ' "Da Ali G Show (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 8 July 2022.', 1047 => ' "EastEnders Episode 1, 19/02/1985". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2023.', 1048 => ' "The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane". The British Library. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 1049 => ' Liscombe, R. W. (1980), William Wilkins, 1778–1839, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–82', 1050 => ' Sen Nag, Oishimaya (5 March 2018). "The Largest Libraries In The World". World Atlas. Retrieved 30 March 2021.', 1051 => ' Bayley, Sian (21 February 2019). "Best libraries in London: The V&A, British Library, Wellcome Trust, BFI and more". Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1052 => ' Cullinan (Director), Nicholas. "Organisation – National Portrait Gallery". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1053 => ' "Millennium Bridge". Visit London. Retrieved 27 July 2022.', 1054 => ' The Layman's Magazine of the Living Church, Issues 1-20. Morehouse-Gorham. 1940. p. 5.', 1055 => ' "Early stereo recordings restored". BBC. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2023.', 1056 => ' "2015 Year End Worldwide Ticket Sales – Top 200 Area Venues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1057 => ' Keens, Oliver; Levine, Nick (11 March 2021). "The best music festivals in London 2021". Time Out London. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1058 => ' Tow, Stephen (2020). London, Reign Over Me How England's Capital Built Classic Rock. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.', 1059 => ' London's top 40 artists. BBC. 6 April 2006. ISBN 978-0-89820-135-2. Retrieved 9 September 2008.', 1060 => ' "PUNK – Paris Photo Special Feature". Michael Hoppen Gallery. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 1061 => ' Whatley, Jack (14 March 2019). "In Pictures: The 'Anarchy In The U.K. Tour' of 1976, the infamous tour that never really toured". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2021.', 1062 => ' "History of music in London". The London Music Scene. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2009.', 1063 => ' Bell, Adam Patrick (2018). Dawn of the DAW: The Studio as Musical Instrument. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780190296629.', 1064 => ' Himes, Geoffrey (2 August 1983). "Eddy Grant's Electric Rock". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2021.', 1065 => ' "Brit Awards History". Brit Awards. Retrieved 28 December 2019.', 1066 => ' McGlone, Conor (9 July 2013). "London 'greenest city' in Europe". edie.net. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 1067 => ' "Kensington Gardens". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.', 1068 => ' "Madame Tussauds, London". Madame Tussauds. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1069 => ' Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.', 1070 => ' "Green Park". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1071 => ' "Park details – Hampton Court". London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.', 1072 => ' "Kew, History & Heritage" (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2013.', 1073 => ' "Epping Forest You & Your Dog" (PDF). brochure. City of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2010.', 1074 => ' Ramblers. "Corporation of London Open Spaces". Ramblers. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011.', 1075 => ' "Kenwood House". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.', 1076 => ' "The best theme parks near London". Time Out. Retrieved 5 January 2024.', 1077 => ' Marson, Phil. "Inner London Ramblers – Walk Ideas". innerlondonramblers.org.uk.', 1078 => ' "Wandle Trail – Map". Sustrans.', 1079 => ' "About Wembley Stadium – What we do at Wembley Stadium". Wembley Stadium connected by EE. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.', 1080 => ' "England – Introduction". Commonwealth Games Federation. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.', 1081 => ' Livingstone, Robert (11 November 2011). "London Defeats Doha to host 2017 International Athletics Championships". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.', 1082 => ' "Barclays Premier League Clubs". Premier League. Retrieved 29 March 2021.', 1083 => ' "Premiership Rugby: Clubs". Premier Rugby. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.', 1084 => ' "RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007" (Press release). Twickenham Rugby Stadium. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008.', 1085 => ' "Wimbledon — official website". The All England Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC). Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.', 1086 => ' Clarey, Christopher (7 May 2008). "Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2008. Federer said[:] 'I love playing with him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'', 1087 => ' Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, ed. (2005). "Tennis". Britain and the Americas. Vol. 1 : Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 958. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8. this first tennis championship, which later evolved into the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the world's most prestigious event.', 1088 => ' "Lord's (Cricket Grounds)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2021.', 1089 => ' "Royal St George's". The Open. Retrieved 16 October 2023.', 1090 => ' "Flora London Marathon 2008". London Marathon Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.', 1091 => ' "The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race — Official Website". The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2008.', 1092 => 'Bibliography', 1093 => 'Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7.', 1094 => 'Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7. OCLC 45406491.', 1095 => 'External links', 1096 => 'London', 1097 => 'at Wikipedia's sister projects', 1098 => 'Media from Commons', 1099 => 'News from Wikinews', 1100 => 'Quotations from Wikiquote', 1101 => 'Textbooks from Wikibooks', 1102 => 'Travel information from Wikivoyage', 1103 => 'London.gov.uk – Greater London Authority', 1104 => 'VisitLondon.com – official tourism site', 1105 => 'Museum of London', 1106 => 'London in British History Online, with links to numerous authoritative online sources', 1107 => '"London", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000)', 1108 => ' Geographic data related to London at OpenStreetMap', 1109 => 'Old maps of London, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, National Library of Israel', 1110 => 'vte', 1111 => 'History of London', 1112 => 'vte', 1113 => 'London landmarks', 1114 => 'vte', 1115 => 'Areas of London', 1116 => 'Other articles related to London', 1117 => 'London at Wikipedia's sister projects:', 1118 => '', 1119 => 'Definitions from Wiktionary', 1120 => '', 1121 => 'Media from Commons', 1122 => '', 1123 => 'News from Wikinews', 1124 => '', 1125 => 'Quotations from Wikiquote', 1126 => '', 1127 => 'Texts from Wikisource', 1128 => '', 1129 => 'Resources from Wikiversity', 1130 => '', 1131 => 'Travel guides from Wikivoyage', 1132 => '', 1133 => 'Data from Wikidata', 1134 => 'Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata', 1135 => 'Categories: LondonBritish capitalsCapitals in EuropeGreater LondonPort cities and towns in Southern EnglandStaple portsSouthern England1st-century establishments in Roman BritainPopulated places established in the 1st centuryCapital cities in the United Kingdom', 1136 => 'This page was last edited on 21 April 2024, at 12:02 (UTC).', 1137 => 'Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.', 1138 => 'Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaCode of ConductDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '{{Short description|Capital city of New South Wales, Australia}}', 1 => '{{About|the Australian metropolis|the local government area|City of Sydney|other uses}}', 2 => '{{pp-pc|small=yes}}', 3 => '{{Use Australian English|date=March 2014}}', 4 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}', 5 => '{{Infobox Australian place', 6 => '| type = city', 7 => '| name = Sydney', 8 => '| state = nsw', 9 => '| image = {{multiple image', 10 => ' | total_width = 280', 11 => ' | border = infobox', 12 => ' | perrow = 1/2/2/1', 13 => ' | caption_align = center', 14 => ' | image1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg', 15 => ' | alt1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge', 16 => ' | caption1 = Sydney [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]', 17 => ' | image2 = Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580 (cropped) - 2.jpg', 18 => ' | alt2 = Queen Victoria Building', 19 => ' | caption2 = [[Queen Victoria Building]]', 20 => ' | image3 = University of Sydney's Main Quadrangle.jpg', 21 => ' | alt3 = University of Sydney', 22 => ' | caption3 = [[University of Sydney]]', 23 => ' | image4 = Bondi 1.jpg', 24 => ' | alt4 = Bondi Beach', 25 => ' | caption4 = [[Bondi Beach]]', 26 => ' | image5 = Archibald Fountain (cropped).jpg', 27 => ' | alt5 = Archibald Fountain and St Mary's Cathedral', 28 => ' | caption5 = [[Archibald Fountain]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary’s Cathedral]]', 29 => ' | image6 = Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg', 30 => ' | alt6 = Sydney central business district', 31 => ' | caption6 = [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]]', 32 => '}}', 33 => '| image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg', 34 => '| image2_alt = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area', 35 => '| caption2 = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area', 36 => '| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|04|S|151|12|36|E|display=inline,title}}', 37 => '| relief = yes', 38 => '| force_national_map = yes', 39 => '| pop = 5,450,496', 40 => '| pop_year = 2023', 41 => '| pop_footnotes = <ref name=ABSGCCSA/>', 42 => '| poprank = 1st', 43 => '| density = 441', 44 => '| density_footnotes = (2023){{r|ABSGCCSA}}', 45 => '| established = {{Start date and age|1788|01|26|df=y}}', 46 => '| area = 12367.7', 47 => '| area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>', 48 => '| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]', 49 => '| utc = +10', 50 => '| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]', 51 => '| utc-dst = +11', 52 => '| dist1 = 877', 53 => '| dir1 = NE', 54 => '| location1 = Melbourne', 55 => '| dist2 = 923', 56 => '| dir2 = S', 57 => '| location2 = Brisbane', 58 => '| dist3 = 287', 59 => '| dir3 = NE', 60 => '| location3 = Canberra', 61 => '| dist4 = 3936', 62 => '| dir4 = E', 63 => '| location4 = Perth', 64 => '| dist5 = 1404', 65 => '| dir5 = E', 66 => '| location5 = Adelaide', 67 => '| lga = [[#Government|Various]] (33)', 68 => '| county = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]<ref name=gnbcounty>{{NSW GNR |id=JPYbwptLTR|title=Cumberland County |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>', 69 => '| division = ', 70 => '| stategov = [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|Various]] (49)', 71 => '| fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|Various]] (24)', 72 => '| maxtemp = 22.8', 73 => '| maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name="metdata"/>', 74 => '| mintemp = 14.7', 75 => '| mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>', 76 => '| rainfall = 1149.7 ', 77 => '| rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>}}', 78 => ''''Sydney''' is the capital city of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]] and the most populous city in [[Australia]]. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds [[Sydney Harbour]] and extends about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east to the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] in the west, and about 80 km (50 mi) from the [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] and the [[Hawkesbury River]] in the north and north-west, to the [[Royal National Park]] and [[Macarthur, New South Wales|Macarthur]] in the south and south-west.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Herbert |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping |page=266}}</ref> Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Walk Sydney Streets |date=2014 |url=http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |title=Complete official list of Sydney suburbs |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496,<ref name=ABSGCCSA>{{cite web |title=Regional Population – 2022–23 final |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live}}</ref> which is about 66% of the state's population.<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web |title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |url-status=live }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> The city's nicknames include the "Emerald City" and the "Harbour City".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |website=Culture Trip |title=Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City' |author=Tom Smith |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 79 => '[[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] have inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and [[Sydney rock engravings|their engravings]] and cultural sites are common. The [[wiktionary:traditional owner|traditional custodians]] of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the [[Dharug|Darug]], [[Dharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani |first1=Anita |last1=Heiss |first2=Melodie-Jane |last2=Gibson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |archive-date= Jul 7, 2014 }}</ref> During his [[First voyage of James Cook|first Pacific voyage]] in 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at [[Botany Bay]]. In 1788, the [[First Fleet]] of [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], led by [[Arthur Phillip]], founded Sydney as a British [[penal colony]], the first European settlement in Australia.<ref name="manly.nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title= Manly Heritage & History |website=Manly Council |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archive-date= May 12, 2016 }}</ref> After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.<ref name="auto" />', 80 => 'Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Megan |date=March 5, 2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |title=Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bowman |first1=Simon J. |title=The Cost of Living with Sjögren's |date=19 May 2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |work=The Sjögren's Book |pages=26–30 |access-date=1 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |last2=Fisher |first2=Benjamin |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-750211-2 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten [[World's most liveable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |title=Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey |website=Mercer.com.au |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Mercer |date=2018 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=2018 Quality of Living Index |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Global Power City Index 2010 |publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2012 |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2013 |title=Cities of opportunity |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing and [[tourism in Sydney|tourism]].<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story">http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only {{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub">{{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Jessica |date=2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |title=Another shot at making city a finance hub |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] and the [[University of New South Wales]] are ranked equal 19th in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}</ref>', 81 => 'Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dennis |first=Anthony |date=2013 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title="Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city. |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.<ref name="Our global city">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |title=Our global city |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has over {{cvt|1,000,000|ha|acre}} of [[Parks in Sydney|nature reserves and parks]],<ref>Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney</ref> and its [[Ecology of Sydney|notable natural features]] include [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] and [[Royal National Park]]. The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the World Heritage-listed [[Sydney Opera House]] are major tourist attractions. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] is the hub of Sydney's suburban rail and light rail networks, with metro platforms under construction. The main passenger airport serving the city is [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford Smith Airport]], one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Airport |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |title=Overview |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>', 82 => '==Toponymy==', 83 => 'In 1788, Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established [[Sydney Cove]] after Home Secretary [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]].<ref name="Egan-1999">{{Cite book |last=Egan |first=Jack |title=Buried Alive, Sydney 1788–92 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1999 |isbn=1865081388 |pages=10}}</ref> The cove was called ''Warrane'' by the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>Attenbrow (2010), p. 11</ref> Phillip considered naming the settlement [[Albion]], but this name was never officially used.<ref name="Egan-1999" /> By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |volume=1 part 2 |pages=285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney was declared a city in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Alan |title=The Sydney Scene, 1788–1960 |last2=Macmillan |first2=David S. |publisher=Hale and Iremonger |year=1982 |isbn=0868060178 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=105–06}}</ref>', 84 => 'The [[Cadigal|Gadigal]] (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of [[Port Jackson]] from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]], are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory ''Gadi'' (''Cadi''). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26}}</ref>', 85 => '==History==', 86 => '{{Main|History of Sydney}}', 87 => '{{For timeline|Timeline of Sydney}}', 88 => '===First inhabitants of the region===', 89 => '[[File:AboriginalSite0008.jpg|thumb|[[Charcoal (art)|Charcoal drawing]] of kangaroos in [[Heathcote National Park]]]]The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were [[Aboriginal Australians]] who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 152</ref> Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,<ref name="Attenbrow-2010c">{{Cite book |last1=Attenbrow |first1=Val |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74223-116-7 |location=Sydney |pages=152–153 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[radiocarbon dating]] has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten2">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p.17</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/>', 90 => 'The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010a">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 28, 158</ref>', 91 => 'The earliest [[British people|British settlers]] recorded the word '[[Eora]]' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Keith Vincent |title=Eora People |url=https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Eora People |date=June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from [[Parramatta]] to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 22–29</ref>', 92 => '{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"', 93 => '|+ class="nowrap" |Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers', 94 => '!Clan', 95 => '!Territory name', 96 => '!Location', 97 => '|-', 98 => '|Bediagal', 99 => '|Not recorded', 100 => '|Probably north-west of [[Parramatta]]', 101 => '|-', 102 => '|Birrabirragal', 103 => '|Birrabirra', 104 => '|Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef', 105 => '|-', 106 => '|Boolbainora', 107 => '|Boolbainmatta', 108 => '|Parramatta area', 109 => '|-', 110 => '|Borogegal', 111 => '|Booragy', 112 => '|Probably [[Bradleys Head]] and surrounding area', 113 => '|-', 114 => '|Boromedegal', 115 => '|Not recorded', 116 => '|Parramatta', 117 => '|-', 118 => '|Buruberongal', 119 => '|Not recorded', 120 => '|North-west of Parramatta', 121 => '|-', 122 => '|Darramurragal', 123 => '|Not recorded', 124 => '|[[Turramurra|Turramarra]] area', 125 => '|-', 126 => '|Gadigal', 127 => '|Cadi (Gadi)', 128 => '|South side of Port Jackson, from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]]', 129 => '|-', 130 => '|Gahbrogal', 131 => '|Not recorded', 132 => '|[[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]] area', 133 => '|-', 134 => '|Gamaragal', 135 => '|Cammeray', 136 => '|North shore of Port Jackson', 137 => '|-', 138 => '|Gameygal', 139 => '|Kamay', 140 => '|[[Botany Bay]]', 141 => '|-', 142 => '|Gannemegal', 143 => '|Warmul', 144 => '|Parramatta area', 145 => '|-', 146 => '|Garigal', 147 => '|Not recorded', 148 => '|[[Broken Bay]] area', 149 => '|-', 150 => '|Gayamaygal', 151 => '|Kayeemy', 152 => '|[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] Cove', 153 => '|-', 154 => '|Gweagal', 155 => '|Gwea', 156 => '|Southern shore of Botany Bay', 157 => '|-', 158 => '|Wallumedegal', 159 => '|Wallumede', 160 => '|North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove', 161 => '|-', 162 => '|Wangal', 163 => '|Wann', 164 => '|South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill', 165 => '|-', 166 => '| colspan="3" |Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, {{Break}}Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal.', 167 => '|-', 168 => '| colspan="3" |<small>Note:</small> <small>The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used</small> <small>by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Jakelin |title=The Sydney Language |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781925302868 |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |pages=19–25}}</ref>{{Refn|British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.}}</small>', 169 => '|}', 170 => 'The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at [[Botany Bay]] (Kamay<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 13</ref>) and encountered the [[Gweagal]] clan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002 |title=Once were warriors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's epic voyage |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Australia |pages=141–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 April 2020 |title=Eight days in Kamay |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.<ref>Blainey (2020). pp. 146–57</ref>', 171 => '=== Convict town (1788–1840) ===', 172 => '[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|''The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] R.N., Sydney Cove.'' Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]].]] [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A concise history of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108728485 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=34–35}}</ref>', 173 => 'The [[First Fleet]] of 11 ships under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=91 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> The fleet soon moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]] where a settlement was established at [[Sydney Cove]] on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) pp.141–50</ref> The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2009 |title=SL/nsw.gov.au |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=SL/nsw.gov.au}}</ref>', 174 => 'The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] in mid-1790 and the [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]] in 1791.<ref>Macintyre (2020). pp.34–37</ref> Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around [[Parramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] on the [[Cumberland Plain]]. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=90–114 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref>', 175 => 'A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Mear |first=Craig |date=2008 |title=The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society}}</ref> In November 1790 [[Bennelong]] led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.'' pp. 106, 117–19</ref>', 176 => 'Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at [[Sydney Cove]]. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Colony, a history of early Sydney |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2009 |isbn=9781741756371 |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=71–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15}}</ref>[[File:View of Sydney Cove - Thomas Watling.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Watling]]'s ''View of Sydney Cove'', {{Circa|1794}}–1796]]After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor [[William Bligh]] (1806{{En dash}}08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the [[Rum Rebellion]] of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the [[New South Wales Corps]].<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 185–188</ref>', 177 => 'Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] (1810{{En dash}}1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. [[Parramatta Road]], linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,<ref name="broomham3">{{Citation |author1=Broomham, Rosemary |title=Vital connections: a history of NSW roads from 1788 |date=2001 |page=25 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger in association with the [[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |isbn=978-0-86806-703-2}}</ref> and a road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref name="Kingston-2006">{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |location=Cambridge |pages=118–19}}</ref><ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref>', 178 => 'Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.<ref>Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony." ''Journal of the Australian Population Association'', vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50–61. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the [[Tank Stream]] in areas such as [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], and the more affluent residents living to its east.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.<ref name="Sydney-2020b">{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=History of City of Sydney council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Castle Hill Rebellion (1804).jpg|thumb|The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804]]', 179 => '==== Conflict on the Cumberland Plain ====', 180 => 'In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker22">{{cite web |author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree |year=2009 |title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804 |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 181 => 'As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the [[Hawkesbury River]], north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the [[Darug]] people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by [[Pemulwuy]] and later by his son [[Tedbury]], burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the [[Australian frontier wars|colonial frontier expanded]]. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66</ref><ref>Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25–26</ref>', 182 => 'Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the [[Appin Massacre|Appin massacre]] (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banivanua Mar |first1=Tracey |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I |last2=Edmonds |first2=Penelope |year=2013 |pages=344 |chapter=Indigenous and settler relations}}</ref>', 183 => '=== Colonial city (1841–1900) ===', 184 => 'The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/>[[File:Sydney 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial illustration of Sydney, 1888]]The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.<ref name="Goodman-2013">Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp.&nbsp;180–81.</ref> The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |pages=74–80}}</ref> The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coghlan |first=T. A |url=https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up |title=The Wealth and progress of New South Wales |publisher=E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney |year=1893 |edition=7th |location=Sydney |pages=311–15}}</ref> The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the [[University of Sydney]] (1854–61),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Neil |date=2016 |title=The University of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian Museum]] (1858–66),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Leila |date= |title=Australian Museum |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |url-status=live }}</ref> the Town Hall (1868–88),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Hall |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]] (1866–92).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |title=General Post Office |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elaborate [[coffee palace]]s and hotels were erected.<ref name="Noyce-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Noyce |first1=Diana Christine |date=2012 |title=Coffee Palaces in Australia: A Pub with No Beer |journal=M/C Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.464 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott, Marie-Louise |first=Marie-Louise |date=2011 |title=Ocean baths |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 185 => 'Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, [[George Reid]], became a key figure in the process of federation.<ref>KIngston (2006). pp. 88–89, 95–97</ref>', 186 => '=== State capital (1901–present) ===', 187 => '[[File:(Looking north along George Street (with tram, T-model Ford and hansom cab) from Union Line Building (incorporating the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical culture), corner Jamieson Street), n.d. by (5955844045).jpg|thumb|A [[tramcar]] on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest [[Trams in Sydney|tram networks]] in the British Empire.]]', 188 => 'When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of [[bubonic plague]] in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the [[Railways in Sydney|Sydney rail network]] and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Kingston (2006). p. 132</ref>', 189 => '[[File:Sydney 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Harbour Bridge opening day, 19 March 1932]]Sydney was more severely affected by the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spearritt |first=Peter |title=Sydney's century, a history |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=0868405213 |location=Sydney |pages=57–58}}</ref> New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]].<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 58–59</ref> The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]] attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by [[Francis de Groot]] of the far-right [[New Guard]], who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 62</ref>', 190 => 'In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the [[Commonwealth Games|Empire Games]] and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even [[Melbourne]] seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|Day of Mourning]]" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 72</ref>', 191 => 'With the outbreak of [[Second World War]] in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Japanese submarines]] in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built [[airstrike|air raid]] shelters and performed drills.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 157–59</ref> [[Military engineering|Military establishments]] in response to [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II in Australia]] included the [[Garden Island Tunnel System]], the only [[tunnel warfare]] complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military [[fortification]] systems [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]] and [[Middle Head Fortifications]], which were part of a total [[Sydney Harbour defences|defence system for Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |title=Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |archive-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>', 192 => 'A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants{{Em dash}}mostly from Britain and continental Europe{{Em dash}}and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 91</ref> The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at [[Green Valley, New South Wales|Green Valley]] and [[Mount Druitt]]. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, [[Bankstown]] and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] became suburbs of the metropolis.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 93–94, 115–16</ref> Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–11</ref>', 193 => 'An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her [[Royal visits to Australia|Australian Royal Tour]]. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2018 |title=The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live }}</ref>', 194 => 'Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed [[green ban]]s on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011" /> The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect [[Jørn Utzon]] and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 184–86</ref> The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–12, 259–62</ref> From the 1980s, [[Immigration to Australia|overseas immigration]] grew rapidly, with [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |url-status=live }}</ref>', 195 => '==Geography==', 196 => '{{Main|Geography of Sydney}}', 197 => '===Topography===', 198 => '[[File:Sydney, Australia by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]] where the ocean level has risen to flood deep [[ria]]s.]]', 199 => 'Sydney is a coastal basin with the [[Tasman Sea]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the [[Woronora Plateau]] to the south.', 200 => 'Sydney spans two geographic regions. The [[Cumberland Plain]] lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The [[Hornsby Plateau]] is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. [[Beaches in Sydney|Seventy surf beaches]] can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.', 201 => 'The [[Nepean River]] wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching [[Broken Bay]]. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The [[Parramatta River]] is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the [[Georges River]] and the [[Cooks River]] into Botany Bay.', 202 => 'There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers {{cvt|12369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and includes the local government areas of [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] in the north, [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] in the north-west, [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] in the west, [[Sutherland Shire]] in the south, and [[Wollondilly Shire|Wollondilly]] in the south-west.<ref name="AU Stats-2022">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government area of the [[City of Sydney]] covers about 26 square kilometres from [[Garden Island (New South Wales)|Garden island]] in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and [[Rosebery, New South Wales|Rosebery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Areas of Service |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |url-status=live }}</ref>', 203 => '===Geology===', 204 => '[[File:South Head, Sydney Harbour.jpg|alt=|thumb|Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are [[Sydney sandstone]].]]', 205 => 'Sydney is made up of mostly [[Triassic]] rock with some recent [[igneous]] dykes and [[volcanic]] necks (typically found in the [[Prospect dolerite intrusion]], west of Sydney).<ref>[https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ Igneous intrusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ |date=1 November 2021 }} by the [[Australian Museum]]. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</ref> The [[Sydney Basin]] was formed in the early Triassic period.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has [[shale]] lenses and fossil riverbeds.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/>', 206 => 'The [[Sydney Basin]] bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as [[ria]]s were carved during the Triassic period in the [[Hawkesbury sandstone]] of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.<ref name="Sydney Basin">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |title=Sydney Basin |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such [[ria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Latta |first=David |date=2006 |url=http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |title=Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Sydney features two major soil types: [[Sand|sandy soil]]s (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and [[clay]] (which are from shales and [[volcanic rock]]s), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=7 November 2019 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |title=Soils for nature |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |url-status=live }}</ref>', 207 => 'Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the [[Wianamatta shale]], a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large [[river delta]] during the [[Middle Triassic]]. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained [[sedimentary rock]]s such as shales, [[mudstone]]s, [[ironstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s and [[laminite]]s, with less common sandstone units.<ref name="basinguide">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Herbert |first2=Robin |last2=Helby |title=A Guide to the Sydney basin |edition=1 |publisher=Geological Survey of New South Wales |location=Maitland |year=1980 |isbn=0-7240-1250-8 |page=582}}</ref> The Wianamatta Group is made up of [[Bringelly Shale]], [[Minchinbury Sandstone]] and [[Ashfield Shale]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=William |first1=E |last2=Airey |first2=DW |title=A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales |journal=Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge |location=Barton, ACT |publisher=Australian Geomechanics Society |date=1999 |pages=641–647 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-date=14 August 2008 |isbn=1864450029}}</ref>', 208 => '===Ecology===', 209 => '{{further|Ecology of Sydney}}', 210 => '[[File:Western Sydney parklands 18.jpg|thumb|Typical [[grassland|grassy]] woodland in the Sydney metropolitan area]]', 211 => 'The most prevalent [[vegetation|plant communities]] in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. [[savanna]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |title=Coastal Valley Grassy Woodlands |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |url-status=live }}</ref> and some pockets of dry [[sclerophyll]] forests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrub/grass sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> which consist of [[eucalyptus]] trees, [[casuarina]]s, [[melaleuca]]s, [[corymbia]]s and [[angophora]]s, with shrubs (typically [[Acacia|wattles]], [[callistemon]]s, [[grevillea]]s and [[banksia]]s), and a semi-continuous grass in the [[understory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low [[soil fertility]]. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the [[Hills District, New South Wales|north]] and [[North Shore (Sydney)|northeast]]. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, [[tree ferns]] and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |title=Wet sclerophyll forests (grassy sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref>', 212 => 'The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the [[Cumberland Plain Woodland]] in [[Western Sydney]] ([[Cumberland Plain]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=Earth Resource Analysis PL |year=1998 |title=Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney |type=Unpublished report |work=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service – Sydney Zone }}</ref> followed by the [[Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest]] in the Inner West and [[Northern Sydney]],<ref name = environment>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf |date=12 September 2022 }} Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</ref> the [[Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub]] in the coastline and the [[Blue Gum High Forest]] scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.<ref name="Sydney Blue Gum High Forest of the Sydney Basin">{{cite web|title=Sydney Blue Gum High Forest|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|work=Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|archivedate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region|work=[[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2022|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also includes the [[Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland]] found in [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] on the [[Hornsby Plateau]] to the north.<ref name=ryde>{{cite web|title=''Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland''|work=Ryde Council|url=https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|accessdate=15 November 2018|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>', 213 => 'Sydney is home to dozens of [[birds of Australia|bird]] species,<ref>Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. ''The Birds of Sydney'' (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales.</ref> which commonly include the [[Australian raven]], [[Australian magpie]], [[crested pigeon]], [[noisy miner]] and the [[pied currawong]]. [[Introduced species|Introduced]] bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the [[common myna]], [[common starling]], [[house sparrow]] and the [[spotted dove]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Finding Australian Birds |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |author1=Dolby, Tim |author2=Clarke, Rohan |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9780643097667 |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reptiles of Australia|Reptile]] species are also numerous and predominantly include [[skink]]s.<ref>Cogger, H.G. (2000). ''Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.'' Reed New Holland.</ref><ref>Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.</ref> Sydney has a few [[mammals of Australia|mammal]] and [[Spiders of Australia|spider]] species, such as the [[grey-headed flying fox]] and the [[Sydney funnel-web]], respectively,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem |publisher=North Queensland Register |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Whyte-2017">{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2017 |location=Clayton VIC}}</ref> and has a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]] inhabiting its harbour and beaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underwater Sydney |last1=Falkner |first1=Inke |last2=Turnbull |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781486311194 |location=Clayton South, Victoria}}</ref>', 214 => '===Climate===', 215 => '{{Main|Climate of Sydney|Severe weather events in Sydney}}', 216 => '[[File:Sydney storm clouds.jpg|thumb|A summer storm passing over Sydney Harbour]]', 217 => 'Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger classification]], Sydney has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall |publisher=Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA) |quote=Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |title=Sydney holiday weather |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=bom2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |title=Sydney: Climate and water |publisher=[[ Bureau of Meteorology]] |date = April 2017|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |title=WEATHER IN SYDNEY |website=Australia.com |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=[[Tourism Australia]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to <!-- Please read the note after "cool" before changing it. -->"cool"<!-- The authoritative source supporting this specifically says "cool", not "mild". Do not change it without providing more sources supporting a change and note that "cool" must be retained. For more information, please see the talk page discussion. --> winters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games |work=Australian Government |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |archive-date=10 June 2008}}</ref> The [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[Southern Annular Mode]]<ref name= "ABC news">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |title=Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of |website=ABC News |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BOM71">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |title=Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: [[drought]] and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite [[Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia|phases of the oscillation in Australia]]. The weather is [[sea breeze|moderated]] by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs.<ref name="acn" />', 218 => 'At Sydney's primary weather station at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]], extreme temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|45.8|C|1}} on 18 [[Angry Summer|January 2013]] to {{cvt|2.1|C|1}} on 22 June 1932.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill) |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Creagh |first=Sunanda |title=Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |work=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Media Group |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |url-status=live }}</ref> An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above {{cvt|30|C|0}} in the central business district (CBD).<ref name="acn">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.<ref>Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.</ref> The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] on 4 January 2020, where a high of {{cvt|48.9|C|F}} was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |title=Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|18.5|C|F}} in September to {{cvt|23.7|C|F}} in February.<ref>[https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm Sydney Sea Temperature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm |date=5 July 2017 }} – seatemperature.org</ref> Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and 109.5 clear days annually.<ref name="metdata">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991–2020 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the inland location, [[frost]] is recorded early in the morning in [[Western Sydney]] a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. ''Before King's Cross''</ref>', 219 => 'Sydney experiences an [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |title=Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=712 |year=2017 |first1=Mat |last1=Santamouris |first2=Shamila |last2=Haddad |first3=Francesco |last3=Fiorito |first4=Paul |last4=Osmond |first5=Lan |last5=Ding |first6=Deo |last6=Prasad |first7=Xiaoqiang |last7=Zhai |first8=Ruzhu |last8=Wang |doi=10.3390/su9050712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In late spring and summer, temperatures over {{cvt|35|C|0}} are not uncommon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=2 February 2013 |date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a [[southerly buster]],<ref>Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.</ref> a powerful southerly that brings [[gale]] winds and a rapid fall in temperature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582 |title="Southerly Buster" Relieves City. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 December 1953 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since Sydney is downwind of the [[Great Dividing Range]], it occasionally experiences dry, westerly [[Australian foehn winds|foehn winds]] typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).<ref>Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) ''Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology''.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) ''Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia''. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |title=BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through |work=ABC News |author=Bellinda Kontominas |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Westerly winds are intense when the [[Roaring Forties]] (or the [[Southern Annular Mode]]) shift towards southeastern Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |title=Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia |work=The Guardian |author=Helen Davidson |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> where they may damage homes and [[Flight cancellation and delay|affect flights]], in addition to [[apparent temperature|making the temperature]] seem [[wind chill|colder than it actually is]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|title=Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney|work=The Leader|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|title=BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home|work=ABC News|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|url-status=live}}</ref>', 220 => 'Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.<ref>[https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate |date=10 April 2021 }} by Bioregional Assessments from the [[Australian Government]]. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |title=Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones |website=ABC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney future: high temps, erratic rain |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,<ref name=bom2/> and lower in late winter to early spring.<ref name="ABC news"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196|title=The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited|first=Wasyl|last=Drosdowsky|date=2 August 2005|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=25|issue=10|pages=1291–1299|access-date=2 July 2022|doi=10.1002/joc.1196|bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1291D|s2cid=140198125|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="acn"/><ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson {{ISBN|0-207-18557-3}}</ref> In late autumn and winter, [[Australian east coast low|east coast lows]] may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.<ref name="BOMECL" >{{cite web |title=About East Coast Lows |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the warm season [[black nor'easter]]s are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of [[low-pressure area]]s, including remnants of [[Post-tropical cyclone|ex-cyclones]], may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763 |title=Black Nor-Easter. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 October 1911 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. ''Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.'' Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101</ref> Snowfall was last reported in 1836, though a fall of [[graupel]], or soft hail, in the [[North Shore (Sydney)|Upper North Shore]] was mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney winter not snow, just hail |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |quote=Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said. |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe [[2009 Australian dust storm|dust storm towards the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2009 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2010 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>', 221 => '{{Sydney weatherbox|width=auto}}', 222 => '==Regions==', 223 => '{{main|Regions of Sydney}}', 224 => '[[File:Satellite photo of the Greater Sydney Area at night.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney area at night, facing west. [[Wollongong]] is bottom left, and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] is at the far right.]]', 225 => 'The [[Greater Sydney Commission]] divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises ''Eastern Harbour City'', ''Central River City'' and ''Western Parkland City''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Cities Commission Act 2022 No 8|url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|access-date=29 June 2023|date=4 November 2022|website=legislation.nsw.gov.au|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |title=Greater Sydney GCCSA |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Data by Region |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> adding 330,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 226 => '===Inner suburbs===', 227 => '[[File:Lord Nelson Hotel and Former Oswald Bond and Free Store on the corner of Kent Street and Argyle Place, Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Historical buildings in [[Millers Point]], an inner suburb north of the CBD]]', 228 => 'The CBD extends about {{cvt|3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} south from [[Sydney Cove]]. It is bordered by [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] within the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] to the east and [[Darling Harbour]] to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include [[Woolloomooloo]] and [[Potts Point]] to the east, [[Surry Hills]] and [[Darlinghurst]] to the south, [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] to the west, and [[Millers Point]] and [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney unprepared for terror attack |work=The Australian |date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2017 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98}}</ref>', 229 => 'Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]] and [[Circular Quay]] are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]], Darling Harbour, and [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. the [[Strand Arcade]], located between [[Pitt Street Mall]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], is a historical [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style]] shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322 |title=The Strand |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=16,858 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1892 |access-date=27 October 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Westfield Sydney]], located beneath the [[Sydney Tower]], is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=The largest shopping centres in Australia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |work=worldatlas.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>', 230 => 'Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of [[gentrification]] amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of [[high density housing]], tourist accommodation, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority]]|date=2004 |url=http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |title=Ultimo and Pyrmont: a decade of renewal |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic [[Darlinghurst Gaol]], manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of [[prostitution]]. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |title=Business-friendly boost for Oxford St lane way |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dick |first=Tim |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |title=At the crossroads |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darlinghurst">{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=1970 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |title=Darlinghurst |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |url-status=live }}</ref>', 231 => '[[Green Square, New South Wales|Green Square]] is a former industrial area of [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8&nbsp;billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |title=Green Square |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |date=2013 |url=http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |title=Discover Barangaroo |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] is known for its restored [[terraced house|terrace houses]], [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2012 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |title=Paddington |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |url-status=live }}</ref>', 232 => '=== Inner West ===', 233 => '[[File:Newtown NSW, Cnr King Street & Enmore Road, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]], one of the inner-most parts of the Inner West, is one of the most complete [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian era]] commercial precincts in Australia.]]', 234 => 'The [[Inner West]] generally includes the [[Inner West Council]], [[Municipality of Burwood]], [[Municipality of Strathfield]], and [[City of Canada Bay]]. These span up to about 11&nbsp;km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,<ref>Green, A, "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra Strathfield By-election – NSW Election 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''</ref> the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]] were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|title=Sydney's new prestige hotspot|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=10 June 2016|last1=McIntyre|first1=Tim|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).<ref name="top20">Sweeney, N., "[https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 |date=29 June 2023 }}", ''The Australian Financial Review''</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] is located in this area, as well as the [[University of Technology, Sydney]] and a campus of the [[Australian Catholic University]]. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects [[Rozelle]] to [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and the city, forming part of the [[Western Distributor (Sydney)|Western Distributor]].', 235 => 'The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,<ref>Boys, C., "[https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html Where is Sydney's new Little Italy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Good Food'', 22 April 2014</ref> "Little Portugal" in Petersham,<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html Tarting up Petersham with an ethnic flavour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 September 2002</ref> "Little Korea" in Strathfield<ref>Burke, K, [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html Little Korea ready to rise from "melting pot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 May 2012</ref> or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.<ref>West, A., "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html Business booms in 'little Shanghai'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html |date=18 July 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 18 June 2011</ref> Large-scale shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Burwood]], [[DFO Homebush]] and [[Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre]]. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on King Street in [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]].', 236 => 'The area is serviced by the [[North Shore & Western Line|T1]], [[Inner West & Leppington Line|T2]], and [[Bankstown Line|T3]] railway lines, including the [[Main Suburban railway line|Main Suburban Line]], which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. [[Strathfield railway station]] is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and [[Main North railway line, New South Wales|Northern]] lines. It was constructed in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|title=Strathfield Station|website=Nswrail.net|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|url-status=live}}</ref> The future [[Sydney Metro West]] will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the [[Parramatta River ferry services|Parramatta River services]] of [[Sydney Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |title=Rivercat Class – Transdev |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> numerous bus routes and cycleways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |title=Newtown |website=Marrickville.nsw.gov.au |language=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 237 => '===Eastern suburbs===', 238 => '[[File:(1)Bellevue Hill from Point Piper.jpg|thumb|Residences in [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]]. Sydney's eastern suburbs are made up of some of the most expensive real estate in the country<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |url-status=live }}</ref>]]', 239 => 'The Eastern Suburbs encompass the [[Municipality of Woollahra]], the [[City of Randwick]], the [[Waverley Municipal Council]], and parts of the [[Bayside Council]]. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, [[Wolseley Road]], [[Point Piper]], had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |title=The 10 most expensive streets in the world |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |date=2011 |website=Business Insider |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the [[Division of Wentworth|Electoral District of Wentworth]] fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |title=Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage |date=6 April 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.<ref name="top20"/>', 240 => 'Major landmarks include [[Bondi Beach]], which was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2008;<ref>''Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 January 2009, p.18</ref> and [[Bondi Junction]], featuring a [[Westfield Bondi Junction|Westfield shopping centre]] and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |title=Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035 |publisher=NSW Department of Planning and Environment |date=August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as a [[Bondi Junction railway station|railway station]] on the [[Eastern Suburbs railway line|T4 Eastern Suburbs Line]]. The suburb of [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]] contains [[Randwick Racecourse]], the [[Royal Hospital for Women]], the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]], [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], and [[University of New South Wales|University of New South Wales Kensington Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |title=Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities |publisher=Greater Sydney Commission |date=March 2018 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 241 => 'Construction of the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] was completed in April 2020.<ref>[https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford |date=2 April 2020 }} Transport for NSW 3 April 2020</ref> The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.', 242 => 'Major shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Bondi Junction]] and [[Westfield Eastgardens]].', 243 => '===Southern Sydney===', 244 => '[[File:Sydney aerial view - Kurnell, La Perouse, Cronulla and Botany Bay.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]], [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], and [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], along with various other suburbs, face Botany Bay.]]', 245 => 'The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government area]]s of the [[Georges River Council]] (collectively known as [[St George, New South Wales|St George]]) and the [[Sutherland Shire]] (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the [[Georges River]].', 246 => 'The [[Cronulla dunes|Kurnell peninsula]], near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], a historic suburb named after the French navigator [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], is notable for its old military outpost at [[Bare Island (New South Wales)|Bare Island]] and the [[Botany Bay National Park]].', 247 => 'The suburb of [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]] in [[southern Sydney]] is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia {{ISBN|0-207-14495-8}}, page 149</ref>', 248 => '===Northern Sydney===', 249 => '{{further|Northern Sydney}}', 250 => '[[File:Aerial View Chatswood to Sydney CBD.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] is a major commercial district.]]', 251 => ''[[Northern Sydney]]' may also include the suburbs in the [[Upper North Shore]], [[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]] and the [[Northern Beaches]].', 252 => 'The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – [[Macquarie University]], [[Gladesville Bridge]], [[Ryde Bridge]], [[Macquarie Centre]] and Curzon Hall in [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. This area includes suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government areas]] of [[Hornsby Shire]], [[City of Ryde]], the [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill]] and parts of the [[City of Parramatta]].', 253 => 'The North Shore includes the commercial centres of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.', 254 => 'The Northern Beaches area includes [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also features [[Sydney Heads]], a series of [[headlands]] which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to [[Middle Harbour]] and north to the entrance of [[Broken Bay]]. The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most [[White people|white]] and [[mono-ethnic]] district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|title=National Regional Profile Northern Beaches Sydney|website=Rodis.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|url-status=live}}</ref>', 255 => 'As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling [[Hunters Hill]] and [[Woolwich, New South Wales|Woolwich]].<ref name="top20"/>', 256 => '===Hills district===', 257 => 'The [[Hills District, New South Wales|Hills district]] generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of [[The Hills Shire]], parts of the [[City of Parramatta Council]] and [[Hornsby Shire]]. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. [[Windsor Road|Windsor]] and [[Old Windsor Road]]s are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|title=Ozroads: Old Windsor Road & Windsor Road|website=Ozroads.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>', 258 => '===Western suburbs===', 259 => '{{further|Greater Western Sydney}}', 260 => '[[File:Parramatta Skyline 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Parramatta]], a major commercial centre of [[Greater Western Sydney]], is often coined as Sydney's "second [[Central business district|CBD]]"]]', 261 => 'The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parramatta Chamber of Commerce |date=2014 |url=http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |title=Parramatta |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown]], Liverpool, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]], and [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]]. Covering {{cvt|5800|km2}} and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most [[minority majority|multicultural suburbs]] in the country. The population is predominantly of a [[working class]] background, with major employment in the [[heavy industries]] and [[vocational]] trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |title=Home – WSROC Region |publisher=Profile.id.com.au |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |url-status=live }}</ref> Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of [[Old Toongabbie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |title=Old Toongabbie and Toongabbie |last1=McClymont |first1=John |last2=Kass |first2=Terry |date=2010 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney Trust |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |url-status=live }}</ref>', 262 => 'The western suburb of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]], in the [[City of Blacktown]], is home to [[Raging Waters Sydney|Raging Waters]], a [[water park]] operated by [[Parques Reunidos]].<ref name="ABC announcement">{{cite web |title=Water theme park planned for Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |work=ABC News |access-date=11 September 2010 |date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]], a botanical garden in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.<ref name="chahgovau">{{cite web |url=http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |title=Auburn Botanical Gardens |work=chah.gov.au |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The greater west also includes [[Sydney Olympic Park]], a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and [[Sydney Motorsport Park]], a [[Race track|circuit]] in [[Eastern Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |title=Visitor Information – How to Get Here |publisher=Sydney Motorsport Park | access-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere | archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> [[Prospect Hill (New South Wales)|Prospect Hill]], a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient [[volcanic activity]],<ref>Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 255–263.</ref> is also listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|title=State Heritage Inventory|date=22 October 2019|website=Heritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref>', 263 => 'To the northwest, [[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], a zoo in [[Doonside]], near [[Blacktown]], is a major [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |title=Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award |date=23 November 2009 |author=O'Maley, Christine |work=Blacktown Advocate |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sydney Zoo]], opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in [[Bungaribee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |author=Boon, Maxim |title=New Sydney Zoo announces long-awaited opening date |work=TimeOut |location=Sydney, Australia |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1799, the [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]], a [[historic house museum]] and [[tourist spot]] in Parramatta, was included in the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 1 August 2007 and [[World Heritage List]] in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the [[Australian Convict Sites]]), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.<ref name="CourierMail01">{{cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |author1=Chalmers, Emma |author2=Martin, Saray |date=1 August 2010 |title=World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance |work=The Courier–Mail |location=Australia |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |title=National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta |first=Department of the Environment and |last=Energy |date=17 April 2018 |website=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>', 264 => 'Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. [[Macarthur Square]], a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.<ref>{{cite report |first=Peter |last=Degotardi |publisher=Herron Todd White Property Advisors |url=http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |title=The Month in Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 |date=1 February 2004}}</ref> The southwest also features [[Bankstown Reservoir]], the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in [[reinforced concrete]] that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|01316 |Bankstown Reservoir (Elevated) |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the [[Bland Oak]], which was planted in the 1840s by [[William Bland]] in [[Carramar, New South Wales|Carramar]].<ref name="mobbaymag">{{cite web |last=Boulous |first=Chris |title=Nothing Bland about our Oak tree |work=Fairfield City Champion |publisher=FAIRFAX REGIONAL MEDIA |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 265 => '==Urban structure==', 266 => '{{wide image|Sydney City Panorama (20155327722).jpg|1100px|The [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] with the [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>|align-cap=center}}', 267 => '===Architecture===', 268 => '{{See also |Architecture of Sydney|List of heritage houses in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Sydney}}', 269 => 'The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |title=Australia's World Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |title=Australia's National Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |title=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 270 => '[[File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[York Street, Sydney|York Street]] is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.]]', 271 => 'In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named [[Francis Greenway]] to design [[Macquarie Lighthouse]].<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |title=Macquarie Lighthouse |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lighthouse's [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.<ref name="Macquarie Lightstation">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Harbour Federation Trust |date=2001 |url=http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-date=9 February 2006 |title=Macquarie Lightstation |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Greenway went on to design the [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in 1819 and the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style [[St James' Church, Sydney|St James's Church]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |year=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park Barracks |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Stephen |last2=Cable |first2=Kenneth |year=2000 |title=Sydney Anglicans – a history of the diocese |page=12}}</ref> [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-inspired architecture]] became more popular from the 1830s. [[John Verge]]'s [[Elizabeth Bay House]] and [[St Philip's Church, Sydney|St Philip's Church]] of 1856 were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style along with [[Edward Blore]]'s [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] of 1845.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Architecture |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |title=Chronology of styles in Australian architecture |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet |date=2014 |url=http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/ |title=Government House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes not music to purists' ears |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are rare examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic]] construction.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |title=Kirribilli House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 272 => '[[File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]]]]', 273 => 'From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. [[Mortimer Lewis]] designed the [[Australian Museum]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |publisher=Australia Museum |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/ |archive-date=22 August 2020 |date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]], completed in 1891 in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian Free Classical]] style, was designed by [[James Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |title=General Post Office |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse"/><ref name="Macquarie Lightstation"/> [[Customs House, Sydney|Customs House]] was built in 1844.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |title=Sydney Customs House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The neo-Classical and [[Second Empire architecture|French Second Empire]] style [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] was completed in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |title=Construction of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |title=Features of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] designs gained favour from the early 1890s. [[Sydney Technical College]] was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] approaches.<ref name="Sydney Technical College">{{cite web |last=Freyne |first=Catherine |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |title=Sydney Technical College |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Queen Victoria Building]] was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by [[George McRae]]; completed in 1898,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queen Victoria Building |date=2014 |url=http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |title=History of Queen Victoria Building |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |url-status=live }}</ref> it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |title=Queen Victoria Building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |url-status=live }}</ref>', 274 => 'As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at {{cvt|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |work=Sydney Architecture Images |title=Commercial Travellers Club |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.<ref name="Sydney architecture">{{cite book |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul}}</ref>', 275 => 'The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the {{cvt|503|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} between Milsons Point and [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]].<ref name="Sydney Harbour Bridge">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 276 => '[[File:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]]]]', 277 => '[[Modern architecture|Modern]] and [[International architecture]] came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. [[Jørn Utzon]] was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.<ref name="Sydney Opera House">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |title=Sydney Opera House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect [[Frank Gehry]], the [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]] (2015). An entrance from [[The Goods Line]]–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site.', 278 => 'Contemporary buildings in the CBD include [[Citigroup Centre, Sydney|Citigroup Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Citigroup Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Aurora Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Aurora Place |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Chifley Tower]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chifley Tower |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |title=Chifley Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] building,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |title=Reserve Bank |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Deutsche Bank Place |access-date=20 July 2004}}</ref> [[MLC Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=MLC Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Capita Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Castlereagh Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> The tallest structure is [[Sydney Tower]], designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |title=Centrepoint Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the proximity of [[Sydney Airport]], a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |date=25 February 2020 |website=Abc.net.au |language=en-AU |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green ban]]s and [[heritage overlay]]s have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocked: Demolished Sydney |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |work=SydneyLivingMuseums.com.au |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>', 279 => '===Housing===', 280 => '[[File:Kirribilli housing.jpg|thumb|[[Terrace houses in Australia|Terraces]] in [[Kirribilli, New South Wales|Kirribilli]]]]', 281 => 'Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York |work=[[Business Insider]] (Australia) |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |title=How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities |work=[[Domain Group]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |title=Australia's house prices are now in free fall |date=15 August 2019 |author=C. Delmendo, Lalaine |website=globalpropertyguide.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |url-status=live }}</ref> It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |title=Sydney Housing Ratio 14 Times Annual Pre-Tax Salary |year=2017 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ', 282 => 'There were 1.76&nbsp;million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats">{{Cite web |title=2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst [[terrace houses]] are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="Housing Sydney">{{cite web |last=Darcy |first=Michael |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |title=Housing Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Public housing in Sydney is managed by the [[Government of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Housing New South Wales |date=2012 |url=http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |title=Services offered |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include [[Claymore, New South Wales|Claymore]], [[Macquarie Fields, New South Wales|Macquarie Fields]], [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]], and [[Mount Druitt, New South Wales|Mount Druitt]].', 283 => 'A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain–many of which have been the subject of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Irving |first2=Terrence H. |last2=Irving |first3=Rowan J. |last3=Cahill |title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes |year=2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=9781742230931 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $2.2 million above reserve |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=10 December 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=This $13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=15 April 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Kimmorley |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 284 => '[[Federation architecture|Federation]] homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in suburbs such as [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]], [[Turramurra]], and in [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]]. Workers cottages are found in Surry Hills, [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], and Balmain. [[California bungalow]]s are common in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], and [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as [[Stanhope Gardens]], [[Kellyville Ridge]], [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]] to the northwest, [[Bossley Park]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], and [[Cecil Hills]] to the west, and [[Hoxton Park]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], and [[Oran Park, New South Wales|Oran Park]] to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Charles Sturt University |date=2014 |url=http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |title=Sydney's culture of place |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>', 285 => '===Parks and open spaces===', 286 => '{{Main|Parks in Sydney}}The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].', 287 => 'The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |website=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |title=Major parks |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks within the city centre include [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and Prince Alfred Park.', 288 => '[[File:Centennial_Park_NSW_2021,_Australia_-_panoramio_(7).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CPMPT cp">{{cite web |title=Centennial Park |url=http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |work=Centennial Parklands |publisher=Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust }}</ref>]]', 289 => 'The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.', 290 => 'The inner suburbs include [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]] and [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]] in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain [[Sydney Park]] and Royal National Park in the south, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] in the north, and [[Western Sydney Parklands]] in the west, which is [[List of urban parks by size|one of the largest urban parks]] in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with {{cvt|13200|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} is the second oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |title=Royal National Park |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 291 => '[[File:Sídney_08.jpg|thumb|The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<ref>"[http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html ANZAC Memorial, Sydney] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html|date=9 May 2015}}", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998.</ref>]]', 292 => 'Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.<ref name=MP>{{cite web |title=Hyde Park: Plan of Management and Masterplan |volume=1 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Sydney City Council |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |pages=7–11 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of {{cvt|15400|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park history |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park heritage |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 293 => 'The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |title=Royal Botanic Gardens history |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history" /> The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |title=Royal Botanic Gardens |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |url-status=live }}</ref> The two parks have a total area of {{cvt|64|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5&nbsp;million annual visits.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |title=Royal Botanic Gardens fast facts |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>', 294 => 'To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures {{cvt|16.2|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2006 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |title=Hyde Park plan of management and masterplan |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location was used for both relaxation and [[grazing]] of animals from the earliest days of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]].', 295 => '==Economy==', 296 => '{{Main|Economy of Sydney}}', 297 => '[[File:Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]]. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centres of the World: Sydney, Australia |url=http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Ecdconference.org |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]]', 298 => 'Researchers from [[Loughborough University]] have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2012 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2014 |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |title=The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=CityLab |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index">{{cite web |publisher=AT Kearney |date=2014 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |title=2014 Global Cities Index |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial hubs.<ref name="Economic powerhouse">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |title=Economic powerhouse |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economic profile">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |title=Economic profile |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>', 299 => 'The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was [[mercantilism]], as it was throughout most of [[Western Europe]].<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |title=Economy |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created [[holey dollar|two coins]] from every [[Spanish dollar|Spanish silver dollar]] in circulation.<ref name="Economy"/> The economy was [[capitalism|capitalist]] in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the [[East India Company]] were curtailed.<ref name="Economy"/>', 300 => 'Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.<ref name="Economy"/> Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. [[Protectionism|Protectionist]] policies after [[federation of Australia|federation]] allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.<ref name="Economy"/> These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.<ref name="Economy"/> From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.<ref name="Economy"/>', 301 => 'Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9&nbsp;billion and AU$80,000 per capita<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |title=GDP report: Economic Performance of Australia's Cities and Regions |website=sgsep.com.au |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2015.<ref name="Australian cities accounts"/><ref name="Economic profile"/> Its gross domestic product was AU$337&nbsp;billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.<ref name="Australian cities accounts">{{cite web |publisher=SGS Economics and Planning |date=2014 |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |title=Australian cities accounts |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |title=Creative and digital |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |title=NSW dominates creative industries: report |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>', 302 => '===Businesses===', 303 => 'There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Regional Development Australia |date=2010 |url=http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |title=Economic profile |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Business Foundation |date=2009 |url=http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |title=Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |date=2000 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |title=Multinational companies regional headquarters |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 304 => '===Domestic economics===', 305 => '[[File:Pitt Street Mall, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pitt Street]], a major street in the [[Sydney central business district|CBD]], runs from [[Circular Quay]] in the north to [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.<ref>City of Sydney, [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp Street Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp |date=12 January 2013 }} 22 May 2009</ref>]]', 306 => 'Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.<ref name="Prices and earnings">{{cite web |publisher=UBS |date=2012 |url=http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |title=Prices and earnings |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/>', 307 => 'The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |title=Employment status, Greater Sydney |work=ID: The Population Experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |title=Employment status |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=2011 Census Community Profiles |date=28 March 2013 |format=xls |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |title=Industry sector of employment |date=2016 |publisher=City of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>', 308 => 'In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |title=Individual income {{!}} Greater Sydney {{!}} profile.id |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 309 => 'Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.<ref name="Economic profile"/><ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |title=The daily exodus from western Sydney |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.<ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney"/>', 310 => 'Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.<ref name="Housing Sydney"/> Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Peter |last2=Chung |first2=Demi |date=2004 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |title=Housing prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |publisher=Macquarie University |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2014 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |title=Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref> The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=RP Data |date=2014 |url=http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |title=Home value index results |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebecca |first=Thistleton |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |title=Housing land: so scarce so expensive |work=Australian Financial Review |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |url-status=live }}</ref> 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>', 311 => '===Financial services===', 312 => '[[File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Martin Place.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[State Savings Bank building|State Savings Bank]]]]', 313 => 'Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the [[Bank of New South Wales]].<ref name="Australia's banking history">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1998 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |title=Australia's banking history |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/>', 314 => 'The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as [[Westpac]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |title=Bank of New South Wales |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], also based in Sydney.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6&nbsp;trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ASX |date=2014 |url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |title=History |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>', 315 => 'The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/> Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial centre.<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story"/><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Lisa |date=2005 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |title=Sydney's niche in global finance |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2017 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21 |date=March 2017 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref>', 316 => 'In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the [[People's Bank of China]], [[Bank of America]], [[Citigroup]], [[UBS]], [[Mizuho Bank]], [[Bank of China]], [[Banco Santander]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[Standard Chartered]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], [[HSBC]], [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Barclays]], [[Royal Bank of Canada]], [[Société Générale]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Mitsui]], [[ING Group]], [[BNP Paribas]], and [[Investec]].<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/><ref name="Australia's banking history"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Trade and Investment |date=2014 |url=http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |title=Financial services |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Prudential Regulation Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx |title=List of authorised deposit-taking institutions |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 317 => '===Manufacturing===', 318 => '{{Main|Manufacturing in Australia}}', 319 => 'Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.<ref name="Sydney">{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |title=Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><ref name="Sydney"/> Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.<ref name="Sydney"/> Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a manufacturing output of $21.7&nbsp;billion in 2013.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high [[Australian dollar]] of the early 2010s.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne"/> The ''Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate'' in [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Sydney]] is the largest [[industrial estate]] in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.<ref>[https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99 Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone] by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015</ref>', 320 => '===Tourism and international education===', 321 => '{{Main|Tourism in Sydney}}', 322 => '[[File:2021-04-30 Darling Harbour panorama (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darling Harbour]] is a major entertainment and tourism precinct. ]]', 323 => 'Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |work=CEO World |title=These Are The World's Most Visited Cities Among International Travelers, 2019 |last=Ireland |first=Sophie |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has hosted over 2.8&nbsp;million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59&nbsp;million nights in the city and a total of $5.9&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Our global city"/> The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.<ref name="Travel to Sydney">{{cite web |publisher=Destination New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |title=Travel to Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 324 => 'The city also received 8.3&nbsp;million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Travel to Sydney" /> 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2013 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |title=Tourism |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.<ref name="Tourism" /> On average, the tourism industry contributes $36&nbsp;million to the city's economy per day.<ref name="Tourism" />', 325 => 'Popular destinations include the [[Sydney Opera House]], the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [[Watsons Bay]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], [[Sydney Tower]], [[Darling Harbour]], the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]], the [[Australian Museum]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium]], [[Taronga Zoo]], [[Bondi Beach]], [[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]] and [[Sydney Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Justine |last2=White |first2=Richard |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism |title=Tourism |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>', 326 => 'Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a [[Crown Sydney|casino and hotel]] at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of [[Darling Harbour#Redevelopment|East Darling Harbour]], which involves a new [[International Convention Centre Sydney|exhibition and convention centre]], now Australia's largest.<ref>{{cite news |title=For the good of Sydney, back this plan |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barangaroo timeline |url=http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beabeats.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |title=BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>', 327 => 'Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its [[TAFE NSW|vocational]] and English language schools.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html |title=Sydney named top destination in the world for international students |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> International education contributes $1.6&nbsp;billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |title=International education |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>', 328 => '===Housing affordability===', 329 => 'In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,<ref>http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf</ref> with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022 | title=Sydney median house price hits record | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html | title=The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis | date=January 2024 }}</ref>', 330 => '==Demographics==', 331 => '{{Main|Demographics of Sydney}}', 332 => '[[File:Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinese New Year]] celebrations in [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]]. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of [[Chinese Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Archived copy |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=20 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]', 333 => 'The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |last=Jupp |first=James |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration |title=Immigration |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.<ref name="Australian historical population statistics">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2006 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2006 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.{{r|ABSGCCSA}} The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9&nbsp;million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0 |title=Population projections, Australia, 2012 to 2101 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Shane |last2=Sakkal |first2=Paul |date=27 March 2019 |title=Booming Melbourne to become nation's largest city by 2026 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12 |title=Regional population growth, Australia, 2011 to 2012 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Conal |title=The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed |url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>', 334 => 'The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/>', 335 => '===Ancestry and immigration===', 336 => '{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"', 337 => '|+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD|title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>', 338 => '! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}}!! Population', 339 => '|-', 340 => '| [[Australia]] ||2,970,737', 341 => '|-', 342 => '| [[Mainland China]] ||238,316 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->', 343 => '|-', 344 => '| [[India]]||187,810', 345 => '|-', 346 => '| [[England]] ||153,052 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->', 347 => '|-', 348 => '| [[Vietnam]]||93,778', 349 => '|-', 350 => '| [[Philippines]]||91,339', 351 => '|-', 352 => '| New Zealand ||85,493', 353 => '|-', 354 => '| Lebanon ||61,620', 355 => '|-', 356 => '| Nepal ||59,055', 357 => '|-', 358 => '| Iraq ||52,604', 359 => '|-', 360 => '| South Korea ||50,702', 361 => '|-', 362 => '| Hong Kong SAR ||46,182 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->', 363 => '|-', 364 => '| South Africa ||39,564', 365 => '|-', 366 => '| Italy ||38,762', 367 => '|-', 368 => '| Indonesia ||35,413', 369 => '|-', 370 => '| Malaysia ||35,002', 371 => '|-', 372 => '| Fiji ||34,197', 373 => '|-', 374 => '| Pakistan ||31,025', 375 => '|}', 376 => 'Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were [[British Australian|British]], [[Irish Australian|Irish]] or [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]]. At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:<ref name="auto"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. -->', 377 => '{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|', 378 => '* [[English Australians|English]] (21.8%)', 379 => '* [[Australians|Australian]] (20.4%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au|date=January 1995}}</ref>}}', 380 => '* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (11.6%)', 381 => '* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.2%)', 382 => '* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (5.6%)', 383 => '* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (4.9%)', 384 => '* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (4.3%)', 385 => '* [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (3.5%)', 386 => '* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (2.7%)', 387 => '* [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (2.6%)', 388 => '* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (2.5%)', 389 => '* [[German Australians|German]] (2.2%)', 390 => '* [[Korean Australians|Korean]] (1.4%)', 391 => '* [[Nepalese Australians|Nepalese]] (1.4%)', 392 => '* [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.4%){{refn|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}', 393 => '* [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.1%)', 394 => '}}', 395 => 'At the 2021 census, 40.5%<!-- This is correct. Australian born minus total persons doesn't equal overseas born, as 5% didn't state their place of birth. --> of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are [[Mainland China]], [[India]], [[England]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="auto" />', 396 => 'At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref>', 397 => '===Language===', 398 => '42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] (5%), [[Arabic]] (4.2%), [[Cantonese]] (2.8%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (2.2%) and [[Hindi]] (1.5%).<ref name="auto1"/>', 399 => '===Religion===', 400 => '[[File:St Mary's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] is the [[cathedral]] church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney]].]]', 401 => 'In 2021, [[Christianity]] was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 23.1% and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (6.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.8%), [[Buddhism]] (3.8%), [[Sikhism]] (0.7%), and [[Judaism]] (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name="auto"/>', 402 => 'The [[Church of England]] was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.<ref name="O'Brien-2013">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp. 419–20</ref> Macquarie also ordered the construction of [[Church (building)|churches]] such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Hilary |date=2008 |title=Religion |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref>', 403 => '===Crime===', 404 => '{{Main|Crime in Sydney}}', 405 => 'Crime in Sydney is low, with ''[[The Independent]]'' ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries |url=https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=UniSA |language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of [[Sydney lockout laws|lockout laws]] in February 2014,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |first=Barry |last=O'Farrell |author-link=Barry O'Farrell |date=5 February 2014 |title=Lockout to commence from 24 February |publisher=NSW Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296 |title=Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted |date=14 January 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>', 406 => '==Culture==', 407 => '{{Main|Culture of Sydney}}', 408 => '===Science, art, and history===', 409 => '[[File:Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], located in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]], is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia.]]', 410 => '[[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] is rich in [[Indigenous Australian]] heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of [[Aboriginal rock art]] – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include [[petroglyph]]s, art sites, [[burial site]]s, [[cave]]s, marriage areas, birthing areas, [[midden]] sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the [[Kuringgai|Garigal]] people.<ref name="abhe">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Aboriginal heritage |work=Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> Other [[Sydney Rock Art|rock art sites]] exist in the Sydney region, such as in [[Terrey Hills]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.<ref>Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A." ''J. R. Anthropol. Inst.'', 44, 195–211.</ref>', 411 => '[[File:Public Library of New South Wales (30670032690).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia.]]', 412 => 'The [[Australian Museum]] opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |title=Australian Museum |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the [[Museum of Sydney]] opened on the site of the first [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. It recounts the story of the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellmoos |first1=Laila |last2=Walden |first2=Inara |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney |title=Museum of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Powerhouse Museum]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Powerhouse Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |title=About the Powerhouse Museum |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |title=Our Museum: history and vision |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>', 413 => 'The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the [[Australian Subscription Library]] in 1826.<ref name="History1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html |title=History of the Library <nowiki>|</nowiki> State Library of New South Wales | access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> The [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in [[Darlington, New South Wales|Darlington]] owned by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyler |first=Peter |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales |title=Royal Society of New South Wales |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Observatory]] building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building |title=Sydney Observatory building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> ', 414 => 'The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was opened in 1991 and occupies an [[Art Deco]] building in [[Circular Quay]]. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art |title=Museum of Contemporary Art |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's other significant art institution is the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] which coordinates the [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery [[Artspace Visual Arts Centre|Artspace]], housed in the historic [[The Gunnery, Woolloomooloo|Gunnery Building]] in [[Woolloomooloo]], fronting [[Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSW Department of Customer Service |first=Transport for NSW |date=2023-04-28 |title=Artspace Sydney {{!}} NSW Government |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.nsw.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref>', 415 => '===Entertainment===', 416 => '[[File:Atrium of State Theatre IMG 4687a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] on [[Market Street, Sydney|Market Street]] was opened in 1929.]]', 417 => 'Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPherson |first=Ailsa |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre |title=Theatre |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Prominent theatres in the city today include [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], [[Sydney Theatre]], [[The Wharf Theatre]], and [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]]. [[Sydney Theatre Company]] maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as [[David Williamson]], [[Hugo Weaving]], and [[Geoffrey Rush]]. The city's other prominent theatre companies are [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre]], [[Belvoir (theatre company)|Belvoir]], and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. Sydney is also home to [[Event Cinemas]]' first theatre, which opened on [[George St, Sydney|George St]] in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.', 418 => 'The Sydney Opera House is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and [[Sydney Symphony]]. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100&nbsp;million visitors since opening in 1973.<ref name="Sydney Opera House"/> Two other important performance venues in Sydney are [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] and the [[City Recital Hall]]. The [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]] is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual [[Australian Music Examinations Board]] exams.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Conservatorium of Music |date=2014 |url=http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/ |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>', 419 => '[[File:Interior of Sydney Opera House Concert Hall during performance.jpg|thumb|A concert at the [[Sydney Opera House]]]]', 420 => 'Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the [[Sydney Writers Walk]] at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Victor |title=Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history |year=2003 |publisher=Rural Press |location=North Richmond |pages=3–5 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf}}</ref> Watkin Tench's ''A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay'' (1789) and ''A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales'' (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature |title=The Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably [[William Lane]]'s ''The Working Man's Paradise'' (1892), [[Christina Stead]]'s ''[[Seven Poor Men of Sydney]]'' (1934) and [[Ruth Park]]'s ''[[The Harp in the South]]'' (1948).<ref name="RuthPark">{{Cite news |last=Maunder |first=Patricia |title=Novelist shone a light on slums |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 December 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The first Australian-born female novelist, [[Louisa Atkinson]], set several novels in Sydney.<ref>Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35.</ref> Contemporary writers, such as [[Elizabeth Harrower (writer)|Elizabeth Harrower]], were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel ''[[Down in the City]]'' (1957) was mostly set in a [[King's Cross, New South Wales|King's Cross]] apartment.<ref name="Harrower">{{cite magazine |title=Rediscovering Elizabeth Harrower |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Text Publishing – Down in the City |url=https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |isbn=9781922147042 |last1=Harrower |first1=Elizabeth|publisher=Text Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Down in the City by Elizabeth Harrower |work=Readings.com.au |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |url=https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower}}</ref> Well known contemporary novels set in the city include [[Melina Marchetta]]'s ''[[Looking for Alibrandi (novel)|Looking for Alibrandi]]'' (1992), [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]'s ''30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account'' (1999), [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Diary of a Bad Year]]'' (2007) and [[Kate Grenville]]'s ''[[The Secret River]]'' (2010). The [[Sydney Writers' Festival]] is held annually between April and May.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/ |work=Sydney Writers' Festival (SWF) Official Site |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>', 421 => 'Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balint |first1=Ruth |last2=Dolgopolov |first2=Greg |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film |title=Film |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian New Wave]] saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as [[Bruce Beresford]], [[Peter Weir]] and [[Gillian Armstrong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian pride is its 'new wave' of films |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1981 |access-date=25 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html}}</ref> [[Fox Studios Australia]] commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'', ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'', ''[[Superman Returns]]'', and ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]''. The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Hugo Weaving]] and [[Jacqueline McKenzie|Jacqueline Mckenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Dramatic Art |date=2014 |url=http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>', 422 => 'Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jaskiran |date=2013 |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |title=Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve |website=International Business Times |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show|Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. [[Sydney Festival]] is Australia's largest arts festival.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Festival |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |archive-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> The travelling rock music festival [[Big Day Out]] originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are [[Sydney Film Festival]] and [[Tropfest]]. [[Vivid Sydney]] is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top [[fashion capital]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2016] – The [[Global Language Monitor]], 2016</ref> It hosts the [[Australian Fashion Week]] in autumn. [[Sydney Mardi Gras]] has commenced each February since 1979.', 423 => 'Sydney's [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]] has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown |title=Chinatown |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.<ref name="Economy"/>', 424 => 'Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD ([[Darling Harbour]], [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]]), [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Parramatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightlife Archives |url=https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Concrete Playground |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The best clubs in Sydney |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Time Out Sydney |language=en}}</ref> [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] was previously considered the red-light district. [[The Star, Sydney|The Star]] is the city's casino and is situated next to [[Darling Harbour]] while the new [[Crown Sydney]] resort is in nearby [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the best of Crown Sydney |url=http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Crown Sydney |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 425 => '===Media===', 426 => '{{Main|Media in Sydney}}', 427 => '[[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Australia's national broadcaster, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], is headquartered in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]]', 428 => 'The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=2012 |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |title=Breaking: news and hearts at the Herald |work=[[The Global Mail]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Its competitor is ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', in print since 1879.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Laurie |date=2004 |title=The media and cinema |journal=Culture and Customs of Australia |page=126}}</ref> Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' respectively. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin |title=The Bulletin |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'', published until 1842.', 429 => 'Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. [[Nine Network|Nine's]] offices and news studios are in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], [[Network 10|Ten]] is based in [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and [[Seven Network|Seven]] is based in [[South Eveleigh]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 9 to move into North Sydney skyscraper | date=6 March 2017|last=Wilmot|first=Ben|url=https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.realcommercial.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Network 10]] |url=http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us |title=Contact us |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place |url=https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=27 June 2023 |title=In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] is located in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2014 |url=http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/ |title=ABC offices |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] is based in [[Artarmon]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |title=Contact |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. [[Foxtel]] is based in [[North Ryde]] and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Foxtel]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm |title=Contact Foxtel |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's first [[List of Sydney radio stations|radio stations]] commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.<ref name="Commercial radio">{{cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |author-link=Bridget Griffen-Foley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio |title=Commercial radio |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> [[2UE]] was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.<ref name="Commercial radio"/> Competing stations include the more popular [[2GB]], [[ABC Radio Sydney]], [[KIIS 106.5]], [[Triple M Sydney|Triple M]], [[Nova 96.9]] and [[2Day FM]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946 |title=Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010 |work=The Australian |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>', 430 => '==Sport and outdoor activities==', 431 => '{{Main|Sport in Sydney}}', 432 => 'Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]].<ref name="Sport">{{cite web |last=Cashman |first=Richard |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport |title=Sport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Horse racing remains popular and events such as the [[Golden Slipper Stakes]] attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name="Sport"/> Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] since 1878. The [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] compete in the [[Sheffield Shield]] league and the [[Sydney Sixers]] and [[Sydney Thunder]] contest the national [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]] Twenty20 competition.', 433 => 'First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.<ref name="Sport"/> Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The [[New South Wales Waratahs]] contest the [[Super Rugby]] competition, while the [[Sydney Rays]] represent the city in the [[National Rugby Championship]]. The national [[Wallabies (rugby union)|Wallabies]] rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the [[Bledisloe Cup]], [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], and [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]]. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] competition: [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks]], [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]], and [[Wests Tigers]]. [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]] contests the annual [[State of Origin series]] against [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]].', 434 => '[[Sydney FC]] and the [[Western Sydney Wanderers]] compete in the [[A-League]] (men's) and [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]] (women's) soccer competitions and Sydney frequently hosts matches for the Australian national men's team, the [[Socceroos]]. The [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]] are local [[Australian rules football]] clubs that play in the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[AFL Women's]]. The [[Sydney Kings]] compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Uni Flames]] play in the [[Women's National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Blue Sox]] contest the [[Australian Baseball League]]. The [[NSW Pride]] are a member of the [[Hockey One|Hockey One League]]. The [[Sydney Bears]] and [[Sydney Ice Dogs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]. The [[New South Wales Swifts|Swifts]] are competitors in the national women's netball league.', 435 => '=== Major sporting venues ===', 436 => '<gallery widths="200">', 437 => 'File:State of Origin Game II 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Stadium Australia]]', 438 => 'File:Sydney Cricket Ground (24509044622).jpg|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]', 439 => 'File:View Inside Western Sydney Stadium on Opening Day (cropped).jpg|[[Western Sydney Stadium]]', 440 => 'File:SydneyFootballStadium Aug2022 Pre-open.jpg|[[Sydney Football Stadium (2022)|Sydney Football Stadium]]', 441 => '</gallery>[[File:Sydney Harbour welcomes Jessica Watson.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sailing on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]]]]', 442 => 'Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at [[Woolloomooloo|Woolloomooloo Bay]] in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first [[surf lifesaving]] club was established at [[Bondi Beach]].<ref name="Sport"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenner |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Surf Life Saving Australia |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |pages=33–43}}</ref> [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests|Disputes about appropriate clothing]] for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]] is an annual {{cvt|14|km|mi|1|abbr=off|adj=on}} running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City2Surf |date=2014 |url=http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Timeline |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>', 443 => 'Sailing races have been held on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] since 1827.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Montfort |first=Carlin |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing |title=Sailing |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the [[Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron]] was founded in 1862. The [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] is a {{cvt|1170|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=About.com |date=2014 |url=http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |title=Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm |title=Tough legacy of a Sydney classic |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race |title=Sydney to Hobart yacht race |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>', 444 => '[[File:Sydney Olympic Park, NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Olympic Park]] was built for the [[Sydney Olympics|2000 Olympics]] and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.]]', 445 => 'The [[Royal Sydney Golf Club]] is based in [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]] on 13 occasions.<ref name="Sport"/> [[Royal Randwick Racecourse]] opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Randwick Racecourse |date=2014 |url=http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au |title=Randwick Race Course |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>', 446 => 'Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity [[Stadium Australia]] used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney Football Stadium]] was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.<ref name="Sport"/>', 447 => 'The [[Sydney International]] tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for [[Australian Open|the Grand Slam in Melbourne]]. Two of the most successful [[tennis]] players in history ([[Ken Rosewall]] and [[Todd Woodbridge]]) were born in and live in the city.', 448 => 'Sydney co-hosted the [[FIBA Oceania Championship]] in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011.', 449 => '==Government==', 450 => '{{See also|Local government areas of New South Wales}}', 451 => '===Historical governance===', 452 => '[[File:Parliament house sydney nsw..jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] holds the [[Government of New South Wales]] and is the oldest public building in Australia.]]The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.<ref name="Kingston-2006b">Kingston (2006). pp. 1–2, 27–28</ref> The first Legislative Council met in 1826,<ref name="Kingston-2006c">Kingston (2006). p. 28</ref> and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.<ref name="Hirst-2014">Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51–54</ref> In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.<ref name="scc">{{cite web |title=History of Sydney City Council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=City of Sydney |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Golder-1995">{{cite book |author=Hilary Golder |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |title=A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992 |publisher=City of Sydney |year=1995 |isbn=0-909368-93-7 |format=PDF |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 }}</ref> The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.<ref name="uow">{{cite conference |author=Kelly, A. H. |date=4–8 July 2011 |title=The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |format=Paper |location=Perth |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |event=World Planning Schools Congress 2011}}</ref> Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of [[Woolloomooloo]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]], and [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]].<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/> As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales}}</ref>', 453 => 'In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a nominated [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref name="Kingston-2006a">Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 36, 55–57, 61–62</ref> With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.<ref name="Kingston-2006a" />', 454 => '===Government in the present===', 455 => '[[File:Sydney Town Hall, 2022, 06.jpg|thumb|261x261px|The [[Sydney Town Hall]] is the seat of the [[City of Sydney]]; the oldest [[Local government areas of New South Wales|local government]] in the city]]', 456 => 'In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. [[Local government areas of New South Wales|Local government areas]] have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Three levels of government |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission}}</ref> There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.<ref name="AU Stats-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS maps |url=https://maps.abs.gov.au/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>', 457 => '{{div col|colwidth=18em}}', 458 => '* [[Bayside Council|Bayside]]', 459 => '* [[City of Canterbury-Bankstown|Canterbury-Bankstown]]', 460 => '* [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]]', 461 => '* [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]]', 462 => '* [[Municipality of Burwood|Burwood]]', 463 => '* [[Camden Council (New South Wales)|Camden]]', 464 => '* [[City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)|Campbelltown]]', 465 => '* [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]]', 466 => '* [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]]', 467 => '* [[Cumberland Council (New South Wales)|Cumberland]]', 468 => '* [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]]', 469 => '* [[Georges River Council|Georges River]]', 470 => '* [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]]', 471 => '* [[The Hills Shire|The Hills]]', 472 => '* [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]]', 473 => '* [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]]', 474 => '* [[Inner West Council|Inner West]]', 475 => '* [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]]', 476 => '* [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]]', 477 => '* [[City of Liverpool (New South Wales)|Liverpool]]', 478 => '* [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]]', 479 => '* [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]]', 480 => '* [[Northern Beaches Council|Northern Beaches]]', 481 => '* [[City of Parramatta Council|Parramatta]]', 482 => '* [[City of Penrith|Penrith]]', 483 => '* [[City of Randwick|Randwick]]', 484 => '* [[City of Ryde|Ryde]]', 485 => '* [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]]', 486 => '* [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]]', 487 => '* [[City of Sydney|Sydney]]', 488 => '* [[Waverley Council|Waverley]]', 489 => '* [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]]', 490 => '* [[Wollondilly Shire Council|Wollondilly]]', 491 => '* [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]]', 492 => '{{div col end}}', 493 => '[[File:Government House, Sydney, Australia.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Governor of New South Wales]]]]', 494 => 'Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] and [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] – [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] and [[Kirribilli House]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |title=Official Residences |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Parliament of New South Wales]] sits in [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] on [[Macquarie Street, Sydney|Macquarie Street]]. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.<ref name="Governor Lachlan Macquarie">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Governor Lachlan Macquarie |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales}}</ref> Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] façade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house |title=Parliament House |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Living Museums |date=2014 |url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |title=Behold a palace |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Australia]] also [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|meets]] in Sydney when needed.', 495 => 'The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |title=Court locations |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate [[District Court of New South Wales]] and the lower [[Local Court of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New South Wales Courts |date=2014 |url=http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/ |title=Find a court |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>', 496 => 'In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golder |first=Hilary |year=2004 |title=Sacked: removing and remaking the Sydney City Council}}</ref> Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2005 |url=http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2005 |title=History of Sydney City Council |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |title=About Council |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and [[Lord Mayor of Sydney|Lord Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=State Records |date=2014 |url=http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21 |title=Organisation detail |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref>', 497 => 'In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a [[History of the Australian Capital Territory#Search for a capital city location|possibility for Australia's capital city]]; the newly created city of [[Canberra]] ultimately filled this role.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Graeme |editor2-last=Hirst |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Macintyre |editor3-first=Stuart |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=464–465, 662–663 |isbn=9780195535976}}</ref> Seven Australian [[List of Australian Prime Ministers by state#Birth places|Prime Ministers have been born in]] Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister [[Edmund Barton]] and current Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]].', 498 => 'Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:', 499 => '* [[New South Wales Police Force]]', 500 => '* [[New South Wales Ambulance]]', 501 => '* [[Fire and Rescue NSW]]', 502 => '==Infrastructure==', 503 => '===Education===', 504 => '{{Main|Education in Sydney}}', 505 => '[[File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]]]]', 506 => 'Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Craig |last2=Sherington |first2=Geoffrey |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education |title=Education |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats" /> Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |title=Educational qualifications |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" />', 507 => '[[File:112 N7A8606 UTS Central Andy Roberts hr.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[University of Technology Sydney]]]]', 508 => 'There are six public universities based in Sydney: The [[University of Sydney]], [[University of New South Wales]], [[University of Technology, Sydney|University of Technology Sydney]], [[Macquarie University]], [[Western Sydney University]], and [[Australian Catholic University]]. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], [[Central Queensland University]], [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]], [[University of Wollongong]], and [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]. [[Charles Sturt University]] and [[Southern Cross University]] operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programmes in Sydney through third-party providers: [[University of the Sunshine Coast]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Federation University Australia]] and [[Charles Darwin University]]. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.<ref name="Education institution attending">{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |title=Education institution attending |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,<ref name=":0" /> the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,<ref name=":0" /> while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021 |website=Top Universities |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=5 June 2019}}</ref>', 509 => 'Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the [[Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/? |title=School locator |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |title=List of selective and agricultural high schools |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 510 => 'Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by [[TAFE NSW|TAFE New South Wales]] and began with the opening of the [[Sydney Technical College]] in 1878.<ref name="Sydney Technical College"/> The college became the [[Sydney Institute of TAFE|Sydney Institute]] in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE|Northern Sydney Institute]], the [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|Western Sydney Institute]], and the [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|South Western Sydney Institute]]. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.<ref name="Education institution attending"/>', 511 => '===Health===', 512 => '[[File:Sydney Hospital. - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816]]', 513 => 'The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at [[The Rocks, Sydney|The Rocks]]. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from [[dysentery]], smallpox, [[scurvy]], and [[typhoid]]. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] in the 1790s.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |last=Godden |first=Judith |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals |title=Hospitals |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>', 514 => 'Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816.<ref name="Hospitals"/> Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of [[Florence Nightingale]] in 1868.<ref name="ALadyDisplaced">Judith Godden, ''Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced'', Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2006</ref>', 515 => 'Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx |title=Local health districts |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]] was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |title=Prince of Wales Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney|St Vincent's Hospital]] was founded in 1857,<ref name="Darlinghurst"/> followed by [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Children's Hospital at Westmead |date=2014 |url=http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince Henry Hospital]] in 1881,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |title=Prince Henry Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |title=Royal Prince Alfred Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Northern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> the [[St George Hospital (Sydney)|St George Hospital]] in 1894,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Nepean Hospital]] in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us |title=About Nepean Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> [[Westmead Hospital]] in 1978 was the last major facility to open.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>', 516 => '===Transport===', 517 => '{{Main|Transport in Sydney}}', 518 => '====Roads====', 519 => '[[File:Light Horse Interchange (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Light Horse Interchange]], the largest of its kind in Australia]]', 520 => 'The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport |title=Transport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.<ref name="Transport"/> The most important roads in Sydney were the nine [[Metroad]]s, including the {{cvt|110|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends, July 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 April 2015 |first=Matt |last=Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Light Horse Interchange]] in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – Light Horse Interchange |publisher=Westlink Motorway Limited |date=May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 521 => 'There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.<ref name="Transport"/> 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> [[Car dependency]] is an ongoing issue in Sydney–of people who travel to work, 58.4% use a car, 9.1% catch a train, 5.2% take a bus, and 4.1% walk.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> In contrast, only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |title=Method of travel to work |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> With a rate of 26.3%, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008 |title=Australian social trends |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The CBD features a [[Lanes and alleyways of Sydney|series of alleyways and lanes]] that provide [[alley|off-street]] vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473 |title=Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>', 522 => '====Buses====', 523 => '{{Main|Buses in Sydney}}', 524 => 'Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to [[Transport for NSW]]. Integrated tickets called [[Opal card]]s operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225&nbsp;million boardings were recorded across the bus network.<ref>{{Cite report |author=Transport for NSW |author-link=Transport for NSW |date=2014 |title=TfNSW 2013–2014 Annual Report |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |pages=35, 36 |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> [[NightRide (bus service)|NightRide]] is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am.', 525 => '====Trams====', 526 => '{{Main|Light rail in Sydney}}', 527 => '[[File:CBD light rail 001.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] connects Sydney's CBD with the South Eastern suburbs.]]', 528 => 'Sydney once had one of the [[Trams in Sydney|largest tram networks]] in the British Empire after London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |work=Sydney Living Museums |title=Shooting Through: Sydney by Tram |access-date=31 May 2019 |date=12 May 2014}}</ref> It served routes covering {{cvt|291|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}. The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.<ref name="Transport"/> From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90&nbsp;million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses |title=Buses |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>', 529 => 'In 1997, the [[Inner West Light Rail]] opened between Central station and [[Wentworth Park]]. It was extended to [[Lilyfield]] in 2000 and then [[Dulwich Hill]] in 2014. It links the [[Inner West]] and [[Darling Harbour]] with [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] and facilitated 9.1&nbsp;million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly |title=Light Rail Patronage – Monthly Comparison |date=8 June 2017 |website=[[Transport for NSW]]|language=en-AU |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A second, the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] {{cvt|12|km|1}} line serving the CBD and south-eastern suburbs opened in 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date |url=http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |website=Sydney Light Rail |publisher=Transport for NSW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |archive-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> A [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail line]] serving Western Sydney has also been announced, due to open in 2024.', 530 => '====Trains====', 531 => '{{Main|Sydney Trains}}', 532 => '[[File:Central Station Concourse Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.]]', 533 => 'Established in 1906, [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's [[Railways in Sydney|rail network]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |title=Central Station |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> [[Sydney Trains]] is the suburban rail service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts |title=Facts and stats |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central railway station]] in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.<ref name="Transport"/>', 534 => '==== Metro ====', 535 => '''Main article: [[Sydney Metro]]''', 536 => '[[Sydney Metro]], a driverless [[rapid transit]] system separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and will be extended into the city and through the southwest by 2024 and through the inner west to Parramatta by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html |title=Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2015 |title=New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> It currently serves 13 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the [[Western Sydney Airport|second international airport]].', 537 => '====Ferries====', 538 => '{{Main|Sydney Ferries|List of Sydney Harbour ferries|Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries}}', 539 => 'At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's [[Sydney Ferries Limited|ferry service]] was the largest in the world.<ref name="Sydney Ferries">{{cite web |publisher=Transport for New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries |title=Sydney Ferries |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Patronage declined from 37&nbsp;million passengers in 1945 to 11&nbsp;million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.<ref name="Transport"/> From its hub at [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]], the [[Sydney Ferries|ferry network]] extends from [[Manly ferry wharf|Manly]] to [[Parramatta ferry wharf|Parramatta]].<ref name="Sydney Ferries"/>', 540 => '====Airports====', 541 => '[[Sydney Airport]], officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]]. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9&nbsp;million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/>', 542 => 'It has been announced that a new facility named [[Western Sydney Airport]] will be constructed at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] from 2016 at a cost of $2.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Lisa |last2=Massola |first2=James |date=2014 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html |title=Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport |newspaper=The Age |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown Airport]] is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |title=Movements at Australian Airports |date=17 February 2012 |website=Airservices Australia |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at [[Overseas Passenger Terminal|Sydney Cove]] and [[White Bay Cruise Terminal|White Bay]].', 543 => '===Utilities===', 544 => '[[File:Warragamba Dam (January 2014).jpg|thumb|[[Warragamba Dam]] is Sydney's largest water supply dam.]]', 545 => 'Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the [[Tank Stream]] sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.<ref name="Water">{{cite web |last=North |first=MacLaren |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water |title=Water |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.<ref name="Water"/>', 546 => 'The [[Upper Nepean Scheme]] came into operation in 1886. It transports water {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Nepean River|Nepean]], [[Cataract River (Wollondilly)|Cataract]], and [[Cordeaux River|Cordeaux]] rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.<ref name="Water"/> Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.<ref name="Water"/> In 1977 the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]] brought several more dams into service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Water |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |title=Sydney Water timeline |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>', 547 => 'The state-owned corporation [[WaterNSW]] now manages eleven major dams: [[Warragamba Dam|Warragamba]], one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney's Largest Water Supply Dam |url=http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam |website=Water NSW |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Woronora Dam|Woronora]], [[Cataract Dam|Cataract]], [[Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux]], [[Nepean Dam|Nepean]], [[Avon Dam|Avon]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Fitzroy Falls Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Tallowa]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams]], and [[Prospect Reservoir]].<ref name="Dams and reservoirs">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Catchment Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |title=Dams and reservoirs |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Water is collected from five catchment areas covering {{cvt|16000|km2|mi2|0|abbr=off}} and total storage amounts to {{cvt|2.6|TL|mi3|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Dams and reservoirs"/> The [[Sydney Desalination Plant]] came into operation in 2010.<ref name="Water"/> WaterNSW supplies bulk water to [[Sydney Water]], a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services.', 548 => 'Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by [[Ausgrid]] and [[Endeavour Energy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ausgrid |year=2014 |url=http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |title=About Ausgrid |access-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Endeavour Energy |year=2014 |url=http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |title=About us |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and {{cvt|83000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of cables. [[Submarine communications cable]] systems in Sydney include the [[Australia–Japan Cable]], [[Telstra Endeavour]] and the [[Southern Cross Cable]], which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq|title=FAQ|website=www.southerncrosscables.com|access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/ |title = Cable System Facts| website= Australia-Japan Cable| access-date= 2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables|title=Telstra hits 100G on key Asia-Pac submarine cables|website = [[Telstra]]|accessdate=2023-07-21}}</ref>', 549 => '==Environmental issues and pollution reduction==', 550 => '{{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}}', 551 => '{{Further|Climate change in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}}', 552 => '===Air quality===', 553 => '[[File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg|thumb|[[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] and bushfire smoke in December 2019]]', 554 => 'As [[Climate change in Australia|climate change]], [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|greenhouse gas emissions]] and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining [[water quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html |title=Look who's polluting: Sydney Water's shame |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |title=Air Pollution in Sydney: An Update Briefing Paper |date=August 1998 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> ', 555 => 'The [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The [[air quality]] was 11 times the [[hazard]]ous level in some days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe |title=Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures |title=Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |last1=Hromas |first1=Jessica}}</ref> worse than [[New Delhi]]'s;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8 |title=Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the [[University of Technology Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6 |title=Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes' |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html |title=Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=11 January 2019}}</ref> bushfires can ring the region in a [[natural phenomena]] that is labelled "ring of fire".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110 |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[WION]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html |title=Ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598 |title=Teenagers arrested as ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=[[Irish Times]]|date=28 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires|title=Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red|work=[[Mashable]]|date=9 December 2019}}</ref>', 556 => 'The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as [[carbon-neutral]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html |title=Sydney Water to become carbon neutral |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html |title=Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body |work=treehugger.com |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |title=Achievements: City of Sydney |work=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |title=It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The ''Sustainable Sydney 2030'' program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan |title=Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan |date=25 February 2015 |website=climatecontrolnews.com.au |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30&nbsp;million a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line |title=Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line |work=The Guardian (UK) |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Solar panels]] have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330 |title=City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |work=RenewEconomy.com}}</ref>', 557 => 'The city also has an "[[urban forest]] growth strategy", in which it aims to regular increase the [[shade tree|tree coverage]] in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and [[vegetation]] to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |title=Urban Forest Strategy |date=February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Sydney has also become a leader in the development of [[green building|green office buildings]] and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The [[Central Park, Sydney|One Central Park]] development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html |title='Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |title=One Central Park Gardens |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="OCP arc">{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/ |title=Central Park Sydney – Architecture |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN |title=Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living |work=[[The Australian Financial Review|Financial Review]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>', 558 => '===Car-dependency===', 559 => '[[File:Warringah Freeway2.jpg|thumb|[[Traffic congestion]] on the [[Warringah Freeway]], [[Milsons Point]]]]', 560 => 'Australian cities are some of the most [[car dependency|car-dependent]] cities in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |title=Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions |work=[[Flinders University]] study |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.<ref name="Charting Transport-2023">[https://chartingtransport.com/#mode Charting Transport], retrieved 27 October 2017</ref> Sydney also has the [[Modal share|highest usage of public transport]] in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant [[urban sprawl]], thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243 |title=CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows |work=[[The Australian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> ', 561 => 'Strategies have been implemented to reduce private [[car pollution|vehicle pollution]] by encouraging [[mass transit|mass]] and [[public transport|public transit]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |title=Buses and the Environment |work=statetransit.info |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |url-status=dead}}</ref> initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new [[electric cars]], the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |title=City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet |publisher=City of Sydney |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, which contribute to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |title=Causes of Climate Change |work=epa.gov |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ipcc">{{cite book |date=2021 |author=IPCC|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter=Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US |chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 }}</ref> [[Cycling|Cycling trips]] have increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city since March 2010, with about 2,000 bikes passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /> Transport developments in the [[Sydney Metro Northwest|north-west]] and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.', 562 => '==See also==', 563 => '{{Portal|New South Wales}}', 564 => '* [[List of museums in Sydney]]', 565 => '* [[List of people from Sydney]]', 566 => '* [[List of public art in the City of Sydney]]', 567 => '* [[List of songs about Sydney]]', 568 => '* [[Outline of Sydney]]', 569 => '==Notes==', 570 => '{{reflist|group=N}}', 571 => '==References==', 572 => '{{Reflist}}', 573 => '==External links==', 574 => '* [https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Official Sydney, NSW government site]', 575 => '* [http://www.sydney.com/ Official Sydney tourism site]', 576 => '* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/ Historical film clips of Sydney] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online'']', 577 => '* {{YouTube|id=itQaxQMZfCk|title=Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747}} – includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20)', 578 => '* {{OSM|n|13766899}}', 579 => '* [http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }})', 580 => '* [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives Sydney Official History Archives]', 581 => '* [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/ State Records New South Wales]', 582 => '* [http://www.naa.gov.au/ National Archives of Australia]', 583 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/ Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library]', 584 => '* [https://directory.archivists.org.au/ Directory of Archives in Australia]', 585 => '{{Clear}}', 586 => '{{Sydney}}', 587 => '{{Navboxes', 588 => '|list =', 589 => '{{Sydney regions}}', 590 => '{{Sydney landmarks}}', 591 => '{{Theatres in Sydney}}', 592 => '{{Sydney sports teams}}', 593 => '{{New South Wales}}', 594 => '{{Capital cities of Australia}}', 595 => '{{Cities of Australia}}', 596 => '{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}', 597 => '{{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}}', 598 => '{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}', 599 => '}}', 600 => '{{Subject bar', 601 => '|portal1 = New South Wales', 602 => '|portal2 = Australia', 603 => '|commons=yes |wikt=yes |n=yes |q=yes |s=yes |b=yes |voy=yes |v=yes |d=yes', 604 => '|d-search = Q3130', 605 => '}}', 606 => '{{Authority control}}', 607 => '[[Category:Sydney| ]]', 608 => '[[Category:1788 establishments in Australia]]', 609 => '[[Category:Australian capital cities]]', 610 => '[[Category:Former colonial capitals]]', 611 => '[[Category:Port cities in New South Wales]]', 612 => '[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia|Sydney]]', 613 => '[[Category:Populated places established in 1788]]' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[]
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links)
[ 0 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf', 1 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp', 2 => 'http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html', 3 => 'http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/', 4 => 'http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016', 5 => 'https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99', 6 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney', 7 => 'http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm', 8 => 'https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/', 9 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12', 10 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4', 11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm', 12 => 'http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm', 13 => 'https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/', 14 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks', 15 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030', 16 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019', 17 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019', 18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history', 19 => 'http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history', 20 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens', 21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts', 22 => 'http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts', 23 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park', 24 => 'http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html', 25 => 'http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/', 26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf', 27 => 'http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf', 28 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy', 29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf', 30 => 'http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf', 31 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital', 32 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html', 33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/', 34 => 'http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/', 35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf', 36 => 'http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf', 37 => 'http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5', 38 => 'http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings', 39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250', 40 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250', 41 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status', 42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries', 43 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries', 44 => 'https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250', 45 => 'http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument', 46 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html', 47 => 'http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf', 48 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument', 49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf', 50 => 'http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf', 51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm', 52 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm', 53 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales', 54 => 'http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm', 55 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html', 56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf', 57 => 'http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf', 58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services', 59 => 'http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services', 60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx', 61 => 'http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx', 62 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney', 63 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html', 64 => 'http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf', 65 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism', 66 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism', 67 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9', 68 => 'http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx', 69 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/', 70 => 'http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/', 71 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html', 72 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education', 73 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration', 74 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006', 75 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001', 76 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0', 77 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12', 78 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion', 79 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html', 80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx', 81 => 'http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx', 82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html', 83 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum', 84 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney', 85 => 'http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php', 86 => 'http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum', 87 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales', 88 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building', 89 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art', 90 => 'http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/', 91 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre', 92 => 'http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/', 93 => 'http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf', 94 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature', 95 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html', 96 => 'https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies', 97 => 'https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city', 98 => 'https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower', 99 => 'https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/', 100 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film', 101 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html', 102 => 'http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history', 103 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm', 104 => 'http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm', 105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/', 106 => 'http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/', 107 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown', 108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/', 109 => 'http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/', 110 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin', 111 => 'http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us', 112 => 'http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/', 113 => 'http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details', 114 => 'http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm', 115 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio', 116 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946', 117 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport', 118 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/', 119 => 'http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/', 120 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing', 121 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm', 122 => 'http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm', 123 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm', 124 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race', 125 => 'http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au/', 126 => 'http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie', 127 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences', 128 => 'https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences', 129 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house', 130 => 'http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace', 131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html', 132 => 'http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html', 133 => 'http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/', 134 => 'http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm', 135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf', 136 => 'http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf', 137 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council', 138 => 'http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21', 139 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education', 140 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications', 141 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education', 142 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/', 143 => 'http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/', 144 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php', 145 => 'http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php', 146 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals', 147 => 'http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx', 148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp', 149 => 'http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp', 150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/', 151 => 'http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/', 152 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp', 153 => 'http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp', 154 => 'http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html', 155 => 'http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx', 156 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp', 157 => 'http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp', 158 => 'http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us', 159 => 'http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History', 160 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport', 161 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013', 162 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html', 163 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html', 164 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf', 165 => 'http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf', 166 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work', 167 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008', 168 => 'https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram', 169 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses', 170 => 'https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly', 171 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail', 172 => 'http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail', 173 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf', 174 => 'http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf', 175 => 'http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts', 176 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html', 177 => 'http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894', 178 => 'http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries', 179 => 'http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html', 180 => 'http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf', 181 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html', 182 => 'http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf', 183 => 'https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe', 184 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures', 185 => 'https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8', 186 => 'https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6', 187 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf', 188 => 'http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf', 189 => 'https://chartingtransport.com/#mode', 190 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html', 191 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243', 192 => 'http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment', 193 => 'http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/', 194 => 'http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html', 195 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements', 196 => 'http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html', 197 => 'http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html', 198 => 'http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan', 199 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line', 200 => 'http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330', 201 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf', 202 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html', 203 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/', 204 => 'http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/', 205 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml', 206 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm', 207 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918', 208 => 'http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918', 209 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C', 210 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub/grass+sub-formation)', 211 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation)', 212 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation)', 213 => 'http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm', 214 => 'https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx', 215 => 'http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx', 216 => 'https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf', 217 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view=', 218 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view=', 219 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml', 220 => 'http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689', 221 => 'https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm', 222 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html', 223 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf', 224 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml', 225 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763', 226 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html', 227 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml', 228 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml', 229 => 'https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc', 230 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml', 231 => 'https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016', 232 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98', 233 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322', 234 => 'http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf', 235 => 'http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/', 236 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html', 237 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst', 238 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square', 239 => 'http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx', 240 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington', 241 => 'http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/', 242 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2', 243 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250', 244 => 'http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php', 245 => 'http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor&windsorroad.htm', 246 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html', 247 => 'http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html', 248 => 'https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population', 249 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie', 250 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm', 251 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html', 252 => 'http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html', 253 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere', 254 => 'http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere', 255 => 'http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/', 256 => 'http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286', 257 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html', 258 => 'http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf', 259 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf', 260 => 'https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2', 261 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture', 262 => 'http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/', 263 => 'http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN', 264 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water', 265 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm', 266 => 'http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm', 267 => 'http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam', 268 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams', 269 => 'http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams', 270 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx', 271 => 'http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx', 272 => 'http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav', 273 => 'https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf', 274 => 'https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf', 275 => 'http://www.sydney.com/', 276 => 'http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/', 277 => 'http://aso.gov.au/', 278 => 'http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/', 279 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives', 280 => 'http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/', 281 => 'http://www.naa.gov.au/', 282 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/', 283 => 'https://directory.archivists.org.au/', 284 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058708-3', 285 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/3f179da4-83c6-4a28-a627-e46b4a8ff1ed', 286 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044388', 287 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628594', 288 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/175760382', 289 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296', 290 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm', 291 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131023&CON_LNG=ENG', 292 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html', 293 => 'https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford', 294 => 'https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49', 295 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal', 296 => 'https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument', 297 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html', 298 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/', 299 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/', 300 => 'http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/', 301 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/', 302 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582', 303 => 'http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm', 304 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQaxQMZfCk', 305 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3130#identifiers', 306 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html', 307 => 'https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG', 308 => 'http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html', 309 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge', 310 => 'http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge', 311 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils', 312 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html', 313 => 'https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8', 314 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134', 315 => 'http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement', 316 => 'https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021', 317 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf', 318 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list', 319 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list', 320 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35', 321 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366', 322 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html', 323 => 'http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html', 324 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park', 325 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm', 326 => 'http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm', 327 => 'http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/', 328 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html', 329 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451', 330 => 'http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum', 331 => 'https://australian.museum/about/history/', 332 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509', 333 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436', 334 => 'http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/', 335 => 'http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/', 336 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college', 337 => 'http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb', 338 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building', 339 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm', 340 => 'http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm', 341 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888', 342 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738', 343 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia', 344 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia', 345 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia', 346 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower', 347 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456', 348 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia', 349 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia', 350 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia', 351 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower', 352 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462', 353 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1', 354 => 'https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/', 355 => 'https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History', 356 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf', 357 => 'https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife', 358 => 'https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney', 359 => 'http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home', 360 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG', 361 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home', 362 => 'https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate', 363 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0', 364 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016', 365 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php', 366 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park', 367 => 'http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park', 368 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX458534', 369 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119398345', 370 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119398345', 371 => 'http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000585928&local_base=nsk10', 372 => 'http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204574/', 373 => 'https://www.idref.fr/02733385X', 374 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536', 375 => 'https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/', 376 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf', 377 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5', 378 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details', 379 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie', 380 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html', 381 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment', 382 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav', 383 => 'https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney', 384 => 'http://economy.id.com.au/sydney', 385 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse', 386 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/', 387 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm', 388 => 'http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm', 389 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf', 390 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1', 391 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html', 392 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD', 393 => 'https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield', 394 => 'https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/', 395 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196', 396 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IJCli..25.1291D', 397 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140198125', 398 => 'https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/', 399 => 'https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519', 400 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf', 401 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf', 402 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf', 403 => 'https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf', 404 => 'https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf', 405 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia', 406 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia', 407 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia', 408 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia', 409 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia', 410 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia', 411 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286', 412 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2', 413 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1', 414 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12', 415 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4', 416 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf', 417 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/', 418 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia', 419 => 'https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/', 420 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816', 421 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument', 422 => 'https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473', 423 => 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/', 424 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm', 425 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026', 426 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service', 427 => 'https://maps.abs.gov.au/', 428 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true', 429 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true', 430 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true', 431 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true', 432 => 'http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers', 433 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney', 434 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement', 435 => 'https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu9050712', 436 => 'https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.1196', 437 => 'https://libris.kb.se/ljx005s44zffn5g', 438 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHdMW8WctTdbtVWTppT3', 439 => 'https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/', 440 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/', 441 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf', 442 => 'https://openstreetmap.org/node/13766899', 443 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021855', 444 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra', 445 => 'https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a', 446 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html', 447 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html', 448 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html', 449 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html', 450 => 'https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894', 451 => 'https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/', 452 => 'https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08', 453 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031', 454 => 'https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up', 455 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/', 456 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument', 457 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument', 458 => 'https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1', 459 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx', 460 => 'https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=01316', 461 => 'https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney', 462 => 'https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq', 463 => 'https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/', 464 => 'https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables', 465 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf', 466 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/', 467 => 'https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper', 468 => 'https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970', 469 => 'https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/', 470 => 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney', 471 => 'https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html', 472 => 'https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o', 473 => 'https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney', 474 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=066062', 475 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=066062', 476 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD', 477 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf', 478 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf', 479 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx', 480 => 'https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060950331106706', 481 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html', 482 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN', 483 => 'https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110', 484 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html', 485 => 'https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598', 486 => 'https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires', 487 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf', 488 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2', 489 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace', 490 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230927134056/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=066062', 491 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554957205171', 492 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/', 493 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/', 494 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf', 495 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx', 496 => 'http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/', 497 => 'http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/', 498 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html', 499 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html', 500 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only', 501 => 'https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html', 502 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin', 503 => 'https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html', 504 => 'https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html', 505 => 'http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf', 506 => 'http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf', 507 => 'https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html', 508 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city', 509 => 'http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx', 510 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release', 511 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html', 512 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html', 513 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069', 514 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html', 515 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html', 516 => 'https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.464', 517 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor:%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152', 518 => 'https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/', 519 => 'https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay', 520 => 'https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii', 521 => 'http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html', 522 => 'http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html', 523 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3', 524 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578', 525 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum', 526 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall', 527 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05', 528 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849', 529 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council', 530 => 'https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion', 531 => 'http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804', 532 => 'https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up', 533 => 'http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069', 534 => 'https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD', 535 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html', 536 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin', 537 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html', 538 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html', 539 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf', 540 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html', 541 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city', 542 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up', 543 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor:%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152', 544 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html', 545 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/', 546 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html', 547 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/', 548 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3', 549 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council', 550 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion', 551 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804', 552 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578', 553 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum', 554 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall', 555 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05', 556 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849', 557 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release', 558 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii', 559 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD', 560 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026', 561 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service', 562 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/', 563 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm', 564 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils', 565 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C', 566 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub/grass+sub-formation)', 567 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation)', 568 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation)', 569 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf', 570 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf', 571 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm', 572 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney', 573 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html', 574 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134', 575 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf', 576 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml', 577 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml', 578 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc', 579 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm', 580 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml', 581 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html', 582 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf', 583 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536', 584 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia', 585 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/', 586 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816', 587 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate', 588 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0', 589 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html', 590 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8', 591 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml', 592 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763', 593 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html', 594 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml', 595 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml', 596 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1', 597 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html', 598 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/', 599 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html', 600 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst', 601 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square', 602 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington', 603 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra', 604 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a', 605 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08', 606 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html', 607 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html', 608 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html', 609 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html', 610 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield', 611 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/', 612 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o', 613 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250', 614 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford', 615 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php', 616 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor&windsorroad.htm', 617 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population', 618 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie', 619 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm', 620 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/', 621 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519', 622 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html', 623 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney', 624 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list', 625 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list', 626 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35', 627 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366', 628 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park', 629 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house', 630 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html', 631 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451', 632 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum', 633 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509', 634 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436', 635 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/', 636 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/', 637 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college', 638 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb', 639 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building', 640 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888', 641 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738', 642 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower', 643 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456', 644 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower', 645 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462', 646 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney', 647 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/', 648 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History', 649 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/', 650 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031', 651 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney', 652 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/', 653 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks', 654 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030', 655 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf', 656 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019', 657 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019', 658 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens', 659 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park', 660 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm', 661 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html', 662 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/', 663 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse', 664 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney', 665 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy', 666 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016', 667 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital', 668 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html', 669 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp', 670 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status', 671 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250', 672 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html', 673 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument', 674 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49', 675 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales', 676 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm', 677 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html', 678 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney', 679 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html', 680 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf', 681 => 'https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/', 682 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582', 683 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196', 684 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689', 685 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html', 686 => 'https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e', 687 => 'https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022', 688 => 'http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf', 689 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html', 690 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext', 691 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html', 692 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005', 693 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197502112.003.0005', 694 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm', 695 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17', 696 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/', 697 => 'http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm', 698 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17', 699 => 'https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/', 700 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release', 701 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal', 702 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement', 703 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23', 704 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sydney&params=33_52_04_S_151_12_36_E_', 705 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sydney&params=33_52_04_S_151_12_36_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW', 706 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3130#P10008', 707 => 'https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/JPYbwptLTR', 708 => 'https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings', 709 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml' ]
All external links in the new text (all_links)
[]
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
[ 0 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf', 1 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp', 2 => 'http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html', 3 => 'http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/', 4 => 'http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016', 5 => 'https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99', 6 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney', 7 => 'http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm', 8 => 'https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/', 9 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12', 10 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4', 11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm', 12 => 'http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm', 13 => 'https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/', 14 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks', 15 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030', 16 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019', 17 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019', 18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history', 19 => 'http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history', 20 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens', 21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts', 22 => 'http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts', 23 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park', 24 => 'http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html', 25 => 'http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/', 26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf', 27 => 'http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf', 28 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy', 29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf', 30 => 'http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf', 31 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital', 32 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html', 33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/', 34 => 'http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/', 35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf', 36 => 'http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf', 37 => 'http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5', 38 => 'http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings', 39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250', 40 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250', 41 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status', 42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries', 43 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries', 44 => 'https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250', 45 => 'http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument', 46 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html', 47 => 'http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf', 48 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument', 49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf', 50 => 'http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf', 51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm', 52 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm', 53 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales', 54 => 'http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm', 55 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html', 56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf', 57 => 'http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf', 58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services', 59 => 'http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services', 60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx', 61 => 'http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx', 62 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney', 63 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html', 64 => 'http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf', 65 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism', 66 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism', 67 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9', 68 => 'http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx', 69 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/', 70 => 'http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/', 71 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html', 72 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education', 73 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration', 74 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006', 75 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001', 76 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0', 77 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12', 78 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion', 79 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html', 80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx', 81 => 'http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx', 82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html', 83 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum', 84 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney', 85 => 'http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php', 86 => 'http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum', 87 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales', 88 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building', 89 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art', 90 => 'http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/', 91 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre', 92 => 'http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/', 93 => 'http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf', 94 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature', 95 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html', 96 => 'https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies', 97 => 'https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city', 98 => 'https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower', 99 => 'https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/', 100 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film', 101 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html', 102 => 'http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history', 103 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm', 104 => 'http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm', 105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/', 106 => 'http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/', 107 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown', 108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/', 109 => 'http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/', 110 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin', 111 => 'http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us', 112 => 'http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/', 113 => 'http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details', 114 => 'http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm', 115 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio', 116 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946', 117 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport', 118 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/', 119 => 'http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/', 120 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing', 121 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm', 122 => 'http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm', 123 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm', 124 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race', 125 => 'http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au/', 126 => 'http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie', 127 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences', 128 => 'https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences', 129 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house', 130 => 'http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace', 131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html', 132 => 'http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html', 133 => 'http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/', 134 => 'http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm', 135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf', 136 => 'http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf', 137 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council', 138 => 'http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21', 139 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education', 140 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications', 141 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education', 142 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/', 143 => 'http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/', 144 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php', 145 => 'http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php', 146 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals', 147 => 'http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx', 148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp', 149 => 'http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp', 150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/', 151 => 'http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/', 152 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp', 153 => 'http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp', 154 => 'http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html', 155 => 'http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx', 156 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp', 157 => 'http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp', 158 => 'http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us', 159 => 'http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History', 160 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport', 161 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013', 162 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html', 163 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html', 164 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf', 165 => 'http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf', 166 => 'http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work', 167 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008', 168 => 'https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram', 169 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses', 170 => 'https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly', 171 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail', 172 => 'http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail', 173 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf', 174 => 'http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf', 175 => 'http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts', 176 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html', 177 => 'http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894', 178 => 'http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries', 179 => 'http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html', 180 => 'http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf', 181 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html', 182 => 'http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf', 183 => 'https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe', 184 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures', 185 => 'https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8', 186 => 'https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6', 187 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf', 188 => 'http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf', 189 => 'https://chartingtransport.com/#mode', 190 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html', 191 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243', 192 => 'http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment', 193 => 'http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/', 194 => 'http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html', 195 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements', 196 => 'http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html', 197 => 'http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html', 198 => 'http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan', 199 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line', 200 => 'http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330', 201 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf', 202 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html', 203 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/', 204 => 'http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/', 205 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml', 206 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm', 207 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918', 208 => 'http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918', 209 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C', 210 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub/grass+sub-formation)', 211 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation)', 212 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation)', 213 => 'http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm', 214 => 'https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx', 215 => 'http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx', 216 => 'https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf', 217 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view=', 218 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view=', 219 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml', 220 => 'http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689', 221 => 'https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm', 222 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html', 223 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf', 224 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml', 225 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763', 226 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html', 227 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml', 228 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml', 229 => 'https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc', 230 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml', 231 => 'https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016', 232 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98', 233 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322', 234 => 'http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf', 235 => 'http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/', 236 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html', 237 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst', 238 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square', 239 => 'http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx', 240 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington', 241 => 'http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/', 242 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2', 243 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250', 244 => 'http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php', 245 => 'http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor&windsorroad.htm', 246 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html', 247 => 'http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html', 248 => 'https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population', 249 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie', 250 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm', 251 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html', 252 => 'http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html', 253 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere', 254 => 'http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere', 255 => 'http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/', 256 => 'http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286', 257 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html', 258 => 'http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf', 259 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf', 260 => 'https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2', 261 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture', 262 => 'http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/', 263 => 'http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN', 264 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water', 265 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm', 266 => 'http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm', 267 => 'http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam', 268 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams', 269 => 'http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams', 270 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx', 271 => 'http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx', 272 => 'http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav', 273 => 'https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf', 274 => 'https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf', 275 => 'http://www.sydney.com/', 276 => 'http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/', 277 => 'http://aso.gov.au/', 278 => 'http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/', 279 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives', 280 => 'http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/', 281 => 'http://www.naa.gov.au/', 282 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/', 283 => 'https://directory.archivists.org.au/', 284 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058708-3', 285 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/3f179da4-83c6-4a28-a627-e46b4a8ff1ed', 286 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044388', 287 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628594', 288 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/175760382', 289 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296', 290 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm', 291 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131023&CON_LNG=ENG', 292 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html', 293 => 'https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford', 294 => 'https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49', 295 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal', 296 => 'https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument', 297 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html', 298 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/', 299 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/', 300 => 'http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/', 301 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/', 302 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582', 303 => 'http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm', 304 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQaxQMZfCk', 305 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3130#identifiers', 306 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html', 307 => 'https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG', 308 => 'http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html', 309 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge', 310 => 'http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge', 311 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils', 312 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html', 313 => 'https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8', 314 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134', 315 => 'http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement', 316 => 'https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021', 317 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf', 318 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list', 319 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list', 320 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35', 321 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366', 322 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html', 323 => 'http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html', 324 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park', 325 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm', 326 => 'http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm', 327 => 'http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/', 328 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html', 329 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451', 330 => 'http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum', 331 => 'https://australian.museum/about/history/', 332 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509', 333 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436', 334 => 'http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/', 335 => 'http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/', 336 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college', 337 => 'http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb', 338 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building', 339 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm', 340 => 'http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm', 341 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888', 342 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738', 343 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia', 344 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia', 345 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia', 346 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower', 347 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456', 348 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia', 349 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia', 350 => 'http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia', 351 => 'http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower', 352 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462', 353 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1', 354 => 'https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/', 355 => 'https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History', 356 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf', 357 => 'https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife', 358 => 'https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney', 359 => 'http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home', 360 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG', 361 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home', 362 => 'https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate', 363 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0', 364 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016', 365 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php', 366 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park', 367 => 'http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park', 368 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX458534', 369 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119398345', 370 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119398345', 371 => 'http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000585928&local_base=nsk10', 372 => 'http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204574/', 373 => 'https://www.idref.fr/02733385X', 374 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536', 375 => 'https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/', 376 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf', 377 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5', 378 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details', 379 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie', 380 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html', 381 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment', 382 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav', 383 => 'https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney', 384 => 'http://economy.id.com.au/sydney', 385 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse', 386 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/', 387 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm', 388 => 'http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm', 389 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf', 390 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1', 391 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html', 392 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD', 393 => 'https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield', 394 => 'https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/', 395 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196', 396 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IJCli..25.1291D', 397 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140198125', 398 => 'https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/', 399 => 'https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519', 400 => 'https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf', 401 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf', 402 => 'http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf', 403 => 'https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf', 404 => 'https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf', 405 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia', 406 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia', 407 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia', 408 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia', 409 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia', 410 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia', 411 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286', 412 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2', 413 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1', 414 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12', 415 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4', 416 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf', 417 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/', 418 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia', 419 => 'https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/', 420 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816', 421 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument', 422 => 'https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473', 423 => 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/', 424 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm', 425 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026', 426 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service', 427 => 'https://maps.abs.gov.au/', 428 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true', 429 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true', 430 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true', 431 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true', 432 => 'http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers', 433 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney', 434 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement', 435 => 'https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu9050712', 436 => 'https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.1196', 437 => 'https://libris.kb.se/ljx005s44zffn5g', 438 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHdMW8WctTdbtVWTppT3', 439 => 'https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/', 440 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/', 441 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf', 442 => 'https://openstreetmap.org/node/13766899', 443 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021855', 444 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra', 445 => 'https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a', 446 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html', 447 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html', 448 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html', 449 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html', 450 => 'https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894', 451 => 'https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/', 452 => 'https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08', 453 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031', 454 => 'https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up', 455 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/', 456 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument', 457 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument', 458 => 'https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1', 459 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx', 460 => 'https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=01316', 461 => 'https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney', 462 => 'https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq', 463 => 'https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/', 464 => 'https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables', 465 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf', 466 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/', 467 => 'https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper', 468 => 'https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970', 469 => 'https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/', 470 => 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney', 471 => 'https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html', 472 => 'https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o', 473 => 'https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney', 474 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=066062', 475 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=066062', 476 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD', 477 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf', 478 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf', 479 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx', 480 => 'https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060950331106706', 481 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html', 482 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN', 483 => 'https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110', 484 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html', 485 => 'https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598', 486 => 'https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires', 487 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf', 488 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2', 489 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace', 490 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230927134056/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=066062', 491 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554957205171', 492 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/', 493 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/', 494 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf', 495 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx', 496 => 'http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/', 497 => 'http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/', 498 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html', 499 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html', 500 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only', 501 => 'https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html', 502 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin', 503 => 'https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html', 504 => 'https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html', 505 => 'http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf', 506 => 'http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf', 507 => 'https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html', 508 => 'http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city', 509 => 'http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx', 510 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release', 511 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html', 512 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html', 513 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069', 514 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html', 515 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html', 516 => 'https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.464', 517 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor:%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152', 518 => 'https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/', 519 => 'https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay', 520 => 'https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii', 521 => 'http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html', 522 => 'http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html', 523 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3', 524 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578', 525 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum', 526 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall', 527 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05', 528 => 'https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849', 529 => 'https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council', 530 => 'https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion', 531 => 'http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804', 532 => 'https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up', 533 => 'http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069', 534 => 'https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD', 535 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html', 536 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin', 537 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html', 538 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html', 539 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf', 540 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html', 541 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city', 542 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up', 543 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor:%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152', 544 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html', 545 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/', 546 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html', 547 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/', 548 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3', 549 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council', 550 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion', 551 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804', 552 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578', 553 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum', 554 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall', 555 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05', 556 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849', 557 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release', 558 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii', 559 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD', 560 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026', 561 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service', 562 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/', 563 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm', 564 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils', 565 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C', 566 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub/grass+sub-formation)', 567 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation)', 568 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation)', 569 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf', 570 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf', 571 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm', 572 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney', 573 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html', 574 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134', 575 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf', 576 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml', 577 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml', 578 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc', 579 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm', 580 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml', 581 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html', 582 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf', 583 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536', 584 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia', 585 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/', 586 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816', 587 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate', 588 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0', 589 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html', 590 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8', 591 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml', 592 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763', 593 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html', 594 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml', 595 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml', 596 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1', 597 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html', 598 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/', 599 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html', 600 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst', 601 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square', 602 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington', 603 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra', 604 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a', 605 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08', 606 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html', 607 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html', 608 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html', 609 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html', 610 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield', 611 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/', 612 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o', 613 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250', 614 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford', 615 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php', 616 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor&windsorroad.htm', 617 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population', 618 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie', 619 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm', 620 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/', 621 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519', 622 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html', 623 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney', 624 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list', 625 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list', 626 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35', 627 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366', 628 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park', 629 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house', 630 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html', 631 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451', 632 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum', 633 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509', 634 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436', 635 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/', 636 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/', 637 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college', 638 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb', 639 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building', 640 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888', 641 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738', 642 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower', 643 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456', 644 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower', 645 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462', 646 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney', 647 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/', 648 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History', 649 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/', 650 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031', 651 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney', 652 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/', 653 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks', 654 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030', 655 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf', 656 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019', 657 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019', 658 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens', 659 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park', 660 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm', 661 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html', 662 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/', 663 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse', 664 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney', 665 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy', 666 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016', 667 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital', 668 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html', 669 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp', 670 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status', 671 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250', 672 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html', 673 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument', 674 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49', 675 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales', 676 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm', 677 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html', 678 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney', 679 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html', 680 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf', 681 => 'https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/', 682 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582', 683 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196', 684 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689', 685 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html', 686 => 'https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e', 687 => 'https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022', 688 => 'http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf', 689 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html', 690 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext', 691 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html', 692 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005', 693 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197502112.003.0005', 694 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm', 695 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17', 696 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/', 697 => 'http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm', 698 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17', 699 => 'https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/', 700 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release', 701 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal', 702 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement', 703 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23', 704 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sydney&params=33_52_04_S_151_12_36_E_', 705 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sydney&params=33_52_04_S_151_12_36_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW', 706 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3130#P10008', 707 => 'https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/JPYbwptLTR', 708 => 'https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings', 709 => 'http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml' ]
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Sydney is a not a cool city dude </p><p>Main menu </p><p>WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia Search Wikipedia Search Create account Log in </p><p>Personal tools Contents hide (Top) Toponymy History Toggle History subsection Administration Toggle Administration subsection Geography Toggle Geography subsection Demography Toggle Demography subsection Economy Toggle Economy subsection Transport Toggle Transport subsection Education Toggle Education subsection Culture Toggle Culture subsection Recreation Toggle Recreation subsection Sport Notable people See also Notes References Toggle References subsection External links London </p><p>Article Talk Read View source View history </p><p>Tools Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. For other uses, see London (disambiguation). London Capital city </p><p>River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), Tower of London and City of London (right) </p><p>London Eye </p><p>Nelson's Column </p><p>St Paul's </p><p>Piccadilly Circus </p><p>Canary Wharf </p><p>Palace of Westminster with Big Ben (right) MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap London is located in the United KingdomLondonLondon Location within the United Kingdom Show map of the United Kingdom Show map of England Show map of Europe Show map of Earth Show all Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W Sovereign state United Kingdom Country England Region London (Greater London) Ceremonial counties Greater London (ceremonial county) City of London Local government districts 32 London boroughs and the City of London Settled by Romans AD 47; 1977 years ago[2] as Londinium Government </p> <pre>• Type Executive mayoralty and deliberative assembly • Body Greater London Authority </pre> <p>• Mayor Sadiq Khan (L) • London Assembly </p> <pre>• London Assembly 14 constituencies • UK Parliament 73 constituencies </pre> <p>Area </p> <pre>• Total[A] 606.96 sq mi (1,572.03 km2) • Urban 671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2) • Metro 3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2) • City of London 1.12 sq mi (2.89 km2) • 32 London boroughs (total) 605.85 sq mi (1,569.14 km2) </pre> <p>Elevation[3] 36 ft (11 m) Population (2021 except where stated) </p> <pre>• Total[A] 8,799,800[1] • Rank 3rd in Europe </pre> <p>1st in the United Kingdom </p> <pre>• Density 14,500/sq mi (5,598/km2) • Urban (2011)[4] 9,787,426 • Metro (2023)[5] 14,800,000 (London metropolitan area) • City of London 8,600[1] </pre> <p>Demonyms Londoner GVA (2021)[6] </p> <pre>• Total £487 billion • Per capita £55,412 </pre> <p>Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean Time) </p> <pre>• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time) </pre> <p>Postcode areas 22 areas Budget £19.376 billion ($25 billion)[7] International airports Inside London: Heathrow (LHR) City (LCY) Outside London: Gatwick (LGW) Stansted (STN) Luton (LTN) Southend (SEN) Rapid transit system London Underground Police Metropolitan (county of Greater London) City of London (City of London square mile) Ambulance London Fire London GeoTLD .london Website london.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata London is the capital and largest city of England, and the United Kingdom, with a population of around 8.8 million,[1] and its metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.8 million.[9][note 1] It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia.[10] The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.[note 2][11] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. In the 19th century, London grew rapidly, becoming the world's largest city at the time, as it expanded and absorbed the neighbouring county of Middlesex, and parts of Surrey and Kent. In 1965 it was combined with parts of Essex and Hertfordshire[12] to create the administrative area of Greater London,[13] which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[note 3][14] </p><p>As one of the world's major global cities,[15][16] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications.[17][18] Despite a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still Europe's most economically powerful city,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres in the world. With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[21] it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world—Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London.[22][23] London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world.[24] The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.[25] </p><p>London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[26] The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million[27] made it Europe's third-most populous city,[28] accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom[29] and over 16% of the population of England. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census.[30][31] The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016,[note 4][32][33] granting London the status of a megacity. </p><p>London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[34] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square. London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres.[35] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.[36] </p><p>Toponymy Main article: Etymology of London London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium.[37] Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *Londonjon or something similar. This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English.[38] </p><p>Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London.[39] </p><p>History Main article: History of London For a chronological guide, see Timeline of London. Prehistory In 1993, remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the south foreshore upstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[40] Two of the timbers were radiocarbon dated to 1750–1285 BC.[40] In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC,[41] were found on the Thames's south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge.[42] Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground River Effra flows into the Thames.[42] </p><p>Roman London Main article: Londinium Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD,[2] about four years after their invasion of 43 AD.[43] This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground.[44] </p><p>The next planned incarnation of Londinium prospered, superseding Colchester as the principal city of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000.[45] </p><p>Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London </p><p>Reconstruction drawing of Londinium in 120 AD With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450.[46] From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of the old Roman city.[47] By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed.[48] </p><p>The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950.[49] </p><p>By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."[50] </p><p>Middle Ages </p><p>Westminster Abbey, as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings. After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[51] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.[52] In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.[53] </p><p>In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster, although the royal treasury came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[54] With the Black Death in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population.[55] London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[56] </p><p>London was a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.[57] In 1264 during the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.[58] </p><p>Early modern </p><p>The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally. During the Tudor period, the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism. Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.[59] In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up a main trading base (kontor) of England in London, called the Stalhof or Steelyard. It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway.[60] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries.[61] </p><p>Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean was normally through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity.[62] The Royal Exchange was founded.[63] Mercantilism grew and monopoly traders such as the East India Company were founded as trade expanded to the New World. London became the main North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[59] </p><p><br /> Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed. In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark. Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down the theatres in the 1640s.[64] The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane, opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district.[65] </p><p>By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.[66] In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the City.[67] </p><p>In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.[68] The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[69] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.[70] </p><p><br /> The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666. London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[71] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[71] </p><p>The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings.[72] Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by polymath Robert Hooke.[73] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed. During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London. In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century.[74] </p><p>In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House, which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,[75] and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[76] Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday.[77] </p><p>Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre.[78] </p><p>Late modern and contemporary With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.[79][80] London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925, with a population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare).[81] In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as Harding, Howell &amp; Co.—one of the first department stores—located on Pall Mall, the streets had scores of street sellers.[79] London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[82] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the London Underground, the world's first urban rail network.[83] The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.[84] </p><p>From the early years of the 20th century onwards, teashops were found on High Streets across London and the rest of Britain, with Lyons, who opened the first of their chain of teashops in Piccadilly in 1894, leading the way.[85] The tearooms, such as the Criterion in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement.[86] The city was the target of many attacks during the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral bombed.[87] </p><p><br /> British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I </p><p>A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II London was bombed by the Germans in the First World War, and during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.[88] The tomb of the Unknown Warrior, an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920.[89] The Cenotaph, located in Whitehall, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November.[90] </p><p>The 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, while London was still recovering from the war.[91] From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[92] making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.[93] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke".[94] </p><p>Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street.[95] The role of trendsetter revived in the punk era.[96] In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.[97] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[98] These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with the Old Bailey bombing.[98] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.[99] </p><p>Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.[100] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.[101] Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.[102] </p><p>The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the Greater London Authority.[103] To mark the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed.[104] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, as the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times.[36] On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.[98] </p><p>In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing them as the world's three most influential global cities.[105] In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939.[106] During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union, but most London constituencies voted for remaining.[107] However, Britain's exit from the EU in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre.[108] </p><p>On 6 May 2023, the coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place at Westminster Abbey, London.[109] </p><p>Administration Local government Main articles: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government </p><p>Arms of the Corporation of the City of London[110] The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[111] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues.[112] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital.[113] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[114] </p><p>The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[115] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, social services, local roads and refuse collection.[116] Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).[117] </p><p>The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London, run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. It is the third largest fire service in the world.[118] National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world.[119] The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.[120] </p><p>National government </p><p>10 Downing Street, official residence of the Prime Minister London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall.[121] There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of December 2019, 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrats.[122] The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994 and as of 2020 is held by Paul Scully.[123] </p><p>Policing and crime Main article: Crime in London Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[124] The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police.[125] First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the custodian helmet has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement".[126] Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue police telephone box (basis for the TARDIS in Doctor Who) was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK.[127] </p><p><br /> Headquarters of MI6, the UK's foreign intelligence service, at the SIS Building. Scenes featuring James Bond (the fictional MI6 agent) have been filmed here. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services.[128] The Ministry of Defence Police is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public.[129] The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service (MI5) is headquartered in Thames House on the north bank of the River Thames, and the foreign intelligence service (MI6) is headquartered in the SIS Building on the south bank.[130] </p><p>Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level.[131] In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.[132] Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved.[133] However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than other major cities around the world.[134] </p><p>Geography Main article: Geography of London Scope London, also known as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined several ways.[135] </p><p><br /> Satellite view of London in June 2018 Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses.[136] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places.[137] </p><p>Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.[138] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London,[139] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W.[140] </p><p>Status Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies.[141] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire.[142] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form.[note 5] </p><p>Its status as a capital was established by constitutional convention, which means its status as de facto capital is a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation.[145] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.[146] </p><p>Topography </p><p>London from Primrose Hill Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km2).[147] </p><p>Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a flood plain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.[148] </p><p>Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[149] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of post-glacial rebound.[150] </p><p>Climate Main article: Climate of London London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893.[151] The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm).[152] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600 mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City.[153] Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0 mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to climate change, and there is concern among hydrological experts that households may run out of water before 2050.[154] </p><p>Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.[155][156] Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020.[157] </p><p>Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the 2003 European heat wave, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths.[158] A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths.[159] A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard.[160] Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.[161] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893.[162] </p><p>Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[163] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.[164] </p><p>vte Climate data for London (LHR),[a] elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1991–2020 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.2 (63.0) 21.2 (70.2) 24.5 (76.1) 29.4 (84.9) 32.8 (91.0) 35.6 (96.1) 40.2 (104.4) 38.1 (100.6) 35.0 (95.0) 29.5 (85.1) 21.1 (70.0) 17.4 (63.3) 40.2 (104.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4 (47.1) 9.0 (48.2) 11.7 (53.1) 15.0 (59.0) 18.4 (65.1) 21.6 (70.9) 23.9 (75.0) 23.4 (74.1) 20.2 (68.4) 15.8 (60.4) 11.5 (52.7) 8.8 (47.8) 15.7 (60.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6 (42.1) 5.8 (42.4) 7.9 (46.2) 10.5 (50.9) 13.7 (56.7) 16.8 (62.2) 19.0 (66.2) 18.7 (65.7) 15.9 (60.6) 12.3 (54.1) 8.4 (47.1) 5.9 (42.6) 11.7 (53.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7 (36.9) 2.7 (36.9) 4.1 (39.4) 6.0 (42.8) 9.1 (48.4) 12.0 (53.6) 14.2 (57.6) 14.1 (57.4) 11.6 (52.9) 8.8 (47.8) 5.3 (41.5) 3.1 (37.6) 7.8 (46.0) Record low °C (°F) −16.1 (3.0) −13.9 (7.0) −8.9 (16.0) −5.6 (21.9) −3.1 (26.4) −0.6 (30.9) 3.9 (39.0) 2.1 (35.8) 1.4 (34.5) −5.5 (22.1) −7.1 (19.2) −17.4 (0.7) −17.4 (0.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.8 (2.31) 45.0 (1.77) 38.8 (1.53) 42.3 (1.67) 45.9 (1.81) 47.3 (1.86) 45.8 (1.80) 52.8 (2.08) 49.6 (1.95) 65.1 (2.56) 66.6 (2.62) 57.1 (2.25) 615.0 (24.21) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 10.8 11.2 10.8 111.7 Average snowy days 6.8 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.3 16 Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 70 65 67 65 65 69 73 78 81 81 73 Average dew point °C (°F) 3 (37) 2 (36) 2 (36) 4 (39) 7 (45) 10 (50) 12 (54) 12 (54) 10 (50) 9 (48) 6 (43) 3 (37) 7 (44) Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 78.8 124.5 176.7 207.5 208.4 217.8 202.1 157.1 115.2 70.7 55.0 1,674.8 Percent possible sunshine 23 28 31 40 41 41 42 45 40 35 27 21 35 Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3 Source 1: Met Office[165][166][167] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[168][169] Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)[170] CEDA Archive[171] TORRO[172] Time and Date[173] See Climate of London for additional climate information. </p> <pre>Averages are taken from Heathrow, and extremes are taken from stations across London. </pre> <p>Areas Main articles: List of areas of London and London boroughs Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley, and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.[174] </p><p><br /> The West End theatre district in 2016 Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965, Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[175] The City of London is the main financial district,[176] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east. </p><p>The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[177] West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[178] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London.[179][180] </p><p>The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.[181] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.[181] </p><p>Architecture Main articles: Architecture of London, List of tallest buildings and structures in London, and List of demolished buildings and structures in London </p><p>The Tower of London, a medieval castle, dating in part to 1078 London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace.[182] </p><p>Part of the varied architectural heritage are the 17th-century churches by Christopher Wren, neoclassical financial institutions such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to the early 20th century Old Bailey courthouse and the 1960s Barbican Estate. The 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington.[183] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area and Canary Wharf, high residential densities in inner London, and lower densities in Outer London. </p><p><br /> The east wing public façade of Buckingham Palace was built between 1847 and 1850; it was remodelled to its present form in 1913. </p><p>Trafalgar Square and its fountains, with Nelson's Column on the right The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column (built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson) is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick, commonly the yellow London stock brick.[184] </p><p>In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe (dubbed "The Gherkin"), Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings.[185] This protective policy, known as 'St Paul's Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937.[185] Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London, including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom and Western Europe.[186] </p><p>Other notable modern buildings include The Scalpel, 20 Fenchurch Street (dubbed "The Walkie-Talkie"), the former City Hall in Southwark, the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. The BT Tower stands at 620 feet (189 m) and has a 360 degree coloured LED screen near the top. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena.[187] </p><p><br /> The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the background; seen in September 2014 Natural history The London Natural History Society suggests that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 per cent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish.[188] They state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two national nature reserves and 76 local nature reserves.[189] </p><p>Amphibians are common in the capital, including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern, and common frogs, common toads, palmate newts and great crested newts. On the other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, barred grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London.[190] </p><p><br /> A fox on Ayres Street, Southwark, South London Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 red foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (6 per square kilometre) of London. Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehog, brown rat, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and grey squirrel.[191] In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found, including European hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to red fox, grey squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.[192] Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, Nathusius' and common pipistrelles, common noctule, serotine, barbastelle, Daubenton's, brown long-eared, Natterer's and Leisler's.[193] </p><p>Herds of red and fallow deer roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained.[194] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces.[195] </p><p>Demography Main article: Demographics of London 2021 census - population of London by country of birth[196] Country of birth Population Percent </p> <pre>United Kingdom 5,223,986 59.4 </pre> <p>Non-United Kingdom 3,575,739 40.6 </p> <pre>India 322,644 3.7 Romania 175,991 2.0 Poland 149,397 1.7 Bangladesh 138,895 1.6 Pakistan 129,774 1.5 Italy 126,059 1.4 Nigeria 117,145 1.3 Ireland 96,566 1.1 Sri Lanka 80,379 0.9 France 77,715 0.9 </pre> <p>Others 2,161,174 24.6 Total 8,799,725 100.0 </p><p>Population density map London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011,[31] while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 12–14 million, depending on the definition used.[197] According to Eurostat, London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000 immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001.[198] </p><p>The region covers 610 square miles (1,579 km2), giving a population density of 13,410 inhabitants per square mile (5,177/km2)[147] more than ten times that of any other British region.[199] In population terms, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region.[200] </p><p>In tenure, 23.1% socially rent within London, 46.8% either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30% privately rent at the 2021 census.[201] Many Londoner's work from home, 42.9% did so at the 2021 census while 20.6% drive a car to work. The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground, declining from 22.6% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2021.[202] In qualifications, 46.7% of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher, which is predominately university degrees. 16.2% had no qualifications at all.[203] </p><p>Age structure and median age London's median age is one of the youngest regions in the UK. It was recorded in 2018 that London's residents were 36.5 years old, which was younger than the UK median of 40.3.[204] </p><p>Children younger than 14 constituted 20.6% of the population in Outer London in 2018, and 18% in Inner London. The 15–24 age group was 11.1% in Outer and 10.2% in Inner London, those aged 25–44 years 30.6% in Outer London and 39.7% in Inner London, those aged 45–64 years 24% and 20.7% in Outer and Inner London respectively. Those aged 65 and over are 13.6% in Outer London, but only 9.3% in Inner London.[204] </p><p>Country of birth The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were foreign-born,[205] making it among the cities with the largest immigrant population in terms of absolute numbers and a growth of roughly 3 million since 1971 when the foreign born population was 668,373.[206] 13% of the total population were Asian born (32.1% of the total foreign born population), 7.1% are African born (17.5%), 15.5% are Other European born (38.2%) and 4.2% were born in the Americas and Caribbean (10.3%).[207] The 5 largest single countries of origin were respectively India, Romania, Poland, Bangladesh and Pakistan.[207] </p><p>About 56.8% of children born in London in 2021 were born to a mother who was born abroad.[208] This trend has been increasing in the past two decades when foreign born mothers made up 43.3% of births in 2001 in London, becoming the majority in the middle of the 2000s by 2006 comprising 52.5%.[208] </p><p>A large degree of the foreign born population who were present at the 2021 census had arrived relatively recently. Of the total population, those that arrived between the years of 2011 and 2021 account for 16.6% of London.[209] Those who arrived between 2001 and 2010 are 10.4%, between 1991 and 2001, 5.7%, and prior to 1990, 7.3%.[209] </p><p>Ethnic groups Main article: Ethnic groups in London Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2021 Census White White (53.8%) Asian Asian (20.8%) Black Black (13.5%) According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2021 census, 53.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 36.8% White British, 1.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 0.4 Roma and 14.7% classified as Other White.[210] Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descents and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 3.3% and 3.7% respectively. Chinese people accounted for 1.7%, and Arabs for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian".[210] 15.9% of London's population were of Black or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. Black Africans accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as Black Caribbean, and 1.7% as "Other Black". 5.7% were of mixed race.[210] This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[211][212] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[213] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[214] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[215] of since fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[214] </p><p>As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[216] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[217] </p><p>Languages In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that more than 300 languages were spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities had populations of more than 10,000.[218] At the 2021 census, 78.4% spoke English as their first language.[219] The 5 biggest languages outside of English were Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Bengali and Portuguese.[219] </p><p>Religion Main article: Religion in London See also: List of churches in London Religion in London (2021)[220] </p> <pre> Christianity (40.66%) Not religious (27.05%) Islam (14.99%) Undeclared (7.00%) Hinduism (5.15%) Judaism (1.65%) Sikhism (1.64%) Buddhism (0.99%) Other religion (0.88%) </pre> <p>According to the 2021 Census, the largest religious groupings were Christians (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), Muslims (15%), no response (8.5%), Hindus (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), Sikhs (1.64%), Buddhists (1.0%) and other (0.8%).[220][221] </p><p>London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[222] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[223] </p><p><br /> St Paul's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London </p><p>The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the second-largest Hindu temple in England and Europe. Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[224] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[225] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[226] </p><p>Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[227] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[228][229][230] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[231] </p><p>Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[232] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[233] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[234] </p><p>The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe to have held regular services continually for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[235] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[236] </p><p>Accents </p><p>Traditionally, anyone born within earshot of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church was considered to be a true Cockney.[237] Cockney is an accent heard across London, mainly spoken by working-class and lower-middle class Londoners. It is mainly attributed to the East End and wider East London, having originated there in the 18th century, although it has been suggested that the Cockney style of speech is much older.[238] Some features of Cockney include, Th-fronting (pronouncing "th" as "f"), "th" inside a word is pronounced with a "v", H-dropping, and, like most English accents, a Cockney accent drops the "r" after a vowel.[239] John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, makes reference to Cockney "use of a peculiar slang language" (Cockney rhyming slang) when describing the costermongers of the East End. Since the start of the 21st century the extreme form of the Cockney dialect is less common in parts of the East End itself, with modern strongholds including other parts of London and suburbs in the home counties.[240] This is particularly pronounced in areas like Romford (in the London Borough of Havering) and Southend (in Essex) which have received significant inflows of older East End residents in recent decades.[241] </p><p>Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation.[242] It is widely spoken by people of all classes.[243] </p><p>Multicultural London English (MLE) is a multiethnolect becoming increasingly common in multicultural areas amongst young, working-class people from diverse backgrounds. It is a fusion of an array of ethnic accents, in particular Afro-Caribbean and South Asian, with a significant Cockney influence.[244] </p><p>Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard for British English.[245] It has no specific geographical correlate,[246] although it is also traditionally defined as the standard speech used in London and south-eastern England.[247] It is mainly spoken by upper-class and upper-middle class Londoners.[248] </p><p>Economy Main article: Economy of London </p><p>The City of London, one of the largest financial centres in the world[249] London's gross regional product in 2019 was £503 billion, around a quarter of UK GDP.[250] London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden &amp; Islington and Lambeth &amp; Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.[251] </p><p>City of London </p><p>The London Stock Exchange at Paternoster Square and Temple Bar </p><p>The Royal Exchange in 1886 London's finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf, the two major business districts. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance.[252] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. This caused many bankers established in Amsterdam (e.g. Hope, Baring I'm), to move to London. Also, London's market-centred system (as opposed to the bank-centred one in Amsterdam) grew more dominant in the 18th century.[74] The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.[78] This economic strength of the city was attributed to its diversity.[253][254] </p><p><br /> The Bank of England, established in 1694, is the model on which most modern central banks are based. By the mid-19th century, London was the leading financial centre, and at the end of the century over half the world's trade was financed in British currency.[255] Still, as of 2016 London tops the world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[256] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.[257] </p><p>London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Notwithstanding a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange,[19] London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities,[20] and it remains one of the major financial centres of the world. It is the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.[258] Over 85 per cent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. However, by 2010 the city had recovered, put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.[259] Along with professional services headquarters, the City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.[260] </p><p>Over half the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[261] In a 1992 report commissioned by the London Stock Exchange, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of his family's confectionery company Cadbury, produced the Cadbury Report, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.[262] </p><p>Media and technology Main article: Media in London </p><p>Broadcasting House, headquarters of the BBC Media companies are concentrated in London, and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[263] The BBC, the world's oldest national broadcaster, is a significant employer, while other broadcasters, including ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and Sky, also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers, including The Times, founded in 1785, are edited in London; the term Fleet Street (where most national newspapers operated) remains a metonym for the British national press.[264] The communications company WPP is the world's largest advertising agency.[265] </p><p>A large number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In 2014 the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD.[266] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 list by fDi Intelligence.[267] A museum in Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing was based during World War II, is in Bletchley, 40 miles (64 km) north of central London, as is The National Museum of Computing.[268] </p><p>The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[269] and UK Power Networks.[270] </p><p>Tourism Main article: Tourism in London </p><p>The British Museum </p><p>The National Gallery London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits.[271] It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015.[272] Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy.[273] The city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK.[274] As of 2016 London was the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users.[275] </p><p>In 2015 the top most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London. The top 10 most visited attractions were (with visits per venue):[276] </p><p>British Museum: 6,820,686 National Gallery: 5,908,254 Natural History Museum (South Kensington): 5,284,023 Southbank Centre: 5,102,883 Tate Modern: 4,712,581 Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington): 3,432,325 Science Museum: 3,356,212 Somerset House: 3,235,104 Tower of London: 2,785,249 National Portrait Gallery: 2,145,486 The number of hotel rooms in London in 2023 stood at 155,700 and is expected to grow to 183,600 rooms, the most of any city outside China.[277] Luxury hotels in London include the Savoy (opened in 1889), Claridge's (opened in 1812 and rebuilt in 1898), the Ritz (opened in 1906) and the Dorchester (opened in 1931), while budget hotel chains include Premier Inn and Travelodge.[278] </p><p>Transport Main articles: Transport in London and Infrastructure in London Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[279] but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL).[112] </p><p>The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.[280] </p><p>Aviation Main article: Airports of London </p><p>Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic (Terminal 5C is pictured). London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world.[24] Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights. </p><p>Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, was for many years the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways.[281] In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[282] Gatwick Airport, south of London in West Sussex, handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport and is the main base of easyJet, the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[283] London Stansted Airport, north-east of London in Essex, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of Ryanair, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[284] Luton Airport, to the north of London in Bedfordshire, is used by several budget airlines (especially easyJet and Wizz Air) for short-haul flights.[285] London City Airport, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[286] London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of airlines.[287] In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport.[288] Rail Underground and DLR </p><p>The London Underground, opened in January 1863, is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system </p><p>The roundel symbol designed by Edward Johnston and trademarked in 1917 Opened in 1863, the London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest metro system in the world.[289][290] The system serves 272 stations, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway, which opened in 1890.[291] </p><p>Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.[292] An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the 2012 Summer Olympics.[293] The Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the Docklands, Greenwich and Lewisham.[294] </p><p>Suburban There are 368 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[295] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers—Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year.[296] Clapham Junction is one of Europe's busiest rail interchanges.[297] </p><p>With the need for more rail capacity, the Elizabeth Line (also known as Crossrail) opened in May 2022.[298] It is a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[299] It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost.[300] </p><p>Inter-city and international </p><p>St Pancras International is the main terminal for high-speed Eurostar and High Speed 1 services, as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city East Midlands Railway services. London is the centre of the National Rail network, with 70 per cent of rail journeys starting or ending in London.[301] King's Cross station and Euston station, both in London, are the starting points of the East Coast Main Line and the West Coast Main Line – the two main railway lines in Britain. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns.[302] The Flying Scotsman is an express passenger train service that has operated between London and Edinburgh since 1862; the world famous steam locomotive named after this service, Flying Scotsman, was the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) in 1934.[303] </p><p>Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Calais, Paris, Disneyland Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.[304] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[305] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.[306] </p><p>Buses, coaches and trams </p><p><br /> The New Routemaster (left) replaced the AEC Routemaster (right) in 2012. First appearing in 1947, the red double-decker bus is an emblematic symbol of London. London's bus network runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops.[307] In 2019 the network had over 2 billion commuter trips per year.[308] Since 2010 an average of £1.2 billion is taken in revenue each year.[309] London has one of the largest wheelchair-accessible networks in the world[310] and from the third quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.[311] </p><p>An emblem of London, the red double-decker bus first appeared in the city in 1947 with the AEC Regent III RT (predecessor to the AEC Routemaster).[312] London's coach hub is Victoria Coach Station, opened in 1932. Nationalised in 1970 and then purchased by London Transport (now Transport for London), Victoria Coach Station has over 14 million passengers a year and provides services across the UK and continental Europe.[313] </p><p>London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013.[314] Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink.[315] </p><p>Cable car London's first and to date only cable car is the London Cable Car, which opened in June 2012. The cable car crosses the Thames and links Greenwich Peninsula with the Royal Docks in the east of the city. It is able to carry up to 2,500 passengers per hour in each direction at peak times.[316] </p><p>Cycling Main article: Cycling in London </p><p>Santander Cycle Hire, near Victoria in Central London In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day,[317] meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8 million use a bike on an average day.[318] Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a bicycle hire scheme in July 2010 was successful and generally well received.[319] </p><p>Port and river boats The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009.[320] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.[320] </p><p>London has river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services.[321] At major piers including Canary Wharf, London Bridge City, Battersea Power Station and London Eye (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times.[322] The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads.[323] </p><p>Roads Although the majority of journeys in central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (just within the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, just outside the built-up area in most places) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 miles (188 km) long.[324] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.[325] </p><p><br /> The hackney carriage (black cab) is a common sight on London streets. Although traditionally black, this is not a requirement with some painted in other colours or bearing advertising. The Austin Motor Company began making hackney carriages (London taxis) in 1929, and models include Austin FX3 from 1948, Austin FX4 from 1958, with more recent models TXII and TX4 manufactured by London Taxis International. The BBC states, "ubiquitous black cabs and red double-decker buses all have long and tangled stories that are deeply embedded in London's traditions".[326] </p><p>London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).[327] In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London.[328] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.[329] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000.[330] </p><p>Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN) were widely introduced in London, but in 2023 the Department for Transport stopped funding them, even though the benefits outweighed the costs by approximately 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.[331] </p><p>Education Main article: Education in London Tertiary education See also: List of universities and higher education colleges in London </p><p>University College London (UCL), established by Royal Charter in 1836, is one of the founding colleges of the University of London. </p><p>Imperial College London, a technical research university focusing on science, engineering, medicine and business, in South Kensington </p><p>The London School of Economics (Centre Building pictured) was established in 1895 London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe.[21] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world[332] and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world.[333] A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London the global capital of higher education.[334] A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2022 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked No. 6 in the world, University College London (UCL) is ranked 8th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 37th.[335] All are regularly ranked highly, with Imperial College being the UK's leading university in the Research Excellence Framework ranking 2021.[336] The London School of Economics (LSE) has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[337] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second-best in the world by the Financial Times.[338] The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings[339]): the Royal College of Music (ranking 2nd in the world), the Royal Academy of Music (ranking 4th) and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (ranking 6th).[340] </p><p>With students in London and around 48,000 in University of London Worldwide,[341] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.[342] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies.[343] </p><p>Universities in London outside the University of London system include Brunel University, Imperial College London,[note 6] Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, University of East London, University of West London, University of Westminster, London South Bank University, Middlesex University, and University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).[344] In addition, there are three international universities – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University. </p><p><br /> King's College London's Guy's Campus, home to the university's Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine and the Dental Institute London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has many affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).[345] Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in White City. Founded by pioneering nurse Florence Nightingale at St Thomas' Hospital in 1860, the first nursing school is now part of King's College London.[346] It was at King's in 1952 where a team led by Rosalind Franklin captured Photo 51, the critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.[347] There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School, the London Business School and the UCL School of Management. </p><p><br /> Opened in 1906, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama is a member of Conservatoires UK and the Federation of Drama Schools. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), Central School of Ballet, London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, Sylvia Young Theatre School and Trinity Laban. The BRIT School in the London borough of Croydon provides training for the performing arts and technologies.[348] </p><p>Primary and secondary education See also: Centre for School Design The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include Ashbourne College, Bethnal Green Academy, Brampton Manor Academy, City and Islington College, City of Westminster College, David Game College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, London Academy of Excellence, Tower Hamlets College, and Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School. </p><p>Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies </p><p>Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Founded in 1675, the Royal Observatory in Greenwich was established to address the problem of calculating longitude for navigational purposes. This pioneering work in solving longitude featured in astronomer royal Nevil Maskelyne's Nautical Almanac which made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point, and helped lead to the international adoption of Greenwich as the prime meridian (0° longitude) in 1884.[349] </p><p>Important scientific learned societies based in London include the Royal Society—the UK's national academy of sciences and the oldest national scientific institution in the world—founded in 1660,[350] and the Royal Institution, founded in 1799. Since 1825, the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have presented scientific subjects to a general audience, and speakers have included physicist and inventor Michael Faraday, aerospace engineer Frank Whittle, naturalist David Attenborough and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.[351] </p><p>Culture Main article: Culture of London Leisure and entertainment See also: List of annual events in London and West End theatre Leisure is a major part of the London economy. A 2003 report attributed a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London[352] at 25.6 events per 1000 people.[353] The city is one of the four fashion capitals of the world, and, according to official statistics, is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,[354] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.[355] </p><p><br /> Harrods department store in Knightsbridge Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements.[356] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century.[357] Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952.[358] The Laurence Olivier Awards–named after Laurence Olivier–are given annually by the Society of London Theatre. The Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.[359] </p><p>Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.[360] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including Selfridges flagship store.[361] Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west. One of the world's largest retail destinations, London frequently ranks at or near the top of retail sales of any city.[362][363] Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on Regent Street since 1881, Hamleys is the oldest toy store in the world.[364] Madame Tussauds wax museum opened in Baker Street in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began.[365] </p><p><br /> Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, 2014 London is home to designers John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo, among others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it one of the four international centres of fashion. Mary Quant designed the miniskirt in her King's Road boutique in Swinging Sixties London.[366] In 2017, London was ranked the top city for luxury store openings.[367] London Fashion Week takes place twice a year, in February and September; Londoners on the catwalk have included Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Cara Delevingne.[368] </p><p>London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of Chinatown.[369] There are Chinese takeaways throughout London, as are Indian restaurants which provide Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine.[370] Around 1860, the first fish and chips shop in London was opened by Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, in Bow.[326] The full English breakfast dates from the Victorian era, and many cafes in London serve a full English throughout the day.[371] London has five 3-Michelin star restaurants, including Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea.[372] Many hotels in London provide a traditional afternoon tea service, such as the Oscar Wilde Lounge at the Hotel Café Royal in Piccadilly, and a themed tea service is also available, for example an Alice in Wonderland themed afternoon tea served at the Egerton House Hotel, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory themed afternoon tea at One Aldwych in Covent Garden.[373][374] The nation's most popular biscuit to dunk in tea, chocolate digestives have been manufactured by McVitie's at their Harlesden factory in north-west London since 1925.[375] </p><p><br /> Shakespeare's Globe is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the Thames. There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, a fireworks display at the London Eye; the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival, is held on the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the King's Official Birthday.[376] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by the British Bangladeshi community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors.[377] First held in 1862, the RHS Chelsea Flower Show (run by the Royal Horticultural Society) takes place in May every year.[378] </p><p>LGBT scene Main article: LGBT culture in London The first gay bar in London in the modern sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf, established as a night club in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and "which developed a reputation for sexual freedom and tolerance of same-sex relations."[379] </p><p><br /> Comptons of Soho during London Pride in 2010 While London has been an LGBT tourism destination, after homosexuality was decriminalised in England in 1967 gay bar culture became more visible, and from the early 1970s Soho (and in particular Old Compton Street) became the centre of the London LGBT community.[380] G-A-Y, previously based at the Astoria, and now Heaven, is a long-running night club.[381] </p><p>Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBT culture: for example, the emergence of glam rock in the UK in the early 1970s, via Marc Bolan and David Bowie, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical The Rocky Horror Show, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.[382] The Blitz Kids (which included Boy George) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, helping launch the New Romantic subcultural movement in the late 1970s.[383] Today, the annual London Pride Parade and the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival are held in the city.[380] </p><p>Literature, film and television Main articles: London in fiction, London in film, List of television shows set in London, and London Television Archive </p><p>Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street, bearing the number 221B London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work, most notably his play The Alchemist, was set in the city.[384] A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague.[384] </p><p>The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire; Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has influenced people's vision of early Victorian London; and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.[384] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[384] Robert Louis Stevenson mixed in London literary circles, and in 1886 he wrote the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a gothic novella set in Victorian London.[385] In 1898, H. G. Wells' sci-fi novel The War of the Worlds sees London (and southern England) invaded by Martians.[386] Letitia Elizabeth Landon wrote Calendar of the London Seasons in 1834. Modern writers influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of London: The Biography, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. In the 1940s, George Orwell wrote essays in the London Evening Standard, including "A Nice Cup of Tea" (method for making tea) and "The Moon Under Water" (an ideal pub).[387] The WWII evacuation of children from London is depicted in C. S. Lewis' first Narnia book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950). On Christmas Eve 1925, Winnie-the-Pooh debuted in London's Evening News, with the character based on a stuffed toy A. A. Milne bought for his son Christopher Robin in Harrods.[388] In 1958, author Michael Bond created Paddington Bear, a refugee found in Paddington station. A screen adaptation, Paddington (2014), features the calypso song "London is the Place for Me".[389] </p><p><br /> Wikisource has original text related to this article: 'Calendar of the London Seasons', by L. E. L. </p><p>Opened in 1937, the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square hosts numerous European and world film premieres. London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include Pinewood, Elstree, Ealing, Shepperton, Twickenham, and Leavesden, with the James Bond and Harry Potter series among many notable films produced here.[390][391] Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. A post-production community is centred in Soho, and London houses six of the world's largest visual effects companies, such as Framestore.[392] The Imaginarium, a digital performance-capture studio, was founded by Andy Serkis.[393] London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), A Clockwork Orange (1971), The Long Good Friday (1980), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V for Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Julie Andrews, Peter Sellers, David Lean, Julie Christie, Gary Oldman, Emma Thompson, Guy Ritchie, Christopher Nolan, Alan Rickman, Jude Law, Helena Bonham Carter, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, Daniel Radcliffe, Keira Knightley, Riz Ahmed, Dev Patel, Daniel Kaluuya, Tom Holland and Daniel Day-Lewis. Post-war Ealing comedies featured Alec Guinness, from the 1950s Hammer Horrors starred Christopher Lee, films by Michael Powell included the London-set early slasher Peeping Tom (1960), the 1970s comedy troupe Monty Python had film editing suites in Covent Garden, while since the 1990s Richard Curtis's rom-coms have featured Hugh Grant. The largest cinema chain in the country, Odeon Cinemas was founded in London in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch.[394] The British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) have been held in London since 1949, with the BAFTA Fellowship the Academy's highest accolade.[395] Founded in 1957, the BFI London Film Festival takes place over two weeks every October.[396] </p><p>London is a major centre for television production, with studios including Television Centre, ITV Studios, Sky Campus and Fountain Studios; the latter hosted the original talent shows, Pop Idol, The X Factor, and Britain's Got Talent, before each format was exported around the world.[397][398] Formerly a franchise of ITV, Thames Television featured comedians such as Benny Hill and Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean was first screened by Thames), while Talkback produced Da Ali G Show which featured Sacha Baron Cohen as Ali G.[399] Many television shows have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders.[400] </p><p>Museums, art galleries and libraries </p><p>Aerial view of Albertopolis. The Albert Memorial, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Geographical Society, and Royal College of Art are visible near the top; Victoria and Albert Museum and Natural History Museum at the lower end; Imperial College, Royal College of Music, and Science Museum lying in between. London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753.[401] Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824, the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.[402] </p><p>The British Library is the second largest library in the world, and the national library of the United Kingdom.[403] There are many other research libraries, including the Wellcome Library and Dana Centre, as well as university libraries, including the British Library of Political and Economic Science at LSE, the Abdus Salam Library at Imperial, the Maughan Library at King's, and the Senate House Libraries at the University of London.[404] </p><p>In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.[405] The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art. In 2000, this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the Millennium Bridge.[406] </p><p>Music </p><p>The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events, including The Proms which are held every summer, as well as cinema screenings of films accompanied with live orchestral music. London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music Group, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), the Southbank Centre (London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms).[359] The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the Last Night of the Proms. London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum (home to the English National Opera).[359] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of St Clement Danes feature in the 1744 nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons".[407] Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban. The record label EMI was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, Alan Blumlein, created stereo sound that year.[408] </p><p><br /> Abbey Road Studios in Abbey Road London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest indoor venue, the O2 Arena,[409] and Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire.[359] Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, Lovebox and Hyde Park's British Summer Time, are held in London.[410] </p><p>The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, Queen, Eric Clapton, the Who, Cliff Richard, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Deep Purple, T. Rex, the Police, Elvis Costello, Dire Straits, Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac, the Cure, Madness, Culture Club, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, Status Quo and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London.[411][412] </p><p>London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, the Clash and fashion designer Vivienne Westwood all based in the city.[413][414] Other artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, the Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford &amp; Sons, Coldplay, Dido, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran, Leona Lewis, Ellie Goulding, Dua Lipa and Florence and the Machine.[415] Artists from London played a prominent role in the development of synth-pop, including Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys and Eurythmics; the latter's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" was recorded in the attic of their north London home, heralding a trend for home recording methods.[416] Artists from London with a Caribbean influence include Hot Chocolate, Billy Ocean, Soul II Soul and Eddy Grant, with the latter fusing reggae, soul and samba with rock and pop.[417] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of house, hip hop, and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Urban acts from London include Stormzy, M.I.A., Jay Sean and Rita Ora. Music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom. The British Phonographic Industry's annual popular music awards, the Brit Awards, are held in London.[418] </p><p>Recreation Parks and open spaces Main articles: Parks and open spaces in London and Royal Parks of London See also: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London and List of local nature reserves in Greater London </p><p>Hyde Park (with Kensington Gardens in the foreground) has been a popular public space since it opened in 1637. A 2013 report by the City of London Corporation said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.[419] The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north.[420] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near Madame Tussauds wax museum.[421] Primrose Hill is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline.[422] </p><p>Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park.[423] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[424] </p><p>Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens, which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.[425] There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including Hampstead Heath and Epping Forest,[426] both controlled by the City of London Corporation.[427] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake.[428] Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.[426] Three of the UK's most-visited theme parks, Thorpe Park near Staines-upon-Thames, Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington and Legoland Windsor, are located within 20 miles (32 km) of London.[429] </p><p>Walking </p><p>The Horse Ride is a tree tunnel (route overhung by trees) on the western side of Wimbledon Common. Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks.[430] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail along the River Wandle.[431] </p><p>Other long-distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.[430] </p><p>Sport Main article: Sport in London See also: Football in London and Rugby union in London </p><p>Wembley Stadium, home of the England men and women's football team and the FA Cup Final, has a seating capacity of 90,000. It is the UK's biggest stadium.[432] </p><p>Centre Court at Wimbledon. Held every June and July, Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and the only major played on grass. </p><p>Twickenham, home of the England national rugby union team, has a capacity of 82,000 seats. London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948, and 2012, making it the first city to host the modern Games three times.[36] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934.[433] In 2017, London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time.[434] </p><p>London's most popular sport is football, and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season: Arsenal, Brentford, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United.[435] Other professional men's teams in London are AFC Wimbledon, Barnet, Bromley, Charlton Athletic, Dagenham &amp; Redbridge, Leyton Orient, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United. Four London-based teams are in the Women's Super League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham and West Ham United. </p><p>Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London: Harlequins and Saracens.[436] Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship; other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond, Rosslyn Park, Westcombe Park and Blackheath. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team.[437] While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, the sport has one professional club in London – the London Broncos who play in the Super League. </p><p>One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon since 1877.[438] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious.[439][440] </p><p>London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.). Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket.[441] In golf, the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water, Surrey on the south-west fringes of London, while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship, the oldest major and tournament in golf, is Royal St George's in Sandwich, Kent.[442] Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament. Other key annual events are the mass-participation London Marathon[443] and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge.[444] </p><p>Notable people Main article: List of people from London See also icon London portal Cities portal flag England portal flag United Kingdom portal Outline of England Outline of London Notes </p> <pre>London region (Greater London administrative area) London is not a city in the usual UK sense of having city status granted by the Crown. See also: Independent city § National capitals The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished from the Lord Mayor of London, who heads the City of London Corporation running the City of London. According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London had the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition. According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[143] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town' and many other authorities.[144] Imperial College London was a constituent college of the University of London between 1908 and 2007. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university; however, the college now issues its own degrees. </pre> <p>References </p> <pre>"Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 October 2022. Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York. "London weather map". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018. "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 15 October 2022. "Major agglomerations of the world". CityPopulation.de. Retrieved 20 April 2023. Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021". ons.gov.uk. "The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22" (PDF). London.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2023. Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. "Major Agglomerations". Retrieved 16 October 2023. "Roman London". Museum of London. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News. "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021. "The baffling map of England's counties". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2021. Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8. "Global Power City Index 2020". Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Adewunmi, Bim (10 March 2013). "London: The Everything Capital of the World". The Guardian. London.; "What's The Capital of the World?". More Intelligent Life. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013. "These are the world's top cities. Which one ranked highest for the 10th year running?". World Economic Forum. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024. "Leading 200 science cities". Nature. Retrieved 10 June 2022. "The World's Most Influential Cities 2014". Forbes. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2021.; Dearden, Lizzie (8 October 2014). "London is 'the most desirable city in the world to work in', study finds". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Alexandra Muller and Bloomberg News (31 October 2023). "UK's stock market is in a 'doom loop' that's undermining London's status as a global financial capital, investment bank says". Fortune. New York. Retrieved 20 February 2024. "London is Europe's leading economic powerhouse, says new report". London.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2024. "Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". 19 September 2018.; "Top Universities: Imperial College London".; "Top Universities: LSE". Retrieved 21 September 2019. "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022. "Revealed: The most crowded skies on the planet". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2023. London: Our capital's collective airport system is the busiest in the whole world. A total of 170,980,680 passengers. "London Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 6 May 2022. "Languages spoken in the UK population". National Centre for Language. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008."CILT, the National Centre for Languages". Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2007. "London, UK Metro Area Population 1950-2023". Macrotrends. Retrieved 24 October 2023. "Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2008. "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2012. "Demographia World Urban Areas, 15th Annual Edition" (PDF). Demographia. April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016. "2011 Census – Built-up areas". nomisweb.co.uk. ONS. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. "The London Plan (March 2015)". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021. "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 November 2008. Blackman, Bob (25 January 2008). "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report". What's on Stage. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010. "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2006. Mills, Anthony David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. Bynon, Theodora (2016). "London's Name". Transactions of the Philological Society. 114 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12064. Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2023. "London's Oldest Prehistoric Structure". BAJR. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018. Milne, Gustav. "London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011. Perring, Dominic (1991). Roman London. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-23133-3. "British History Timeline - Roman Britain". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008. Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-63278-2. "The last days of Londinium". Museum of London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2013. "The early years of Lundenwic". The Museum of London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Wheeler, Kip. "Viking Attacks". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1. Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011). "History – 1066 – King William". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. Tinniswood, Adrian. "A History of British Architecture — White Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008. "UK Parliament — Parliament: The building". UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8264-6002-8. Ibeji, Mike (10 March 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. "Richard II (1367–1400)". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "England". Jewish Encyclopedia. Mundill, Robin R. (2010), "The King's Jews", Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-1-84725-186-2, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1962). London – The Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 48. ASIN B0000CLHU5. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steelyard, Merchants of the" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163552. ISBN 9781139163552. Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands (The End of the Antwerp Mart, Vol 2). Manchester University Press. pp. 1 &amp; 62–63. ISBN 9780719018497. Burgon, John William (1839). The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange: Including Notices of Many of His Contemporaries. With Illustrations, Volume 2. London: R. Jennings. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1277223903. "From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022. "London's 10 oldest theatres". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-07779-8. Doolittle, Ian (2014). "'The Great Refusal': Why Does the City of London Corporation Only Govern the Square Mile?". The London Journal. 39 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1179/0305803413Z.00000000038. S2CID 159791907. Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Harrington, Peter (2003). English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51, Volume 9 of Fortress, 9, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-604-6. p. 57 Flintham, David. "London". Fortified Places. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2021.Razzell, Peter; Razzell, Edward, eds. (1 January 1996). The English Civil War: A contemporary account (v. 1). Wencelaus Hollar (Illustrator), Christopher Hill (Introduction). Caliban Books. ISBN 978-1850660316.Gardiner, Samuel R. (18 December 2016). History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. Vol. 3. Forgotten Books (published 16 July 2017). p. 218. ISBN 978-1334658464. "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urban Rim. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Pepys, Samuel (2 September 1666) [1893]. Mynors Bright (decipherer); Henry B. Wheatley (eds.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 45: August/September 1666. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22167-3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Schofield, John (17 February 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: London After the Great Fire". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 July 2022. Hell on Earth, or the Town in an Uproar (anon., London 1729). Jarndyce Autumn Miscellany catalogue, London: 2021. "PBS – Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street". PBS. 2001. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Harris, Rhian (5 October 2012). "History – The Foundling Hospital". BBC. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Coispeau, Olivier (2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-310-884-4. White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022. Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409. "London: The greatest city". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Brown, Robert W. "London in the Nineteenth Century". University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. "A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Pennybacker, Susan D. (2005). Vision for London, 1889–1914. Routledge. p. 18. "Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2022. "Taking Tea and Talking Politics: The Role of Tearooms". Historic England. Retrieved 27 June 2022. "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021. "Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation". nationalgeographic.com.au. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. "Buried Among Kings: The Story of the Unknown Warrior". Nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. Retrieved 15 April 2023. Vaughan-Barratt, Nick (4 November 2009). "Remembrance". BBC Blogs. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2023. Ronk, Liz (27 July 2013). "LIFE at the 1948 London Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). The London Encyclopaedia. Photographs by Matthew Weinreb (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 428. ISBN 9781405049252. "1951: King George opens Festival of Britain". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Breen, Matt (13 January 2017). "Most Googled: why is London called the 'Big Smoke'?". Time Out London. Retrieved 29 November 2022. Rycroft, Simon (2016). "Mapping Swinging London". Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317047346. Bracken, Gregory B. (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city's architectural treasures... Journey Through London's Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish International. p. 10. ISBN 9789814435369. Webber, Esther (31 March 2016). "The rise and fall of the GLC". BBC Newsmaccess-date=18 June 2017. &gt;Godoy, Maria (7 July 2005). "Timeline: London's Explosive History". NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2021. John, Cindi (5 April 2006). "The legacy of the Brixton riots". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2017. "London's population hits 8.6m record high". BBC News. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Zolfagharifard, Ellie (14 February 2014). "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Kendrick, Mary (1988). "The Thames Barrier". Landscape and Urban Planning. 16 (1–2): 57–68. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(88)90034-5. "1986: Greater London Council abolished". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Ijeh, Ike (25 June 2010). "Millennium projects: 10 years of good luck". building.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Derudder, Ben; Hoyler, Michael; Taylor, Peter J.; Witlox, Frank, eds. (2015). International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 422. ISBN 9781785360688. "Population Growth in London, 1939–2015". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Alt URL Chandler, Mark (24 June 2016). "'Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey". Boston University Global Development Policy Center. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. "The Coronation Weekend". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Vinycomb, John (1909). "The Heraldic Dragon". Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2015. "Who runs London – Find Out Who Runs London and How". London Councils. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "The essential guide to London local government". London Councils. Retrieved 19 June 2023. "London Elections 2016: Results". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2016. "The London Plan". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. "London Government Directory – London Borough Councils". London Councils. Retrieved 29 March 2017. "London Government". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2023. "Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011)" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Who we are". London Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. "About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. "Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street". uk.gov. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Constituencies A-Z – Election 2019". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020. "Minister for London". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020. "MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013. "Policing". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009. "Just how practical is a traditional Bobby's helmet?". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2023. "Police lose fight to ground Tardis". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2023. "About Us". British Transport Police. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose". Ministry of Defence Police. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Andrew, Christopher (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. Allen Lane. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-713-99885-6. "Recorded Crime: Geographic Breakdown – Metropolitan Police Service". Greater London Authority. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "London murder rate up 14% over the past year". ITV News. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Crerar, Pippa; Gayle, Damien (10 April 2018). "Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Met Police: London homicide figures fall in 2022". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2024. Beavan, Charles; Bickersteth, Harry (1865). Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court. Saunders and Benning. Stationery Office (1980). The Inner London Letter Post. H.M.S.O. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-10-251580-0. "The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order". Office of Public Sector Information. 1993. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "London in its Regional Setting" (PDF). London Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. London Government Act 1963. Office of Public Sector Information. 1996. ISBN 978-0-16-053895-7. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2008. "London — Features — Where is the Centre of London?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Lieutenancies Act 1997". OPSI. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2008. Barlow, I.M. (1991). Metropolitan Government. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 9780415020992. Sinclair, J.M. (1994). Collins English dictionary (3rd updated ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0004706788. Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill, eds. (2002). The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd, rev ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198606529. Schofield, John (June 1999). "When London became a European capital". British Archaeology (45). Council for British Archaeology. ISSN 1357-4442. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008. "Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. "Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Sheppard, Francis (2000). London: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-285369-1. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006. ""Sea Levels" – UK Environment Agency". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Weather April". trevorharley.com. "Niederschlagsmonatssummen KEW GARDENS 1697–1987". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020. "Average Annual Precipitation by City in the US – Current Results". currentresults.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2022. "Minimum Temperatures observed on 13th Dec 1981 at 06Z (SYNOP)/09Z (MIDAS/BUFR) UTC (529 reports)". Retrieved 30 April 2023. "Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019. Amos, Jonathan (20 January 2020). "London breaks a high-pressure record". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2020. Johnson, H; Kovats, RS; McGregor, G; Stedman, J; Gibbs, M; Walton, H (1 July 2005). "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates". Eurosurveillance. 10 (7): 15–16. doi:10.2807/esm.10.07.00558-en. PMID 16088043. Taylor, Brian (2002). "1976. The Incredible Heatwave". TheWeatherOutlook. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office" (PDF). Wyman and Sons, Ltd. 1911. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "UK Droughts: SPI". UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Philip Eden: Longest drought for 2 years – weatheronline.co.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2019. "London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers" (PDF). Greater London Authority. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015. Eden, Philip (9 June 2004). "Ever Warmer as Temperatures Rival France". London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2021. "Station Data". Met Office. Retrieved 8 May 2020. "UK Climate Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 3 July 2021. "Heathrow Airport Extreme Values". KNMI. Retrieved 29 November 2015. "Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values". KNMI. Retrieved 28 December 2017. "London, United Kingdom – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 11 March 2020. "MIDAS Open: UK daily temperature data, v202007". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2021. "Maximum temperature date records". TORRO. Retrieved 3 July 2021. "Climate &amp; Weather Averages in London, England, United Kingdom". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022. "London's Boroughs". History Today. Retrieved 19 April 2023. "London boroughs — London Life, GLA". London Government. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008. "London as a financial centre". Mayor of London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. "West End still drawing crowds". BBC News. 22 October 2001. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Meek, James (17 April 2006). "Super Rich". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2008. "Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Jones, Rupert (8 August 2014). "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Flynn, Emily (6 July 2005). "Tomorrow's East End". Newsweek. New York. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Summerson, John (1969). Great Palaces (Hampton Court. pp. 12–23). Hamlyn. ISBN 9780600016823. "Paddington Station". Great Buildings. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Lonsdale, Sarah (27 March 2008). "Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely...&#160;?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2008. "Protected views and tall buildings". City of London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022. "Take a tour of The Shard's viewing platform". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2023. White, Dominic (15 April 2008). "The Lemon Dome That Was Transformed into O2's Concert Crown". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2022. "Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page". lnhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. "London Natural History Society – Home". lnhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Tuffrey, Laurie (27 July 2012). "London's Amphibians and Reptile Populations Mapped". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Mammals". The Royal Parks. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Law, Peter. "London's first wild otter found". This Is Local London. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. "Mammals". cityoflondon.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014. Bishop, Rachael (5 November 2012). "Richmond Park Deer Cull Begins". Sutton &amp; Croydon Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "In Pictures: London's Urban Deer". Evening Standard. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Census 2021 Bulk Data Download - TS012 Country of birth (detailed)". Durham University. "The Principal Agglomerations of the World". City Population. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2009. Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration Rise Increases Segregation in British Cities". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Population density of London: by London borough, 2006" (PDF). UK Statistics Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2008. "'Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires". BBC News. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014. "TS054 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "TS061 - Method used to travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "TS067 - Highest level of qualification - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "The Age Distribution of the Population". Trust for London. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "International migration, England and Wales: Census 2021". ONS. Retrieved 3 December 2022. UK Data Service, Jisc (21 March 2013). "Casweb". casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Countries of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2022. Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X. Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024 "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015. Benedictus, Leo (21 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2008. "Main language - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024. "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 December 2022. "2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013. "About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Lambeth Palace Library". Lambeth Palace Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Westminster Abbey". Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Westminster Cathedral". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Church of England Statistics" (PDF). Church of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "London Central Mosque Trust Ltd". London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. &amp; The Islamic Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010. Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Bill, Peter (30 May 2008). "The $300 Billion Arabs Are Coming". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006. "Hindu London". BBC London. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006. "£17 m Sikh temple opens". BBC News. 30 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2008. "Stanmore". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Paul, Jonny (10 December 2006). "Livingstone apologizes to UK's Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. "London noise 'mutes Bow Bells to endanger Cockneys'". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2023. "Cockney". Oxford English Dictionary. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2021. McArthur, Thomas (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. "'Extreme' form of Cockney dialect in decline, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2023. Mount, Harry (10 April 2012). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 February 2024. "Estuary English Q and A – JCW". University College London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010. "Estuary English". University College London. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, University of York". University of York. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. p. xix, para 2.1. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. "English language - Varieties of English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "English language – Characteristics of Modern English". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "London tops 2015 global financial centre rankings and knocks New York into second place". cityam.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Lowe, Felix (18 February 2008). "Highgate Trumps Chelsea as Priciest Postcode". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "The City of London's tumble – After the fall". The Economist. London. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2009. Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. "Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English". Bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved 22 July 2017. "The Origin of Religious Tolerance: Voltaire". Independent Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2023. "London - Finance". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2022. "The Global Financial Centres Index 20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2019. Hales, Mike; Mendoza Peña, Andrés; Peterson, Erik R.; Dessibourg, Nicole. "2018 Global Cities Report – Learning from the East: Insights from China's Urban Success". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. "London's core role in euros under spotlight after Brexit vote". Reuters. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Gardiner, Beth (20 January 2010). "The London Banking Center Is Beginning to Feel Like Itself Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Mantle, Jonathan (1992). For Whom the Bell Tolls. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 9781856191524. "London Stock Exchange". London Stock Exchange. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Gittelson, Steven (4 September 2015). "Adrian Cadbury, a leader in corporate governance, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2022. "London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6" (PDF). Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. November 2005. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006. Solesbury, William (2018). World Cities, City Worlds. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. "The world's biggest ad agency is going all in on AI with Nvidia's help". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2024. "London gets go ahead for new '.london' internet domain" (Press release). London &amp; Partners. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2021. McReynolds, Cathy (17 February 2014). "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15". fDiIntelligence.com. London. Retrieved 28 March 2021. "UK computer history gets new home". BBC. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2022. "Gas distributors". Ofgem. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016. "Electricity distributor". National Grid. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015. "MasterCard Intelligence | MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index Report 2015". 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Hedrick-Wong, Yuwa; Choong, Desmond (2015). "MasterCard – 2015 Global Destination Cities Index" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "A Tourism Vision for London" (PDF). London and Partners. 2017. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "VisitBritain". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "London named No.1 city destination on TripAdvisor". BBC News. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "British Museum tops UK visitor attractions list". BBC News. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017. "London Poised to Take Hotel Crown From Las Vegas". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "London's Most Historic Hotels". Londonist. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "Transport for London". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "How do I find out about transport in London?". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2008. "Heathrow Airport Travel Report 2019" (PDF). Heathrow Airport. LHR Airports Limited. 2020. p. 38. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Heathrow Airport Terminal 5". TMC Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Airline Data Annual Reports 2017". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Facts and Figures – Stansted Airport". stanstedairport.com. London Luton Airport. London Luton Airport. 1969. ISBN 978-0-11-510256-1. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "London City Airport — Corporate Information". London City Airport Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Cornell, Adam (18 May 2018). "Londoners love our airport". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. "Airport data 2017 – UK Civil Aviation Authority". Civil Aviation Authority. 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013. "What is the largest metro system in the world?". City Metric. London. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018. "A brief history of the Underground". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 January 2023. "Tube breaks record for passenger numbers" (Press release). Transport for London. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. "The London 2012 legacy". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013. "London's transport - a history: Docklands Light Railway (DLR)". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2023. "First Capital Connect". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2008. "Rail Station Usage". Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009. "Council looks at extension of London Underground's Northern line to Clapham Junction". Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 April 2023. "Crossrail opening date finally announced". 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. "Regional Map". Crossrail. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2021. Lister, Richard (2 January 2012). "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Rail". London First. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. Smithers, Andrew (8 December 2020). "Great Britain National Rail Train Operators" (PDF). National Rail. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "The Flying Scotsman: How the first 100mph locomotive became the most famous train in the world". Country Life. Retrieved 22 April 2023. "Eurostar arrives in Paris on time". BBC News. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Highspeed". Southeastern. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. "Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north". gov.uk. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022. "What we do – Buses". Transport for London. Retrieved 5 April 2014. "Annual bus statistics: England 2019/20" (PDF). Department for Transport. 28 October 2020. p. 2. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Government support for the bus industry and concessionary travel (England) (BUS05)". GOV.UK (BUS0501: Operating revenue for local bus services by revenue type, by metropolitan area status: England (ODS, 34.7KB)). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Most Accessible Cities Around The World". Sunrise Medical. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Leading the way – Travelling with a sensory impairment in London" (PDF). Greater London Authority. 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Blake, Jim (2022). London Transport Buses in the 1960s. Pen &amp; Sword Books. p. 9. "Victoria Coach Station to remain major coach hub" (Press release). Transport for London. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2022. "Tram-endous boost for travellers" (Press release). Transport for London. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Statement of Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2008" (PDF). Transport for London. 25 June 2008. p. 67. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Thames cable car opens for passengers". BBC News. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2023. "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Transport for London. 2016. p. 143. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "United Kingdom: Greater London: Boroughs – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Travel in London Report 9" (PDF). Travel in London. 2016. pp. 146–147. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Provisional Port Statistics 2009". Department for Transport. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. Steves, Rick (17 March 2020). Rick Steves England. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-64171-237-8. "Commute Through London – Uber Boat by Thames Clippers". thamesclippers.com. 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Woolwich Ferries celebrate 50 years of service". Transport of London. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "M25". Highways Agency. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018. "SABRE - Road Lists - The First 99 - A1". Sabre-roads.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2023. "Chipping away at the history of fish and chips". BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2022. Mulholland, Hélène (16 March 2009). "Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London". The Guardian. London. Badstuber, Nicole (2 March 2018). "London congestion charge: what worked, what didn't, what next". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 April 2020. "Central London Congestion Charging, England". Verdict Traffic. Retrieved 28 April 2020. Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "London Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234. Walker, Peter (8 March 2024). "Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2024. "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Top Universities. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2021. Malthouse, Kit (1 January 1990). "Capital offer". timeshighereducation.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Pricewaterhousecoopers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2015. "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 19 September 2022. "REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment". Times Higher Education. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. Hipwell, Deirdre (23 September 2007). "London School of Economics and Political Science". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "FT Global MBA Rankings". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010. "Performing Arts". Top Universities. 25 February 2020. "2022 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Performing Arts". Top Universities.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022. "Financial Statements 2018–19" (PDF). University of London. p. 8. Retrieved 1 March 2020. "Table 0a – All Students by Institution, Mode of Study, Level of Study, Gender and Domicile 2005/06". HESA. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Member institutions". University of London. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "University of the Arts London". The Guardian. London. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010. Carvel, John (7 August 2008). "NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010. Karimi, H.; Masoudi Alavi, N. (2015). "Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing". National Institutes of Health. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. e29475. PMC 4557413. PMID 26339672. Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023. Truelove, Sam (13 October 2016). "11 of the most famous people who studied at Croydon's BRIT School". Croydon Advertiser. Retrieved 17 July 2022. Ridpath, Ian (2012). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 198. Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2022. "History of the Christmas Lectures". The Royal Institution. Retrieved 22 April 2015. "Mayor of London – Spending Time: Londons Leisure Economy". london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Chadha, Aayush. "UK Event Data – In Review". tickx.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017. "20 facts about London's culture | London City Hall". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Pickford, James (30 July 2014). "Study puts London ahead of New York as centre for theatre". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015. "Piccadilly Lights". Land Securities. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical The New York Times referred to Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the most commercially successful composer in history" "The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2022. "Theatres and concert halls". Your London. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "2001: Public houses". BBC History. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2008. "Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team". The Londoner. September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007. Potter, Mark (17 February 2011). "London tops world cities spending league". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. "London is world's shopping capital with £62billion sales". Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 November 2023. Peter Matthews, Michelle Dunkley McCarthy (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1994. Facts on File. p. 134. Smith, Andrew; Graham, Anne (2019). Destination London. The Expansion of the Visitor Economy. University of Westminster Press. p. 6. "Royal Mail's British design classic stamps". The Guardian. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2022. "London crowned top city for luxury store openings". Fashion Network. Retrieved 17 November 2023. "London Fashion Week: Cara Delevingne, Naomi Campbell And Kate Moss Make The Burberry FROW". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2024. "Chinatown — Official website". Chinatown London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Sukhadwala, Sejal (12 April 2017). "How Long Have Londoners Been Eating Chinese Food For?". Londonist. Retrieved 14 June 2020. "History Of The Traditional English Breakfast". English Breakfast Society. Retrieved 23 July 2022. "Gordon Ramsay celebrates having three Michelin stars for 21 years". Daily Record. Retrieved 22 July 2022. "Afternoon Tea At Oscar Wilde's Favorite Bar". Forbes. Retrieved 3 July 2022. "17 themed afternoon teas perfect for Mother's Day". You. Retrieved 14 July 2022. "Inside the Factory: BBC documentary goes behind the scenes of west London factory churning out 80 million biscuits a day". My London. Retrieved 20 August 2022. "One Queen, Two Birthdays". Royal Government. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. Andreou, Roza (25 May 2018). "Celebrate the Bengali New Year this summer in Tower Hamlets". East London Lines. "RHS Chelsea Flower Show" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Matt Cook (6 November 2008). London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture). Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0521089807. Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67. "Forty years of sheer Heaven at the London superclub". The Guardian. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022. "We Live in the World 'Rocky Horror' Created". Flavorwire. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017. "Boy George". The Blitz Kids. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022. "London in Literature". Bryn Mawr College. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde". British Library. Retrieved 15 June 2023. "The War of the Worlds". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 August 2022. "Orwell in the Evening Standard". Orwell Society. Retrieved 27 June 2022. "Winnie-the-Pooh goes to Harrods in new authorised AA Milne prequel". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2023. "About". Paddington.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. "The Harry Potter economy". The Economist. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "Film London – studio contacts". Filmlondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. "The UK's VFX Industry: In Profile". UK Screen Alliance. Retrieved 7 July 2022. "Who We Are". The Imaginarium Studios. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012. "Feature: The legacy of Oscar Deutsch's cinemas". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "The Fellowship: BAFTA's top prize". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2023. "Saoirse Ronan, Kate Winslet Drama 'Ammonite' to Close BFI London Film Festival". Variety. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "The scribbled note that changed TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2019. "ITV: Simon Cowell Talks Strong Ties With Brit Broadcaster". Variety. 7 April 2015. "Da Ali G Show (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 8 July 2022. "EastEnders Episode 1, 19/02/1985". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2023. "The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane". The British Library. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021. Liscombe, R. W. (1980), William Wilkins, 1778–1839, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–82 Sen Nag, Oishimaya (5 March 2018). "The Largest Libraries In The World". World Atlas. Retrieved 30 March 2021. Bayley, Sian (21 February 2019). "Best libraries in London: The V&amp;A, British Library, Wellcome Trust, BFI and more". Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Cullinan (Director), Nicholas. "Organisation – National Portrait Gallery". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Millennium Bridge". Visit London. Retrieved 27 July 2022. The Layman's Magazine of the Living Church, Issues 1-20. Morehouse-Gorham. 1940. p. 5. "Early stereo recordings restored". BBC. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2023. "2015 Year End Worldwide Ticket Sales – Top 200 Area Venues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Keens, Oliver; Levine, Nick (11 March 2021). "The best music festivals in London 2021". Time Out London. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Tow, Stephen (2020). London, Reign Over Me How England's Capital Built Classic Rock. Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. London's top 40 artists. BBC. 6 April 2006. ISBN 978-0-89820-135-2. Retrieved 9 September 2008. "PUNK – Paris Photo Special Feature". Michael Hoppen Gallery. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Whatley, Jack (14 March 2019). "In Pictures: The 'Anarchy In The U.K. Tour' of 1976, the infamous tour that never really toured". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "History of music in London". The London Music Scene. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2009. Bell, Adam Patrick (2018). Dawn of the DAW: The Studio as Musical Instrument. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780190296629. Himes, Geoffrey (2 August 1983). "Eddy Grant's Electric Rock". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2021. "Brit Awards History". Brit Awards. Retrieved 28 December 2019. McGlone, Conor (9 July 2013). "London 'greenest city' in Europe". edie.net. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "Kensington Gardens". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008. "Madame Tussauds, London". Madame Tussauds. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491. "Green Park". The Royal Parks. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Park details – Hampton Court". London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. "Kew, History &amp; Heritage" (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2013. "Epping Forest You &amp; Your Dog" (PDF). brochure. City of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2010. Ramblers. "Corporation of London Open Spaces". Ramblers. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011. "Kenwood House". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008. "The best theme parks near London". Time Out. Retrieved 5 January 2024. Marson, Phil. "Inner London Ramblers – Walk Ideas". innerlondonramblers.org.uk. "Wandle Trail – Map". Sustrans. "About Wembley Stadium – What we do at Wembley Stadium". Wembley Stadium connected by EE. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021. "England – Introduction". Commonwealth Games Federation. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Livingstone, Robert (11 November 2011). "London Defeats Doha to host 2017 International Athletics Championships". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. "Barclays Premier League Clubs". Premier League. Retrieved 29 March 2021. "Premiership Rugby: Clubs". Premier Rugby. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010. "RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007" (Press release). Twickenham Rugby Stadium. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. "Wimbledon — official website". The All England Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC). Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. Clarey, Christopher (7 May 2008). "Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2008. Federer said[:] 'I love playing with him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.' Will Kaufman &amp; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, ed. (2005). "Tennis". Britain and the Americas. Vol. 1&#160;: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 958. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8. this first tennis championship, which later evolved into the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the world's most prestigious event. "Lord's (Cricket Grounds)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Royal St George's". The Open. Retrieved 16 October 2023. "Flora London Marathon 2008". London Marathon Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. "The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race — Official Website". The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2008. </pre> <p>Bibliography Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7. Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7. OCLC 45406491. External links London at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage London.gov.uk – Greater London Authority VisitLondon.com – official tourism site Museum of London London in British History Online, with links to numerous authoritative online sources "London", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000) </p> <pre>Geographic data related to London at OpenStreetMap </pre> <p>Old maps of London, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, National Library of Israel vte History of London vte London landmarks vte Areas of London Other articles related to London London at Wikipedia's sister projects: </p><p>Definitions from Wiktionary </p><p>Media from Commons </p><p>News from Wikinews </p><p>Quotations from Wikiquote </p><p>Texts from Wikisource </p><p>Resources from Wikiversity </p><p>Travel guides from Wikivoyage </p><p>Data from Wikidata Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata Categories: LondonBritish capitalsCapitals in EuropeGreater LondonPort cities and towns in Southern EnglandStaple portsSouthern England1st-century establishments in Roman BritainPopulated places established in the 1st centuryCapital cities in the United Kingdom This page was last edited on 21 April 2024, at 12:02 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaCode of ConductDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki </p></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1713787989'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/37536282"