native to southern Arizona and into Sonora and Baja California at [5]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).A bot will complete this citation soon. Click here to jump the queuearXiv:[3].
elevations of 4000' and lower.name of a member of the mesquite family, which was hauled from the site to El Paso for firewood
Simpson, Benny J. (1988). A Field Guide To Texas Trees. Texas Monthly Pr. p. 247. ISBN9780877193579.
Camarillo Airport is located 6 miles ( 10 kilometers ) north of NAWS[6]
Wintersberg can refer to:
Disambiguation|geo}
Rewrite lead
Lahaina (Hawaiian: Lāhainā) is a port town in Maui County, Hawaii, United States that holds historical and cultural significance to many people in Hawaii. Kamehameha The Great established the seat of the Kingdom of Hawaii here in the 1700s and was one of the main ports for the North Pacific whaling fleet in the mid-1800 before becoming a sugar plantation town. The Lahaina Historic District was designated a national historic landmark in 1962.[15]
For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Lahaina as a census-designated place (CDP) which includes the Kaanapali and Kapalua beach resorts. The CDP encompasses the coast along Hawaii Route 30 from a tunnel at the south end, through Olowalu and to the CDP of Napili-Honokowai to the north. As of the 2020 census, Lahaina had a resident population of 12,702.
Name: Lāhainā Historic Trail[17]
What: Self-guided tour of 62 historic Lāhainā sites
Where: Spread throughout 55 acres of Lāhainā
When: The best time to visit is Monday-Friday, 10 a.m.-3 p.m. This historic trail takes about an hour
Lāhainā is a town of major historical significance. Once the first capital of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, a busy whaling port and a plantation settlement, you can follow the Lāhainā Historic Trail (Ala Mo‘olelo O Lāhainā) to walk in the footsteps of Lāhainā’s past. This self-guided tour takes you to significant sites throughout 55 acres of Lāhainā, many of which have been designated National Historic Landmarks. Members of the Lāhainā Restoration Foundation have worked for three decades to create the trail and preserve many of the buildings along it. They’ve also labeled dozens of historic sites with informative bronze plaques, each providing explanations about an important point of interest from Lāhainā's past. Look for them around and about Front Street. Lāhainā Harbor on an unforgettable whale watching tour. The channel off the coast of Lāhainā is one of the best places in the world to spot humpback whales.
You’ll see a fascinating blend of influences covering Hawaiian history, the whaling era, the missionaries and immigrant plantation life. The Baldwin Home was the two-story house of Protestant missionaries in the mid-1830s. Hale Paʻahao, the “stuck-in-irons house,” was a jail for rowdy sailors in the 1850s. Structures like the Wo Hing Temple and the Lāhainā Jodo Mission highlight the influences of Chinese and Japanese immigrants in Maui.
To get a historical walking guide highlighting all 62 historic sites, visit the Lāhainā Visitor Center in the Old Lāhainā Courthouse located between the Banyan Tree and Lāhainā Harbor.
Front Street, ranked one of the “Top Ten Greatest Streets” by the American Planning Association. Visit historic stops like the U.S. Seamen’s Hospital, Hale Paʻahao (Lāhainā Prison), the Pioneer Inn, Maui’s oldest living banyan tree and other sites on the Lāhainā Historic Trail. Approximately 55 acres of old Lāhainā have been set aside as historic districts.
Political and media reactions
Decorative and political alterations
State Route 1 in 2014, Oxnard Boulevard was relinquished to the city in anticipation of a bypass route east of the Oxnard that would meet US 101 at the rebuilt interchange at Rice Avenue. A Rice Avenue overpass that would take the rerouted State Route 1 over the rail line has long been proposed at the site where the accident occurred. The new overpass would include an interchange with State Route 34 (known as 5th Street for most of the route) that parallels the rail line to Camarillo.[18]
In the 1940s, the gray wolf was nearly eradicated from the Southern Rockies. The species naturally expanded into habitats in Colorado they occupied prior to its near extirpation from the conterminous United States. Wolves were reintroduced in the northern Rocky Mountains in the 1990s and since at least 2014, solitary wolves have entered Colorado
Nipsey Hussle was an American rapper, entrepreneur, and activist who emerged from the West Coast hip hop scene in the mid-2000s. There was a strong artistic response to Nipsey Hussle's death. Within a few months, over 50 murals dedicated to the rapper were painted in the City of Los Angeles.[1][2] One mural is in an alley near the strip mall where he was killed.[3]
Breckenridge naturalist Edwin Carter with a mounted gray wolf killed in the Colorado Rockies, ca. 1890–1900.
In the 1960s and 1970s, national awareness of environmental issues and consequences led to the passage of laws designed to correct the mistakes of the past and help prevent similar mistakes in the future.[4] Wolves in the United States were protected under the federal Endangered Species Act in 1978 as they were in danger of going extinct and needed protection to aid their recovery.[5] The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the gray wolves’ endangered species status at the beginning of January 2021, when more than 6,000 wolves inhabited nine states.[6] After federal wolf protection ended, the states and tribes became responsible, once again, to manage the animal and regulate hunting.[7] In Colorado wolves continue to be classified as a protected endangered species.[8] Fines, jail time and a loss of hunting license privileges can result from violations.[9] In February 2022, a judge ordered federal protections for gray wolves to be restored under the Federal Endangered Species Act, which returned management authority to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[10]
The article has been stable which demonstrates a long term consensus among editors so it is odd for previously uninvolved editors to suddenly perform a find and replace changing "Indian" to "Indigenous" claiming this is for clarity and respect. Blanket changes do not show respect for the subject matter. Readers do not need this term disambiguated in this article. The only reason provided is a personal opinion while Wikipedia requires reliable sources. The edit showed a lack of understanding of the subject of the article. Contemporary Native American issues in the United States § Terminology differences says "Native Americans are also commonly known as Indians or American Indians. A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred American Indian to Native American. Most American Indians are comfortable with Indian, American Indian, and Native American, and the terms are often used interchangeably." Further, in the disputed edit, the term Indian was put in quotes when it was not removed which presented cultural norms as simply opinional MOS:QUOTEPOV. Given the issues presented here, a review of the welcome post on your talk page or a tutorial may be beneficial.
ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, 1850 statehood.
Prior to the 1850s, California’s system of roads and highways was spotty, at best.
Besides pack mules, the first vehicles to follow the El Camino Real were carts used by the rancheros to transport hides, tallow, and barley and other grains.[11]
El Camino Real began as a trail used principally by pedestrians and, later, two-wheeled carts. P=33
Divided into 136 parcels with a minimum size of 100 acres with restrictive covenants coordinated through the Hollister Ranch Owners Association.[14]
Gaviota Coast Protection Efforts. KPCC. Boston, MA and Washington, DC.: American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress). 2002-09-16.
Sweitzer, Rick & Constible, Juanita & Vuren, Dirk & Schuyler, Peter & Starkey, Frank. (2005). History, Habitat Use and Management of Bison on Catalina Island, California. Millions of American bison (Bison bison) once roamed prairies and other habitats of North America until widespread hunting in the 1800s decimated the species. Intensive conservation efforts in the early 1900s averted extinction by protective management and reintroductions to parks and natural areas. Related to their wide ecological tolerances, some bison populations now occur in areas not historically occupied by the species, including Catalina Island. In the period between 1924 and 1935, 24 bison were introduced to Catalina Island. By protective management and natural reproduction, the Catalina bison herd grew until nearly 400 animals roamed the island by 1969, when a program of regular culls was implemented to maintain a target population of 250–350 animals. The native fauna of Catalina Island did not include large ungulates, which has led to concern regarding the ecological effects of bison on native plants and animals. The Catalina Island Conservancy, a non-profit organization that owns and manages 88% of the island, has been actively working to protect and restore native flora and fauna including the removal of nonnative species. Notwithstanding the Conservancy's conservation mission, bison are culturally and economically significant to island residents, therefore making management of bison on Catalina Island controversial. Herein we review the history of bison on Catalina Island, provide detailed information on patterns of historic and current habitat use, qualitatively evaluate the importance of bison for tourism, and review multiple options for future management based on an island-wide model of carrying capacity and a conservation agenda of restoring the native flora and fauna of the island.
One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years.
This article's lead sectionmay be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article.(August 2021)
Wind power in California had initiative and early development in the late 1970s and early 1980s. California was the first U.S. state where large wind farms were developed, beginning in the early 1980s. Most of the wind power developed in three regions: Altamont Pass (east of San Francisco); Tehachapi Pass (southeast of Bakersfield) and San Gorgonio Pass (near Palm Springs, east of Los Angeles). By 1995, California produced 30 percent of the entire world's wind-generated electricity. A fourth area, the Montezuma Hills of Solano County, was developed in 2005–2009. Wind power in Texas surpassed the production in California to become the leader in the United States.[when?]
Improving citation for Pitchfork, considered an online magazine by the publisher and other sources, by changing to the Template:Cite magazine and changing Condé Nast from author to publisher. Template:Cite web is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another Citation Style 1 template which is not the case here. Magazines typically have editors or editorial boards who review submissions and perform a quality control function to ensure that all material meets the expectations of the publishers and the readership.
When the park was established in 1962, the government bought private ranches while providing agreements to allow the ranchers to continue operations. Some agreements with the ranch families were for 30 years[18]
In March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, a few people were allowed to set up sleeping bags in the parking lot overnight. Though they left in morning, word spread among Orange County’s unhoused that here was a place where the property owners left folks alone. The number of people camping in the parking lots with tents expanded and the neighborhood complained. The city requirement to fence the parking lots to keep people out was too expensive. The city fined the group when they did not comply.[19][20][21] In May 2021, the city of Santa Ana executed an abatement warrant and cleared the parking lots at the center.[22]
MENSIK, J. GREGORY, and FRED L. PAVEGLIO. “Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health Policy and the Attainment of Refuge Purposes: A Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Case Study.” Natural Resources Journal, vol. 44, no. 4, 2004, pp. 1161–1183. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24889065. Accessed 10 June 2021.
Salt Dreams: Land & Water in Low-down California William DeBuys, Joan Myers · 1999 ISBN:9780826324283 Publisher:University of New Mexico Press - The consequences of that industry drain from the valley into the accidentally man-made Salton Sea, California's largest lake and a vital stopping place for migratory waterfowl. Today the Salton Sea is in desperate environmental trouble.
Removing the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, A Rule by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, November 3, 2020, 85 FR69778
This was quite a pain to sort out, problems abetted first by a great deal of label drift on the maps, and second my a lot of sloppiness in naming. Older topos make it clear that "Sea Cliff" was first of all a small yard which was reduced over the years to the long passing siding which is still there. As more roads were run through the area, the label drifted away towards the northwest; then an interchange was dropped into the mix which obliterated the area most recently labelled "Sea Cliff", which inspection shows was always the location of various industrial/maintenance structures. Complicating all of this is a narrow strip of gated community wedged between Pacific Coast Highway and the shore, which after some searching I discovered is now called "Seacliff Beach Colony". At the southeast end of this is Hobson Beach Park, a county campground with a little cafe in the midst of it. Well, OK, and there's a Hobson Rd. running alongside the railroad on the north, but the main road in the gated community is Rincon Beach Park Dr, except that Rincon is a fair ways up the coast. Nonetheless, until the houses show up on the topos, the strip of land is labelled "RINCON". The upshot of all this is, it's clear there was never a town here called Sea Cliff, it's not even clear that the little strip of houses was always called Sea Cliff, and I just don't think it is a notable place anyway, considering how hard it was to find out its name. Mangoe (talk) 02:44, 14 May 2021
Ormond Beach Wetlands[49] The sandy shoreline of the Oxnard Plain is 16.5 miles of coast with agriculture, sand dunes, fresh and saltwater marsh ecosystems, power plants at Mandalay and Ormond Beach, wastewater treatment plants, harbors, and a variety of heavy industry and oil operations. The cities of San Buenaventura, Oxnard and Port Hueneme and two unincorporated urban residential communities 16.5-mile-long (26.6 km) coastline of the Oxnard Plain.[50]: 62-63 [50]
"fractured system of management of the species across the West and the complex politics around the carnivores, which have inspired contentious litigation and political spats."[1]
(OR-7 is a descendant of wolves reintroduced into the Northern Rockies in the mid 1990s, and represents the westernmost expansion of a regional population that as of 2012 tops 1,650.) (search on bolded phrase)
Wolves had a nearly continuous distribution in North America. Though not well documented in California, wolves were present in the Sierra Nevada, the Coast Ranges, the Central Valley, and other locations. Tule Elk and Pronghorn were the wolves' main prey. Hunters saw the numbers of these wild animals shrink as the Central Valley was converted to agricultural fields and livestock pastures. With less wild prey, wolves started going after livestock. Wolves became locally extinct from shooting, trapping and poisoning, with support from government bounty programs.[25][26] While wolves were considered extirpated in every other state except for Alaska, they survived in remote northeastern corner of Minnesota of sub-boreal forests and lakes. The repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States occurred naturally as the gray wolf has expanded its territory from Minnesota into Midwestern states of Michigan, and Wisconsin with an estimated population of 4,400 wolves.[27]
And so that's our hopes here is to wreck these dens, and hopefully, she'll go back to an old old familiar place then there, and that might save them at least through this summer.
The plan worked, the Chief Joseph back, abandoned its destroyed den, and moved back to the safety of Yellowstone. Park by the summer of 2003 Olds leaving. The park wouldn't have the luxury of returning. Every acre of Yellowstone, had been claimed by a wolf pack, each of them was willing to fight for his territory. And these days, wolf searching for home, ground outside the park can run into obstacles more formidable than split rail fences.
When I was a kid, it was just the ranches there really wasn't any people that just had homes here, it was ranch or some small and some larger ones. And now there's subdivisions and people want a piece of this. And you can't blame the have this piece of this to live in. And I remember my dad saying at one time in the evening, he'd go out to irrigator or whatever and he'd count, eight yard lights is all he could count. And now of course, looking out across the valley, it's just like Counting Stars.
Two major populations of grizzlies in the Lower 48: Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem occupy expansive territory in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, Northern Continental Divide l population centered in the mountains of northwest Montana and moving into the prairies.[1][2][3][4][5][6] See this, this, and this edit for citations. Grizzly Protection and Conservation subsections should be edited with Government protection and Private conservation
Three gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), the only tree-climbing canid in the Americas, den and forage for rodents, grasshoppers, and berries near the mouth of Matadero Creek in the BaylandsGreat egret coming in for a water landing in the creek
In 2022 a pair of North American beaver (Castor canadensis) were documented in the mouth of Matadero Creek in the Palo Alto Flood Basin.[16] A baby beaver was spotted on a trail camera in 2023.[17] These beaver likely descended from beaver translocated to upper Los Gatos Creek at Lexington Reservoir in the 1980s, who subsequently migrated downstream to the Guadalupe River. Upon reaching saltwater, the beaver have used it to recolonize several other south San Francisco Bay tributaries.[18]
Ecologically extinct - large scale impact - few unfenced - large commercial herds - most introduced to improve prairie of protected area - Nature Conservancy - Ted Turner
State - add Utah - Montana- Texas
Native American - Expand - Yellowstone- mostly other- Interior Department -
add section on herd management and disease.
Expand Canadian contributions.
The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on US federal ...
Badlands National Park has provided 4,782 live bison to over 29 Tribes from their annual roundup events since 1969. The Park collaborates with the Inter Tribal Bison Council to help restore bison on the Tribal lands.[4]
Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and PreserveChitina River, and the Copper River.[8][9] State wildlife biologists introduced these northern adapted giants to part of their former range in Alaska, and animals from the Canadian herd have been selected to pioneer this new Alaska herd
Sanderson, E.W., Redford, K.H., Weber, B., Aune, K.E., Baldes, D., Berger, J., Carter, D., Curtin, C.G., Derr, J.N., Dobrott, S.J., Fearn, E., Fleener, C.L., Forrest, S.C., Gerlach, C., Gates, C.C., Gross, J.E., Gogan, P.J., Grassel, S.M., Hilty, J.A., Jensen, M.L., Kunkel, K.E., Lammers, D., List, R., Minkowski, K., Olson, T., Pague, C.A., Robertson, P.B., & Stephenson, B. (2008). The ecological future of the North American bison: conceiving long-term, large-scale conservation of wildlife. Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 22 2, 252-66 . https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7481886
Domestic cattle introgression is present in most US federal bison herds except possibly Yellowstone NP and Wind Cave NP (please note I’m not using the word “PURE” to describe these herds). All private and State bison herds investigated (over 100) have evidence of nuclear and/or mitochondrial introgression from domestic cattle with the exception of the private Castle Rock herd on the Vermejo Park Ranch in New Mexico. Henry Mountains bison herd in Utah may be free of cattle introgression based on it’s reported unbranched lineage to Yellowstone NP[13]
Innoko-Yukon River wood bison herd (near Innoko National Wildlife Refuge) - Wood buffalo release site is 62°49′0″N159°26′0″W / 62.81667°N 159.43333°W / 62.81667; -159.43333[17] At the time they were introduced, it was not known that a small population of wood bison existed in Canada. State wildlife biologists are working to reintroduce these northern adapted giants to part of their former range in Alaska, and animals from the Canadian herd have been selected to pioneer this new Alaska herd.
Intertribal Buffalo Council
some tribes and tribal members had engaged in production of buffalo for sale and/or for subsistence and cultural use, these activities were conducted by each individual tribe, with little or no collaboration between tribes. In February 1991, a meeting in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was hosted by the Native American Fish and Wildlife Society. Congress appropriated funding for tribal buffalo programs in June 1991. Intertribal Buffalo Council is a partnership to reestablish bison (Bison bison) populations while preserving history, culture, tradition, and spiritual relationships for Native American peoples. A group of 69 Tribes from 19 states, united under a common mission of restoring bison to Tribal lands, have led Tribes to manage approximately 20,000 bison across their native landscape. Bison, commonly referred to by Tribal people buffalo, has always held great meaning for the American Indian people. United States’ National Mammal through the Bison Legacy Act of 2016. ITBC was reorganized as a federally chartered Indian Organization under Section 17 of the Indian Reorganization Act. This was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 2010. Wildlife Conservation Society gathered Tribes across the Northern Plains, to sign The Buffalo Treaty. On September 25, 2014 [18]
Wild mammals of North America : biology, management, and conservation. George A Feldhamer; Bruce Carlyle Thompson; Joseph A Chapman. Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. (ISBN9780801874161) (OCLC 51969059) Plains bison: 1 Farewell Lake. 2 Delta Junction. 3 Copper River. 4 Chitina River. 5 Pink Mountain. 6 Cold Lake. 7 Elk Island National Park. 8 Prince Albert National Park. 9 Camp Wainwright. 10 Buffalo Pound Provincial Park. 11 Riding Mountain National Park. 12 Waterton Lakes National Park. 13 National Bison Range. 14 Theodore Roosevelt National Park. 15 Sully's Hill National Game Preserve. 16 Cross Ranch Nature Preserve. 17 Samuel H. Ordway Memorial Prairie. 18 Blue Mounds State Park. 19 Badlands National Park. 20 Custer State Park. 21 Wind Cave National Park. 22 Yellowstone National Park. 23 Grand Teton National Park/National Elk Refuge. 24 Hot Springs State Park. 25 Fort Robinson State Park. 26 Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge. 27 Niobrara Valley Preserve. 28 Wildcat Hills State Recreation area. 29 Sandhill Wildlife Area. 30 Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory. 31 Antelope Island State Park. 32 Bear River State Park. 33 Genesee Park. 34 Daniels Park. 35 Smoky Valley Ranch. 36 Konza Prairie Biological Station. 37 Maxwell State Wildlife Area. 38 Finney Game Refuge. 39 Prairie State Park. 40 Pittsburgh, MLWA#1. 41 Tallgrass Prairie Reserve. 42 Land Between the Lakes Recreation Area. 43 Medano Zapata Ranch. 44 Henry Mountains. 45 House Rock State Wildlife Area. 46 Raymond State Wildlife Area. 47 Santa Catalina Island Conservancy. 48 Caprock Canyons State Park. 49 Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. 50 Clymer Meadow Preserve.
Wood bison: 1. Mackenzie. 2. Nahanni. 3. Yukon. 4. Nordquist. 5. Hay-Zama. 6. Chitek Lake. 7. Slave River Lowlands. 8. Wood Buffalo National Park. 9. Caribou-Lower Peace. 10. Elk Island National Park. 11. Hook Lake Recovery Project. 12. Etthithun Lake. 13. Syncrude Canada Ltd./Beaver Creek Wood Bison Ranch. 14. Waterhen Wood Bison Ranches
Reynolds 2003 - Distribution of free-ranging and captive breeding wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) herds in Canada and the location of a proposed reintroduction in Alaska: 1, Mackenzie (2000); 2, Nahanni (200); 3, Yukon (530); 4, Nordquist (62); 5, Hay-Zama (262); 6, Chitek Lake (100); 7, Slave River Lowlands (518); 8, Wood Buffalo National Park (3870); 9, Caribou–Lower Peace (107) (Wentzel–Wabasca); 10, Elk Island National Park (350); 11, Hook Lake Recovery Project (132); 12, Etthithun Lake (49) (Note: now free-ranging); 13, Syncrude Canada Ltd. Beaver Greek Wood Bison Ranch (200); 14, Waterhen Wood Bison Ranches Ltd. (298); 15, Yukon Flats, Alaska (proposed).
..... The bison once ... As a Keystone species .... Controversial.. Genetics Caprock Canyon State Park hosts part of the Texas state bison herd.[23] At the urging of his wife, Charles Goodnight preserved several plains bison from those that were being slaughtered. This herd became one of the genetic sources from which current bison herds descend.[24] The state herd only contains plains bison which have no cattle DNA.[25][26] "By 1888, only 541 bison remained in the United States, many of which were saved by ranchers. Early on, ranchers attempted to cross-breed bison and cattle to create hearty cattle that could winter without being fed and that could better withstand the rigors of the weather."[27]
The Nature Conservancy has approximately 6,000 bison across 130,000 acres of native rangeland on twelve native grassland preserves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma. Eleven of these herds are owned and managed by the Conservancy and one herd is owned by a university that manages the TNC-university owned preserve.
^Woodford, Riley (October 2014). "Good News for the Farewell Bison". Alaska Fish and Game News. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 2021-11-19.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
A Los Angeles Mall Gets Snarled in Charged Debate Over Local Ownership[9]
Moreover, as an example of privatized "public" space, malls are an L.A. tradition, dating at least back to 1947 with the opening of the Broadway-Crenshaw Center, a nationally-recognized prototype of the modern mall and whose size and parking accommodations were considered innovative at the time.[10]
In 1947, the nation’s first shopping center (Broadway Crenshaw Plaza) opened to establish the boulevard as a thriving commercial corridor.[11]
However, in 1947 two other such shopping centers opened: the Broadway-Crenshaw Center in South Los Angeles and the North Shore Center in Beverly, Massachusetts; in 1949 the Town and Country center opened in a suburb of Columbus, Ohio.[12]
As a case in point, the chapter “Stores in Shopping Centers” contains a trenchant section on the Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles (1946–47), which the author tells us “attracted widespread attention as an emblem of the postwar retail landscape” but “did not serve as a direct model for subsequent endeavors” (174); the section ends with a string of additional examples that “were no less one-of-a-kind”.[13]
shopping center: Broadway-Crenshaw Center Mall (now Baldwin Hills-Crenshaw Plaza)[14]
In the postwar years, the regional mall — pioneered in Southern California with the Broadway-Crenshaw Center (now Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza) — came to replace the neighborhood-serving drive-in market as the dominant new retail space.[15]
Stuyvesant Plaza opened only 12 years after the nation’s oldest shopping plaza still standing today — Los Angeles’ Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Shopping Plaza, originally called the Broadway-Crenshaw Center, which dates to 1947.[16]
the Freedmen’s Monument lost its audience over time. Although early on it was the site of annual parades and programs celebrating emancipation, those observances tapered off in the 20th century. Because of discomfort with its representation of race relations, the statue never became a site to which hopes or demands for racial advance could attach themselves. The Freedmen’s Monument spoke to the past as an expression of gratitude, but not to the future as a model for emulation. [1]
Andrew Howard, a managing editor of the State Press, reported on September 27, 2019 that Kurt Volker stepped down from his role as the State Department’s special envoy for Ukraine. This before others and of exceptional importance, Scoop
Howard began looking into Volker and, by Friday evening, confirmed with an unnamed school official that Volker had resigned.
[1]
A former Coca-Cola manufacturing plant is located nearby at 4th and Merrick streets. it underwent an elaborate makeover into an office and retail complex in 2014. The three-story brick-clad building was described as the "headquarters for the company's Pacific Coast business and for its export trade in the Hawaiian Islands and Old Mexico" when it was built in 1915.[1]
In October 2019, the Bureau of Land Management ended a five-year moratorium on leasing federal land in California to fossil fuel companies, opening 725,000 acres (1100 sq. miles; 29,000 ha) to drilling in San Benito, Monterey, and Fresno counties.[2]
deleted from Bean Station - Article and nearby towns should mention this major employer and how children were left alone after raid
On April 5, 2018, Southeastern Provisions, a cattle slaughterhouse and meat-packing facility in Bean Station, was raided by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).[14][15] 11 workers were arrested and 86 more were detained, all of whom were suspected of residing in the United States unlawfully.[14] At the time, the raid was reportedly the largest workplace raid in United States history.[15]
In the immediate aftermath of the immigration raid, over 500 Hispanic students in neighboring Morristown skipped school the following day in fear of being deported along with several arrested at Southeastern Provisions. Many churches and non-profit organizations in the Morristown-Hamblen area had planned together activities for those who had family or friends involved in the raid.[16] An estimated crowd of 300 individuals led a protest against ICE and the Trumpadministration, which had then recently planned the raids of workplaces across the United States.[17]
In September 2018, James Brantley, the owner of Southeastern Provisions, was found guilty of multiple state and federal crimes, including tax evasion, wire fraud, employing immigrants not authorized to work in the US, and many other workplace violations, and was sentenced to 18 months in federal prison and was forced to pay over 1.3 million dollars to the IRS, and 1.42 million in restitution.[18][19][20]
On July 6, 2020, James Brantley filed and signed a consent order agreeing to shell out an estimated $610,000 dollars in a three-year period in pay to 150 current and former workers of Southeastern Provisions, most of whom are Hispanic.[22] The United States Department of Labor sued Brantley for failing to properly compensate workers at the slaughterhouse.[23]
What separates neighborhoods from one another is the history. Editors are encourage to provide the most interesting information close to the beginning of the article as that is often as far as people and programs get when reading the article. That is the intent of the guidelines. The exact location is not that interesting to the reader and they are very capable of looking down a little lower to find this information once they have read the history. Adflatuss (talk) 23:05, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
citation: "Oxnard, California", BEET SUGAR, The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, no. XXIX No. 1, p. 59, July 5, 1902, retrieved 23 January 2019 – via Google Books
Four cities — Chicago, Baltimore, Detroit and Philadelphia — black murders with no arrests. Majority-white cities past decade: 422 in Columbus, Ohio; 277 in Buffalo; 183 in Nashville; and 144 in Omaha[18] Charles Stuart
Text of 11 UCLA J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y 175 (1992-1993) California Land Use Regulation Post Lucas: The History and Evolution of Nuisance and Public Property Laws Protend Little Impact in California is available from: HeinOnline
William Soo Hoo: elected as mayor of Oxnard in 1966-70 and considered the first Chinese-American political leader of a major California city[3] and possibly the United States.[4][5]
^Bentz, Linda; Gow, William (2012). "5". Hidden Lives: A Century of Chinese American History in Ventura County. Palos Verdes Estates, CA: Pacific Heritage Books. pp. 97–98. ISBN978-1928753-67-4.
^Maulhardt, Jeffrey Wayne (2013). Legendary Locals of Oxnard. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 68. ISBN978-1-4671-0056-4.
The San Ysidro Port of Entry, the largest border crossing on the Mexico–United States border, is closed after U.S. border patrol agents fire tear gas at asylum-seeking Central American migrants attempting to enter into the United States. The events were triggered by Mexican police breaking up a migrant protest, resulting in a rush toward the border.(Reuters)
[5] San Ysidro border crossing closed for hours; U.S. officials fire tear gas at migrants
[6] San Diego-Baja Region Tops $6B, Report Finds Thursday, July 12, 2018. 'That is the ideal system': San Diego sector of US border patrol works to build two walls[7]
U.S. News & World Report: How Much of Trump’s Border Wall Was Built?. https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-02-07/how-much-of-president-donald-trumps-border-wall-was-built
Arivaca, Arizona - NPR: On The US-Mexico Border, Civility Is Tested. https://www.npr.org/2019/04/15/712264789/militias-test-the-civility-of-an-arizona-border-town
Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts - Written like an advertisement - added "Quinceañera dress shops, a staple of Santa Ana, are leaving a changing downtown" from Los Angeles Times
San Gabriel, California Show how it welcomed after Monterey Park, California tried to be more multicultural. See "A city tries to find itself" Also add to Monterey Park - Frederic Hsieh, a brash young Chinese developer, invited 20 of the city's most prominent civic and business leaders-- to tell his guests that Monterey Park was going to become the next Chinatown. See Monterey Park : Nation's 1st Suburban Chinatown Maybe more can be migrated from Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley. Also see the reference in edit
From lead ofView Park−Windsor Hills is one of the wealthiest primarily African-American neighborhoods in the United States. The two neighborhoods are part of a band of neighborhoods, from Culver City's Fox Hills district on the west to the Los Angeles neighborhood of Leimert Park on the east, that comprise the single largest and one of the wealthiest, best-educated, and geographically contiguous historically black communities in the western United States. The corridor along Crenshaw Boulevard also includes Baldwin Hills and Ladera Heights neighborhoods. It was founded in the late 1930s.[4] While the neighborhood is still predominantly African-American, the area is undergoing a demographic shift, as new homeowners (mostly Caucasian, Asian families), who work in nearby Culver City, Downtown Los Angeles, Santa Monica and other job hub areas are moving into the neighborhood.[5]
While the following is mostly from Racial segregation in the United States § Racism, that section oddly jumps around from topic to topic so this is not easy to find. - Segregation was also pervasive in housing. State constitutions (for example, that of California) had clauses giving local jurisdictions the right to regulate where members of certain races could live. In 1917, the Supreme Court in the case of Buchanan v. Warley declared municipal resident segregation ordinances unconstitutional.[1] In response, whites resorted to the restrictive covenant (racial covenants), a formal deed restriction binding white property owners in a given neighborhood not to sell to blacks. Whites who broke these agreements could be sued by "damaged" neighbors.[2] In the 1948 case of Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948), the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled that such covenants were unenforceable in a court of law, as enforcement would require the court to act in a racially discriminatory manner, contrary to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Racially restrictive deed covenants were not uncommon in the first half of the 20th century — many properties still have such restrictions in their chain of title. “The question of whether we should condemn those who used such racial restrictions is more complicated. Because the practice was widespread, it was often hard to buy property without such restrictions and many people included them for economic reasons — to get mortgages and insurance and to stabilize property value. "Residential segregation patterns had already become established in most American cities, and have often persisted up to the present from the impact of white flight and Redlining).
"Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "white race" as socially constructed." - from White people article. The racial categorization of Caucasian was maintained well into the late 19th and mid-to-late 20th centuries to justify policies, such as segregation and immigration restrictions, and other opinions based in prejudice.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Bureau of Land Management.
This article incorporates public domain material from Wolf Restoration - Yellowstone National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
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